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Jiang R, Hooshfar S, Rebecca Eno M, Yun C, Sonego Zimmermann E, Shinkyo R. Factors Influencing ADME Properties of Therapeutic Antisense Oligonucleotides: Physicochemical Characteristics and Beyond. Curr Drug Metab 2023; 24:536-552. [PMID: 37076460 DOI: 10.2174/1389200224666230418092626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) represent a diverse array of chemically modified singlestranded deoxyribonucleotides that work complementarily to affect their mRNA targets. They vastly differ from conventional small molecules. These newly developed therapeutic ASOs possess unique absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes that ultimately determine their pharmacokinetic, efficacy and safety profiles. The ADME properties of ASOs and associated key factors have not been fully investigated. Therefore, thorough characterization and in-depth study of their ADME properties are critical to support drug discovery and development processes for safe and effective therapeutic ASOs. In this review, we discussed the main factors affecting the ADME characteristics of these novels and evolving therapies. The major changes to ASO backbone and sugar chemistry, conjugation approaches, sites and routes of administration, etc., are the principal determinants of ADME and PK profiles that consequentially impact their efficacy and safety profiles. In addition, species difference and DDI considerations are important in understanding ADME profile and PK translatability but are less studied for ASOs. We, therefore, have summarized these aspects based on current knowledge and provided discussions in this review. We also give an overview of the current tools, technologies, and approaches available to investigate key factors that influence the ADME of ASO drugs and provide future perspectives and knowledge gap analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Jiang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Inc., Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shirin Hooshfar
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Inc., Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Cassandra Yun
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Inc., Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Raku Shinkyo
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Inc., Massachusetts, USA
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Pinheiro de Souza F, Sonego Zimmermann E, Tafet Carminato Silva R, Novaes Borges L, Villa Nova M, Miriam de Souza Lima M, Diniz A. Model-Informed drug development of gastroretentive release systems for sildenafil citrate. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 182:81-91. [PMID: 36516889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) are modified-release dosage forms designed to prolong their residence time in the upper gastrointestinal tract, where some drugs are preferentially absorbed, and increase the drug bioavailability. This work aimed the development of a novel GRDDS containing 60 mg of sildenafil citrate, and the evaluation of the feasibility of the proposed formulation for use in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), for once a day administration, by using in silico pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling and simulations using GastroPlusTM. The Model-Informed Drug Development (MIDD) approach was used in formulation design and pharmacokinetic exposure prospecting. A 22 factorial design with a central point was used for optimization of the formulation, which was produced by direct compression and characterized by some tests, including buoyancy test, assay, impurities, and in vitro dissolution. A compartmental PK model was built using the GatroPlusTM software for virtual bioequivalence of the proposed formulations in comparison with the defined target release profile provided by an immediate release (IR) tablet formulation containing 20 mg of sildenafil administered three times a day (TID). The results of the factorial design showed a direct correlation between the dissolution rate and the amount of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) in the formulations. By comparing the PK parameters predicted by the virtual bioequivalence, the formulations F1, F2, F3 and F5 failed on bioequivalence. The F4 showed bioequivalence to the reference and was considered the viable formulation to substitute the IR. Thus, GRDDS could be a promising alternative for controlling the release of drugs with a pH-dependent solubility and narrow absorption window, specifically in the gastric environment, and an interesting way to reduce dose frequency and increase the drug bioavailability. The MIDD approach increases the level of information about the pharmaceutical product and guide the drug development for more assertive ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Pinheiro de Souza
- Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Estevan Sonego Zimmermann
- Center for Pharmacometrics and System Pharmacology at Lake Nona (Orlando), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - Raizza Tafet Carminato Silva
- Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiza Novaes Borges
- Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Mônica Villa Nova
- Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Marli Miriam de Souza Lima
- Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Andréa Diniz
- Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, PR, Brazil.
