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Kraimi N, Philip V, Zhang H, Lu J, De Palma G, Verdu EF, McCoy KD, Hapfelmeier S, Macpherson AJ, Chirdo F, Surette M, Liu F, Collins SM, Bercik P. A8 MICROBIAL ACTIVATION OF INTESTINAL DENDRITIC CELLS IS CRITICAL FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NORMAL BEHAVIOR. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2023. [PMCID: PMC9991164 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwac036.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Accumulating evidence suggests that gut microbiota affects brain development and its function. It is well known that compared with conventional mice (SPF), germ-free (GF) mice display higher exploratory behavior, which normalizes after bacterial colonization. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms and first critical steps initiating microbiota-gut-brain communication, which lead to establishment of normal behavior.
Purpose
To investigate the role of immune system in the establishment of normal behavior after bacterial colonization.
Method
We assessed behavior in GF mice before and after colonization with SPF microbiota, Altered Schaedler Flora (ASF) or the single bacterial strain E. coli JM83, and compared them to SPF mice, using the light-dark preference and tail suspension tests. Levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and c-Fos expression were measured by immunofluorescence in the hippocampus and amygdala. Colonic and brain gene expression were assessed using a NanoString technology. The immunodeficient MyD88-/- Ticam1- and SCID mice were used to study the role of the innate and adaptive immune systems. To demonstrate the role of the dendritic cells (DCs), we measured behavior before and after mono-colonization with E. coli JM83 in GF mice treated with cosalane and fingolimod, that inhibit DCs activation and migration, respectively. Brain levels of CD11b, CD11c and CD103 as DCs markers was assessed by immunofluorescence.
Result(s)
Compared to SPF mice, GF mice showed higher exploratory and less depressive-like behavior. The ex-germ-free mice colonized with ASF microbiota, or mono-colonized with E. coli JM83 showed similar normalization of behavior as those colonized with SPF microbiota. Mono-colonization with E. coli reduced both BDNF and c-fos levels in the hippocampus and amygdala. While colonization of GF SCID mice induced same change in behavior as in wild-type mice, GF MyD88-/-Ticam1-/- mice did not alter their behavior. Mono-colonization affected multiple genes in the colon and the brain, associated with innate immunity and neural plasticity. Treatment with both cosalane and fingolimod prevented behavioral changes after colonization, which was paralleled by absence of CD11b+CD103+CD11c+ cells in the brain, otherwise found in high numbers in control mono-colonized mice and absent in germ-free mice.
Conclusion(s)
The innate immune system, through activation and migration of intestinal dendritic cells into the brain, initiates the neuro-immune signaling within the gut-brain axis and leads to normalization of behavior after bacterial colonization. Our findings may impact several psychiatric conditions, in which altered innate immune signaling has been implicated.
Please acknowledge all funding agencies by checking the applicable boxes below
CIHR, Other
Please indicate your source of funding;
Balsam Family Foundation
Disclosure of Interest
None Declared
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kraimi
- Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute , McMaster University , Hamilton
| | - V Philip
- Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute , McMaster University , Hamilton
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , Canada
| | - H Zhang
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , Canada
| | - J Lu
- Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute , McMaster University , Hamilton
| | - G De Palma
- Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute , McMaster University , Hamilton
| | - E F Verdu
- Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute , McMaster University , Hamilton
| | - K D McCoy
- Department of Biomedical Research, University Hospital , Bern , Switzerland
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Canada
| | - S Hapfelmeier
- University of Bern, Institute for Infectious Diseases , Bern , Switzerland
| | - A J Macpherson
- Department of Biomedical Research, University Hospital , Bern , Switzerland
| | - F Chirdo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunologicos y Fisiopatologicos - IIFP (UNLP-CONICET) , La Plata , Argentina
| | - M Surette
- Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute , McMaster University , Hamilton
| | - F Liu
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , Canada
| | - S M Collins
- Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute , McMaster University , Hamilton
| | - P Bercik
- Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute , McMaster University , Hamilton
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Rahmani S, Caminero A, Hann A, Galipeau HJ, Anderson RP, Chirdo F, Didar TF, Verdu EF. A7 OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN MODULATION OF GLUTEN-REACTIVE CD4+ T CELL ACTIVATION BY DQ2-EXPRESSING ORGANOID MONOLAYERS. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2023. [PMCID: PMC9991225 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwac036.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacteria have recently emerged as additional modulators of inflammation in CeD. We have shown that the elastase-like producing opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas (P) aeruginosa, partially metabolizes gluten into peptides that translocate the mucosal barrier and retain their immunogenicity. We previously demonstrated that organoid monolayers derived from DR3-DQ2 mice carrying the CeD risk gene HLA-DQ2 express MHC class II (HLA-DQ2) and co-stimulatory molecules under induced inflammatory conditions, priming the monolayers for gluten antigen presentation. Here we investigate the activation of human (h)CD4+ T cell co-cultured with DQ2 monolayers stimulated with gluten pre-digested, or not, by bacterial elastase. Purpose To investigate whether organoid monolayers expressing DQ2 activate T cell differentially in the presence of gluten metabolized by elastase-like producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Method Organoid monolayers were derived from the duodenum and proximal jejunum of gluten-sensitized DR3-DQ2 mice, following the gluten sensitization protocol previously described1. Monolayers were then stimulated with IFN-γ for 24h to induce MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecules expression. Splenic T-cell expressing hCD4 from gluten-sensitized DR3-DQ2-hCD4 mice were then co-cultured with monolayers in the presence of deamidated pepsin-trypsin-digested (DAPT)-gluten or Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 (WT)-digested DAPT-gluten. As a control, DAPT-gluten was incubated with a P. aeruginosa lasB mutant strain that lacks elastase-like activity (lasB△/△). Co-cultures stimulated with DAPT-gluten alone or WT-media were used as additional controls. Result(s) Increased hCD4+ T-cell proliferation was observed in co-cultures stimulated with WT-digested gluten compared with lasB△/△-digested gluten (p<0.0001), gluten alone (p=0.0002) or WT-media (p<0.0001). hCD4+ T cell co-cultured with organoid monolayers stimulated with WT-digested gluten, had an activated phenotype with increased expression of CD69, CD44 and CD25 versus those stimulated with gluten, lasB△/△-digested gluten, or WT-media. