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Narasimhan VM, Patterson N, Moorjani P, Rohland N, Bernardos R, Mallick S, Lazaridis I, Nakatsuka N, Olalde I, Lipson M, Kim AM, Olivieri LM, Coppa A, Vidale M, Mallory J, Moiseyev V, Kitov E, Monge J, Adamski N, Alex N, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Candilio F, Callan K, Cheronet O, Culleton BJ, Ferry M, Fernandes D, Freilich S, Gamarra B, Gaudio D, Hajdinjak M, Harney É, Harper TK, Keating D, Lawson AM, Mah M, Mandl K, Michel M, Novak M, Oppenheimer J, Rai N, Sirak K, Slon V, Stewardson K, Zalzala F, Zhang Z, Akhatov G, Bagashev AN, Bagnera A, Baitanayev B, Bendezu-Sarmiento J, Bissembaev AA, Bonora GL, Chargynov TT, Chikisheva T, Dashkovskiy PK, Derevianko A, Dobeš M, Douka K, Dubova N, Duisengali MN, Enshin D, Epimakhov A, Fribus AV, Fuller D, Goryachev A, Gromov A, Grushin SP, Hanks B, Judd M, Kazizov E, Khokhlov A, Krygin AP, Kupriyanova E, Kuznetsov P, Luiselli D, Maksudov F, Mamedov AM, Mamirov TB, Meiklejohn C, Merrett DC, Micheli R, Mochalov O, Mustafokulov S, Nayak A, Pettener D, Potts R, Razhev D, Rykun M, Sarno S, Savenkova TM, Sikhymbaeva K, Slepchenko SM, Soltobaev OA, Stepanova N, Svyatko S, Tabaldiev K, Teschler-Nicola M, Tishkin AA, Tkachev VV, Vasilyev S, Velemínský P, Voyakin D, Yermolayeva A, Zahir M, Zubkov VS, Zubova A, Shinde VS, Lalueza-Fox C, Meyer M, Anthony D, Boivin N, Thangaraj K, Kennett DJ, Frachetti M, Pinhasi R, Reich D. The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia. Science 2019; 365:365/6457/eaat7487. [PMID: 31488661 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization's decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population. The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the distinctive features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick Patterson
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. .,Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Priya Moorjani
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rebecca Bernardos
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Iosif Lazaridis
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathan Nakatsuka
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Iñigo Olalde
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark Lipson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander M Kim
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Luca M Olivieri
- ISMEO - International Association of Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan, 19200 Saidu Sharif (Swat), Pakistan
| | - Alfredo Coppa
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Massimo Vidale
- ISMEO - International Association of Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan, 19200 Saidu Sharif (Swat), Pakistan.,Department of Cultural Heritage: Archaeology and History of Art, Cinema and Music, University of Padua, Padua 35139, Italy
| | - James Mallory
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Vyacheslav Moiseyev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Egor Kitov
- Center of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.,A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan.,Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Janet Monge
- University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicole Adamski
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Neel Alex
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francesca Candilio
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la Città Metropolitana di Cagliari e le Province di Oristano e Sud Sardegna, Cagliari 09124, Italy
| | - Kimberly Callan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olivia Cheronet
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brendan J Culleton
- Institutes of Energy and the Environment, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Matthew Ferry
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Suzanne Freilich
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatriz Gamarra
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution (IPHES), Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Daniel Gaudio
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mateja Hajdinjak
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Éadaoin Harney
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Thomas K Harper
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Denise Keating
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ann Marie Lawson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Mah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kirsten Mandl
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Megan Michel
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mario Novak
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Jonas Oppenheimer
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Niraj Rai
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.,Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Kendra Sirak
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Viviane Slon
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Kristin Stewardson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fatma Zalzala
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gaziz Akhatov
- A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Anatoly N Bagashev
- Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625003, Russia
| | - Alessandra Bagnera
- ISMEO - International Association of Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan, 19200 Saidu Sharif (Swat), Pakistan
| | | | - Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento
- CNRS-EXT500, Directeur de la Delegation Archaologique Francaise en Afghanistan (DAFA), Embassy of France in Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Arman A Bissembaev
- A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan.,Aktobe Regional Historical Museum, Aktobe 030006, Kazakhstan
| | - Gian Luca Bonora
- Archaeology of Asia Department, ISMEO - International Association of Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, Rome RM00186, Italy
