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Abbasi G, Hauser M, Baldé CP, Bouman EA. A high-resolution dynamic probabilistic material flow analysis of seven plastic polymers; A case study of Norway. Environ Int 2023; 172:107693. [PMID: 36701835 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution has long been identified as one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century. To tackle this problem, governments are setting stringent recycling targets to keep plastics in a closed loop. Yet, knowledge of the stocks and flows of plastic has not been well integrated into policies. This study presents a dynamic probabilistic economy-wide material flow analysis (MFA) of seven plastic polymers (HDPE, LDPE, PP, PS, PVC, EPS, and PET) in Norway from 2000 to 2050. A total of 40 individual product categories aggregated into nine industrial sectors were examined. An estimated 620 ± 23 kt or 114 kg/capita of these seven plastic polymers was put on the Norwegian market in 2020. Packaging products contributed to the largest share of plastic put on the market (∼40%). The accumulated in-use stock in 2020 was about 3400 ± 56 kt with ∼60% remaining in buildings and construction sector. In 2020, about 460 ± 22 kt of plastic waste was generated in Norway, with half originating from packaging. Although ∼50% of all plastic waste is collected separately from the waste stream, only around 25% is sorted for recycling. Overall, ∼50% of plastic waste is incinerated, ∼15% exported, and ∼10% landfilled. Under a business-as-usual scenario, the plastic put on the market, in-use stock, and waste generation will increase by 65%, 140%, and 90%, respectively by 2050. The outcomes of this work can be used as a guideline for other countries to establish the stocks and flows of plastic polymers from various industrial sectors which is needed for the implementation of necessary regulatory actions and circular strategies. The systematic classification of products suitable for recycling or be made of recyclate will facilitate the safe and sustainable recycling of plastic waste into new products, cap production, lower consumption, and prevent waste generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnoush Abbasi
- Environmental Impacts & Sustainability, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Marina Hauser
- Environmental Impacts & Sustainability, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Cornelis Peter Baldé
- Sustainable Cycles Programme, United Nations Institute for Training and Research, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Evert A Bouman
- Environmental Impacts & Sustainability, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
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2
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Kramel D, Muri H, Kim Y, Lonka R, Nielsen JB, Ringvold AL, Bouman EA, Steen S, Strømman AH. Correction to "Global Shipping Emissions from a Well-to-Wake Perspective: The MariTEAM Model". Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:5999-6000. [PMID: 35437989 PMCID: PMC11027588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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Oliveira K, Rodrigues V, Slingerland S, Vanherle K, Soares J, Rafael S, Trozzi C, Bouman EA, Ferreira J, Kewo A, Nielsen PS, Diafas I, Monteiro A, Miranda AI, Lopes M, Hayes E. Assessing the impacts of citizen-led policies on emissions, air quality and health. J Environ Manage 2022; 302:114047. [PMID: 34741943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a global challenge, and especially urban areas are particularly affected by acute episodes. Traditional approaches used to mitigate air pollution primarily consider the technical aspects of the problem but not the role of citizen behaviour and day-to-day practices. ClairCity, a Horizon 2020 funded project, created an impact assessment framework considering the role of citizen behaviour to create future scenarios, aiming to improve urban environments and the wellbeing and health of its inhabitants. This framework was applied to six pilot cases: Bristol, Amsterdam, Ljubljana, Sosnowiec, Aveiro Region and Liguria Region, considering three-time horizons: 2025, 2035 and 2050. The scenarios approach includes the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario and a Final Unified Policy Scenarios (FUPS) established by citizens, decision-makers, local planners and stakeholders based on data collected through a citizen and stakeholder co-creation process. Therefore, this paper aims to present the ClairCity outcomes, analysing the quantified impacts of selected measures in terms of emissions, air quality, population exposure, and health. Each case study has established a particular set of measures with different levels of ambition, therefore different levels of success were achieved towards the control and mitigation of their specific air pollution problems. The transport sector was the most addressed by the measures showing substantial improvements for NO2, already with the BAU scenarios, and overall, even better results when applying the citizen-led FUPS scenarios. In some cases, due to a lack of ambition for the residential and commercial sector, the results were not sufficient to fulfil the WHO guidelines. Overall, it was found in all cities that the co-created scenarios would lead to environmental improvements in terms of air quality and citizens' health compared to the baseline year of 2015. However, in some cases, the health impacts were lower than air quality due to the implementation of the measures not affecting the most densely populated areas. Benefits from the FUPS comparing to the BAU scenario were found to be highest in Amsterdam and Bristol, with further NO2 and PM10 emission reductions around 10%-16% by 2025 and 19%-28% by 2050, compared to BAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Oliveira
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - V Rodrigues
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - S Slingerland
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands and Trinomics B.V., Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - K Vanherle
- Transport & Mobility Leuven, Diestsesteenweg 57, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Soares
- Environmental Impacts and Sustainability, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - S Rafael
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - E A Bouman
- Environmental Impacts and Sustainability, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - J Ferreira
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Kewo
- DTU Management, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - P S Nielsen