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Zimmermann ES, Ferreira LM, Denardi LB, Sari MHM, Cervi VF, Nogueira CW, Alves SH, Cruz L. Mucoadhesive gellan gum hydrogel containing diphenyl diselenide-loaded nanocapsules presents improved anti-candida action in a mouse model of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 167:106011. [PMID: 34537375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal action of a diphenyl diselenide-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocapsules suspension (NC-1) and incorporate it into a gellan gum hydrogel formulation in order to assess its in vivo efficacy in an animal model of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Nanocapsules suspensions containing the compound (NC-1 ∼ 5 mg/mL) or not (NC-B) were prepared by the interfacial deposition of preformed polymer method. To estimate in vitro antifungal effect, the broth microdilution test was applied. The results showed that NC-1 had equal or lower MIC values when compared to free compound against fifteen Candida strains. Following, the hydrogel was prepared by direct thickening of the nanocapsules suspension by gellan gum addition. The animal model of vulvovaginal candidiasis was induced by infecting female Swiss mice with Candida albicans strains. The animals were topically treated with 20 µL of hydrogels (NC-1 and free compound - 0.1 mg of diphenyl diselenide/once a day for seven days) and then the total fungal burden was assessed after the euthanasia. The results showed that the hydrogels presented pH in the acidic range, compound content close to theoretical value, homogeneous particle distribution with nanometric size, high physicochemical and microbiological stability as well as great bioadhesive property. The nano-based presented superior pharmacological action in comparison to the hydrogel containing non-encapsulated diphenyl diselenide. The results demonstrated that the nanoencapsulation maintained the effective antifungal action of diphenyl diselenide. The nano-based hydrogel formulation may be considered a promising approach against vulvovaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estevan Sonego Zimmermann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Luana Mota Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Laura Bedin Denardi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Marcel Henrique Marcondes Sari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Verônica Ferrari Cervi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brasil
| | - Sydney Hartz Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Letícia Cruz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
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Christ AP, Biscaino PT, Lourenço RL, de Souza AB, Zimmermann ES, Adams AIH. Development of doxycycline hyclate suppositories and pharmacokinetic study in rabbits. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 142:105141. [PMID: 31706017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Doxycycline hiclate is a broad spectrum antibiotic widely used in human and veterinary medicine. The inability to perform the parenteral administration of drugs and the lack of oral preparations can be mentioned as difficulties in the treatment of animals in the domestic environment. In this scenario, the aim of this study was to investigate the bioavailability of the drug by rectal route, to propose a potential suppository formulation containing 25 mg of doxycycline as an alternative to the available injectable formulations. Hydrophilic and lipophilic suppositories were prepared, in polyethylene glycol (S-PEG) or cocoa butter (S-CBT), respectively. The suppositories were prepared and evaluated concerning visual characteristics, content, average weight, melting range, content uniformity and in vitro release. A stability study was performed and the two most stable formulations were submitted to a pharmacokinetic study in rabbits. The bioavailability of the suppositories was compared to the data of the intravenous (i.v.) formulation. PEG suppository showed 49.13% bioavailability and CBT 51.43% with Cmax equal to 2.06 ± 2.96 µg.mL-1 and 1.54 ± 0.28 µg.mL-1, respectively. The data obtained suggest that rectal administration may become another method of administration of doxycycline in the treatment of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Christ
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Pauline Trindade Biscaino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Rebeca Lino Lourenço
- Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Alieni Bitencourt de Souza
- Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Estevan Sonego Zimmermann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Andréa Inês Horn Adams
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
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Zimmermann ES, de Miranda Silva C, Neris C, Torres BGDS, Schmidt S, Dalla Costa T. Population pharmacokinetic modeling to establish the role of P-glycoprotein on ciprofloxacin distribution to lung and prostate following intravenous and intratracheal administration to Wistar rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 127:319-329. [PMID: 30423435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is indicated for clinical treatment of urinary and respiratory tract infections. Poor infection site penetration and consequent insufficient exposure to the antimicrobial agent may be the reason for some therapeutic failures. Ciprofloxacin is reported as a substrate for efflux transporters, such as P-glycoprotein, which could be related to the presence of sub-therapeutic drug concentration at the infection site. In the present work we evaluated CIP pharmacokinetics (PK) in plasma and lung and prostate tissues of Wistar rats after intravenous (i.v.) and intratracheal (i.t.) dosing (7 mg/Kg) in the presence and absence of P-gp inhibitor tariquidar (TAR, 15 mg/Kg). Microdialysis was applied to determine free tissue concentration-time profiles and the obtained data were analyzed by non-compartmental and population PK (popPK) analysis. A sequential strategy was used to develop the popPK model: characterization of CIP PK in tissues (Tissue model) was performed subsequently to CIP PK modeling in plasma (Plasma model). Two and three compartmental models were used to simultaneously characterize plasma concentrations after i.t. and i.v. dosing; the distribution model was developed by separating the central compartment into venous and arterial compartment and by adding lung and prostate; TAR was identified as a significant covariate for clearance and volume of distribution of central compartment as well as for inter-compartmental clearance. Our results indicate an impact of P-gp on plasma PK, likely by acting on renal active secretion of CIP. Regarding CIP exposure in lung and prostate tissues, our results suggest a complex interplay between drug transporters; P-gp inhibition by TAR was likely counterbalanced by the activity of other efflux/influx transporters, which could not be fully characterized by our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estevan Sonego Zimmermann
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carolina de Miranda Silva
- Center for Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, USA
| | - Camila Neris
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Stephan Schmidt
- Center for Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, USA
| | - Teresa Dalla Costa