| | | | - Tatiana Chikisheva
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Petr K Dashkovskiy
- Department of Political History, National and State-Confessional Relations, Altai State University, Barnaul 656049, Russia
| | - Anatoly Derevianko
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Miroslav Dobeš
- Institute of Archaeology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 118 01, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Douka
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.,Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Nadezhda Dubova
- Center of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | - Dmitry Enshin
- Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625003, Russia
| | - Andrey Epimakhov
- Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch RAS, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia.,South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
| | - Alexey V Fribus
- Department of Archaeology, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo 650043, Russia
| | - Dorian Fuller
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, UK.,School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Shanxi, 710069, China
| | - Alexander Goryachev
- Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625003, Russia
| | - Andrey Gromov
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Sergey P Grushin
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul 656049, Russia
| | - Bryan Hanks
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Margaret Judd
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Erlan Kazizov
- A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Aleksander Khokhlov
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara 443099, Russia
| | - Aleksander P Krygin
- West Kazakhstan Regional Center for History and Archaeology, Uralsk 090000, Kazakhstan
| | - Elena Kupriyanova
- Scientific and Educational Center of Study on the Problem of Nature and Man, Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk 454021, Russia
| | - Pavel Kuznetsov
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara 443099, Russia
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Farhod Maksudov
- Institute for Archaeological Research, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Samarkand 140151, Uzbekistan
| | - Aslan M Mamedov
- Center for Research, Restoration and Protection of Historical and Cultural Heritage of Aktobe Region, Aktobe 030007, Kazakhstan
| | - Talgat B Mamirov
- A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Deborah C Merrett
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Roberto Micheli
- ISMEO - International Association of Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan, 19200 Saidu Sharif (Swat), Pakistan.,MiBAC - Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali - Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio del Friuli Venezia Giulia, 34135 Trieste, Italy
| | - Oleg Mochalov
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara 443099, Russia
| | - Samariddin Mustafokulov
- Institute for Archaeological Research, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Samarkand 140151, Uzbekistan.,Afrosiab Museum, Samarkand 140151, Uzbekistan
| | - Ayushi Nayak
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Davide Pettener
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Richard Potts
- Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Dmitry Razhev
- Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625003, Russia
| | - Marina Rykun
- National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Tatyana M Savenkova
- F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Kulyan Sikhymbaeva
- Central State Museum Republic of Kazakhstan, Samal-1 Microdistrict, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Sergey M Slepchenko
- Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625003, Russia
| | | | - Nadezhda Stepanova
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Svetlana Svyatko
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.,CHRONO Centre for Climate, the Environment, and Chronology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Maria Teschler-Nicola
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexey A Tishkin
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, The Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies in Archaeology of Western Siberia and Altai, Altai State University, Barnaul 656049, Russia
| | | | - Sergey Vasilyev
- Center of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Center for Egyptological Studies RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Petr Velemínský
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Prague 115 79, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitriy Voyakin
- A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan.,Archaeological Expertise LLP, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Muhammad Zahir
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.,Department of Archaeology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Valery S Zubkov
- N.F. Katanov Khakassia State University, Abakan 655017, Russia
| | - Alisa Zubova
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Vasant S Shinde
- Department of Archaeology, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Pune 411006, India
| | - Carles Lalueza-Fox
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Matthias Meyer
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - David Anthony
- Anthropology Department, Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA
| | - Nicole Boivin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | | | - Douglas J Kennett
- Institutes of Energy and the Environment, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Michael Frachetti
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63112, USA. .,Spatial Analysis, Interpretation, and Exploration Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63112, USA
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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