- DTU Management, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - I Diafas
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, the Netherlands
| | - A Monteiro
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A I Miranda
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Lopes
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - E Hayes
- University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Kramel D, Muri H, Kim Y, Lonka R, Nielsen JB, Ringvold AL, Bouman EA, Steen S, Strømman AH. Global Shipping Emissions from a Well-to-Wake Perspective: The MariTEAM Model. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:15040-15050. [PMID: 34705455 PMCID: PMC8600665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Improving the robustness of maritime emission inventories is important to ensure we fully understand the point of embarkment for transformation pathways of the sector toward the 1.5 and 2°C targets. A bottom-up assessment of emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols from the maritime sector is presented, accounting for the emissions from fuel production and processing, resulting in a complete "well-to-wake" geospatial inventory. This high-resolution inventory is developed through the use of the state-of-the-art data-driven MariTEAM model, which combines ship technical specifications, ship location data, and historical weather data. The CO2 emissions for 2017 amount to 943 million tonnes, which is 11% lower than the fourth International Maritime Organization's greenhouse gas study for the same year, while larger discrepancies have been found across ship segments. If fuel production is accounted for when developing shipping inventories, total CO2 emissions reported could increase by 11%. In addition to fuel production, effects of weather and heavy traffic regions were found to significantly impact emissions at global and regional levels. The global annual efficiency for different fuels and ship segments in approximated operational conditions were also investigated, indicating the need for more holistic metrics than current ones when seeking appropriate solutions aiming at reducing emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Kramel
- Industrial
Ecology Programme, NTNU, Trondheim 7034, Norway
| | - Helene Muri
- Industrial
Ecology Programme, NTNU, Trondheim 7034, Norway
| | - YoungRong Kim
- Department
of Marine Technology, NTNU, Trondheim 7052, Norway
| | - Radek Lonka
- Industrial
Ecology Programme, NTNU, Trondheim 7034, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Sverre Steen
- Department
of Marine Technology, NTNU, Trondheim 7052, Norway
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Malsch I, Isigonis P, Dusinska M, Bouman EA. Embedding Ethical Impact Assessment in Nanosafety Decision Support. Small 2020; 16:e2002901. [PMID: 32700443 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a key enabling technology, which is developing fast and influences many aspects of life. Nanomaterials are already included in a broad range of products and industrial sectors. Nanosafety issues are still a matter of concern for policy makers and stakeholders, but currently, there is no platform where all stakeholders can meet and discuss these issues. A comprehensive overview of all the issues in one single dashboard presenting the output of a decision support system is also lacking. This article outlines a strategy for developing one innovative part of a modular decision support system, designed to support the work of a new Risk Governance Council (RGC) for nanomaterials which will be established through the combined efforts of the GOV4NANO, NANORIGO, and RiskGONE H2020 projects. This new module will consist of guidelines for Ethical Impact Assessment (EIA) for nanomaterials and nanoenabled products. This article offers recommendations for adapting the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) prestandard on Ethical Impact Assessment CWA (CEN Workshop Agreement) 17145-2:2017 (E), to fit into the more-encompassing decision support system for risk governance of nanomaterials within the RiskGONE project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke Malsch
- Malsch TechnoValuation, PO Box 455, Utrecht, AL, 3500, The Netherlands
| | - Panagiotis Isigonis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, via Torino 155, Mestre-Venezia, Venice, 30172, Italy
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Environmental Chemistry Department, NILU, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
| | - Evert A Bouman
- Environmental Impacts and Sustainability, NILU, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
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Mudge SM, Pfaffhuber KA, Fobil JN, Bouman EA, Uggerud HT, Thorne RJ. Using elemental analyses and multivariate statistics to identify the off-site dispersion from informal e-waste processing. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2019; 21:2042-2057. [PMID: 31693034 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00444k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) is informally processed and recycled in Agbogbloshie in Accra (Ghana), which may be the largest such site in West Africa. This industry can lead to significant environmental contamination. In this study, surface dust samples were collected at a range of sites within Accra to establish the offsite consequences of such activities. Fifty-one samples were collected and analysed for 69 elements by ICP-mass spectrometry after nitric acid digestion. The data indicated a significant enrichment in metals associated with solder and copper wire at the site itself and a downwind dispersion of this source material to a distance of approximately 2.0 km. Chlorine and bromine were also elevated at this site as residues from polyvinyl chloride combustion and flame retardants respectively. The elemental composition indicated that only low technology electrical equipment was being treated this way. Multivariate statistical analyses by principal components analysis and polytopic vector analysis identified three sources contributing to the system; (i) burn site residue dispersing within 2 km from the source site, (ii) marine matter on the beaches alone and (iii) the baseline soil conditions of the city of Accra. Risk ratios and hazard quotients developed from the measured concentrations indicated that copper was providing the greatest risk to inhabitants in most cases although nickel, vanadium, chromium and zinc also contributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Mudge
- IMPACT, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway.