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Mair CE, de Miranda Silva C, Grienke U, Kratz JM, Carreño F, Zimmermann ES, de Araújo BV, Dalla Costa T, Rollinger JM. Pharmacokinetics of hERG Channel Blocking Voacangine in Wistar Rats Applying a Validated LC-ESI-MS/MS Method. Planta Med 2016; 82:1030-1038. [PMID: 27257769 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-107800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Herbal preparations from Voacanga africana are used in West and Central African folk medicine and are also becoming increasingly popular as a legal high in Europe. Recently, the main alkaloid voacangine was found to be a potent human ether-à-go-go-related gene channel blocker in vitro. Blockage of this channel might imply possible cardiotoxicity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterise voacangine in vivo to assess its pharmacokinetics and to estimate if further studies to investigate its cardiotoxic risk are required. Male Wistar rats received different doses of voacangine as a pure compound and as a hydro-ethanolic extract of V. africana root bark with a quantified amount of 9.71 % voacangine. For the obtained data, a simultaneous population pharmacokinetics model was successfully developed, comprising a two-compartment model for i. v. dosing and a one-compartmental model with two first-order absorption rates for oral dosing. The absolute bioavailability of voacangine was determined to be 11-13 %. Model analysis showed significant differences in the first absorption rate constant for voacangine administered as a pure compound and voacangine from the extract of V. africana. Taking into account the obtained low bioavailability of voacangine, its cardiotoxic risk might be neglectable in healthy consumers, but may have a serious impact in light of drug/drug interactions and impaired health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Mair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ulrike Grienke
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jadel M Kratz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fernando Carreño
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Teresa Dalla Costa
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Zimmermann ES, Torres BGS, Dalla Costa T. Validation of a sensitive HPLC/fluorescence method for assessment of ciprofloxacin levels in plasma and prostate microdialysate samples from rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:330-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Estevan Sonego Zimmermann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas/UFRGS; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Av. Ipiranga, 2752 Porto Alegre RS 90.610-000 Brazil
- Centro Bioanalítico de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFRGS; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Av. Ipiranga, 2752 Porto Alegre RS 90.610-000 Brazil
| | - Bruna Gaelzer Silva Torres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas/UFRGS; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Av. Ipiranga, 2752 Porto Alegre RS 90.610-000 Brazil
- Centro Bioanalítico de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFRGS; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Av. Ipiranga, 2752 Porto Alegre RS 90.610-000 Brazil
| | - Teresa Dalla Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas/UFRGS; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Av. Ipiranga, 2752 Porto Alegre RS 90.610-000 Brazil
- Centro Bioanalítico de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFRGS; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Av. Ipiranga, 2752 Porto Alegre RS 90.610-000 Brazil
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Farias I, do Carmo Araújo M, Zimmermann ES, Dalmora SL, Benedetti AL, Alvarez-Silva M, Asbahr ACC, Bertol G, Farias J, Schetinger MRC. Uncaria tomentosa stimulates the proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 137:856-863. [PMID: 21771655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Asháninkas, indigenous people of Peru, use cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) to restore health. Uncaria tomentosa has antioxidant activity and works as an agent to repair DNA damage. It causes different effects on cell proliferation depending on the cell type involved; specifically, it can stimulate the proliferation of myeloid progenitors and cause apoptosis of neoplastic cells. Neutropenia is the most common collateral effect of chemotherapy. For patients undergoing cancer treatment, the administration of a drug that stimulates the proliferation of healthy hematopoietic tissue cells is very desirable. It is important to assess the acute effects of Uncaria tomentosa on granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (CFU-GM) and in the recovery of neutrophils after chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, by establishing the correlation with filgrastim (rhG-CSF) treatment to evaluate its possible use in clinical oncology. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vivo assay was performed in ifosfamide-treated mice receiving oral doses of 5 and 15 mg of Uncaria tomentosa and intraperitoneal doses of 3 and 9 μg of filgrastim, respectively, for four days. Colony-forming cell (CFC) assays were performed with human hematopoietic stem/precursor cells (hHSPCs) obtained from umbilical cord blood (UCB). RESULTS Bioassays showed that treatment with Uncaria tomentosa significantly increased the neutrophil count, and a potency of 85.2% was calculated in relation to filgrastim at the corresponding doses tested. An in vitro CFC assay showed an increase in CFU-GM size and mixed colonies (CFU-GEMM) size at the final concentrations of 100 and 200 μg extract/mL. CONCLUSIONS At the tested doses, Uncaria tomentosa had a positive effect on myeloid progenitor number and is promising for use with chemotherapy to minimize the adverse effects of this treatment. These results support the belief of the Asháninkas, who have classified Uncaria tomentosa as a 'powerful plant'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Farias
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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de Melo J, Hurtado FK, Poitevin FS, Flores FC, Zimmermann ES, Dalmora SL, Rolim CMB. HPLC determination of bezafibrate in human plasma and its application to pharmacokinetics studies. J Chromatogr Sci 2010; 48:362-6. [PMID: 20515529 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/48.5.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of bezafibrate in biological fluids. Bezafibrate was separated on a C(18) analytical column (150 x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 microm particle size) with 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 3.5)-acetonitrile-methanol (50:40:10) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The UV detector was set to 230 nm. Bezafibrate was extracted from human plasma using a simple liquid-liquid extraction with tert-butyl methyl ether. Parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, specificity, and stability were evaluated by method validation studies. All the parameters remained within acceptable limits. The validated procedure was linear in the concentration range of 0.2-50 microg/mL. The proposed method used for individual drug determinations is applicable for therapeutic monitoring purposes as well as for use in pharmacokinetic investigations. As an example, the practical quantification limit for bezafibrate in plasma was about 0.05 microg/mL with precision of 10.2% and accuracy of 112.6%. The method was applied in a study of the pharmacokinetics of bezafibrate in six healthy volunteers, who ingested a single oral dose of 200 mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine de Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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