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Delnoij TSR, Veldhuijzen G, Strauch U, Van Mook WNKA, Bergmans DCJJ, Bouman EA, Lance MD, Smets M, Breedveld P, Ganushchak YM, Weerwind P, Kats S, Roekaerts PM, Maessen J, Donker DW. Mobile respiratory rescue support by off-centre initiation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Perfusion 2014; 30:255-9. [PMID: 24965912 DOI: 10.1177/0267659114540735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T S R Delnoij
- Department of Intensive Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - G Veldhuijzen
- Department of Intensive Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - U Strauch
- Department of Intensive Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - W N K A Van Mook
- Department of Intensive Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - D C J J Bergmans
- Department of Intensive Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E A Bouman
- Department of Intensive Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Treatment, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M D Lance
- Department of Intensive Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Treatment, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Smets
- Department of Intensive Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P Breedveld
- Department of Intensive Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Trauma Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Y M Ganushchak
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P Weerwind
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S Kats
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P M Roekaerts
- Department of Intensive Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J Maessen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - D W Donker
- Department of Intensive Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Bouman EA, Gutiérrez y Leon JA, van der Salm PC, Christiaens GC, Bruinse HW, Broeders IA. [Complicated but successful resuscitation after amniotic fluid embolism]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2001; 145:747-9. [PMID: 11332260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
A 33-year-old woman, gravida IV, para III with unexplained polyhydramnios was admitted to give birth at 29 weeks of pregnancy. Directly after the spontaneous breaking of the membranes, asystolia occurred. Following emergency resuscitation the sinus rhythm returned. Upon the relaparotomy due to a large filling requirement and increasing abdomen size, 'crush' lesions to the spleen and liver were visible; following this a splenectomy was carried out and tampons applied to the liver. After seven months the patient had slight residual symptoms; three weeks after his birth her son was transferred in good condition to another hospital. Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare complication of pregnancy with often serious complications for mother and child. The diagnosis is based on the clinical symptoms of cardiac arrest or sudden profound shock, acute respiratory failure, and/or disseminated intravascular coagulation, occurring in most cases during or soon after delivery, in the absence of an alternative cause (in particular primary cardiopulmonary causes). If the clinical picture deviates from the expected post-resuscitation course alternative diagnoses or resuscitation injuries must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Bouman
- Afd. Anesthesiologie, Universitair Medisch Centrum, Postbus 85.500, 3508 GA Utrecht
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Abstract
Five adult patients with head injuries inexplicably had fatal cardiac arrests In our neurosurgical intensive-care unit after the introduction of a sedation formulation containing an increased concentration of propofol. To examine the possible relation further, we did a retrospective cohort analysis of head-injured adults admitted to our unit between 1996 and 1999 who were sedated and mechanically ventilated. 67 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom seven were judged to have died from propofol-infusion syndrome. The odds ratio for the occurrence of the syndrome was 1.93 (95% CI 1.12-3.32, p=0.018) for every mg/kg per h increase in mean propofol dose above 5 mg/kg per h. We suggest that propofol infusion at rates higher than 5 mg/kg per h should be discouraged for long-term sedation in the intensive-care unit.
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