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory and T helper type 1 (Th1)-associated cytokines were detected in the supernatant of the co-cultures stimulated with WT-digested gluten, including IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-β, and IL-15. Conclusion(s) Using a novel HLA-DQ2-expressing organoid monolayer, we demonstrate elastase-like producing P. aeruginosa, enhanced activation and proliferation of hCD4+ T cell through gluten metabolism. This in vitro model constitutes a relevant tool for studying microbial triggers and drivers of intestinal epithelial dysfunction in CeD. 1. Galipeau, H. J. et al. 1. Galipeau, H. J. et al. Sensitization to Gliadin Induces Moderate Enteropathy and Insulitis in Nonobese Diabetic-DQ8 Mice. J. Immunol.187, 4338–4346 (2011). Please acknowledge all funding agencies by checking the applicable boxes below CIHR, Other Please indicate your source of funding; Canadian Celiac Disease Association (CCA) Disclosure of Interest None Declared
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rahmani
- Biomedical Engineering, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute
| | - A Caminero
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute , McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - A Hann
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute , McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - H J Galipeau
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute , McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - R P Anderson
- Wesley Medical Research, The Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower, Australia
| | - F Chirdo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - T F Didar
- Biomedical Engineering , McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - E F Verdu
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute , McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Bayardo M, Punzi F, Bondar C, Chopita N, Chirdo F. Transglutaminase 2 expression is enhanced synergistically by interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α in human small intestine. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 168:95-104. [PMID: 22385244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is expressed ubiquitously, has multiple physiological functions and has also been associated with inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmunity and cancer. In particular, TG2 is expressed in small intestine mucosa where it is up-regulated in active coeliac disease (CD). The aim of this work was to investigate the induction of TG2 expression by proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-15] and the signalling pathways involved, in human epithelial and monocytic cells and in intestinal tissue from controls and untreated CD patients. Here we report that IFN-γ was the most potent inducer of TG2 expression in the small intestinal mucosa and in four [Caco-2, HT-29, Calu-6 and human acute monocytic leukaemia cell line (THP-1)] of five cell lines tested. The combination of TNF-α and IFN-γ produced a strong synergistic effect. The use of selective inhibitors of signalling pathways revealed that induction of TG2 by IFN-γ was mediated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), while c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were required for TNF-α activation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), flow cytometry and Western blot analysis showed that TG2 expression was blocked completely when stimulation by either TNF-α or IFN-γ was performed in the presence of nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitors (sulphasalazine and BAY-117082). TG2 was up-regulated substantially by TNF-α and IFN-γ in intestinal mucosa in untreated CD compared with controls. This study shows that IFN-γ, a dominant cytokine in intestinal mucosa in active CD, is the most potent inducer of TG2, and synergism with TNF-α may contribute to exacerbate the pathogenic mechanism of CD. Selective inhibition of signalling pathways may be of therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bayardo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en el Sistema Inmune, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Interzonal de Agudos José de San Martin, La Plata, Argentina
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Meier D, Cagnola H, Ramisch D, Rumbo C, Chirdo F, Docena G, Gondolesi GE, Rumbo M. Analysis of immune cells draining from the abdominal cavity as a novel tool to study intestinal transplant immunobiology. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 162:138-45. [PMID: 20831713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During intestinal transplant (ITx) operation, intestinal lymphatics are not reconstituted. Consequently, trafficking immune cells drain freely into the abdominal cavity. Our aim was to evaluate whether leucocytes migrating from a transplanted intestine could be recovered from the abdominal draining fluid collected by a peritoneal drainage system in the early post-ITx period, and to determine potential applications of the assessment of draining cellular populations. The cell composition of the abdominal draining fluid was analysed during the first 11 post-ITx days. Using flow cytometry, immune cells from blood and draining fluid samples obtained the same day showed an almost complete lymphopenia in peripheral blood, whereas CD3(+) CD4(+) CD8(-) , CD3(+) CD4(-) CD8(+) and human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR)(+) CD19(+) lymphocytes were the main populations in the draining fluid. Non-complicated recipients evolved from a mixed leucocyte pattern including granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes to an exclusively lymphocytic pattern along the first post-ITx week. At days 1-2 post-Itx, analysis by short tandem repeats fingerprinting of CD3(+) CD8(+) sorted T cells from draining fluid indicated that 50% of cells were from graft origin, whereas by day 11 post-ITx this proportion decreased to fewer than 1%. Our results show for the first time that the abdominal drainage fluid contains mainly immune cells trafficking from the implanted intestine, providing the opportunity to sample lymphocytes draining from the grafted organ along the post-ITx period. Therefore, this analysis may provide information useful for understanding ITx immunobiology and eventually could also be of interest for clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Meier
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune (LISIN) - FCE - Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cagnola H, Scaravonati R, Cabanne A, Bianchi C, Gruz F, Errea A, Zambernardi A, Meier D, Chirdo F, Docena G, Gondolesi G, Rumbo M. Evaluation of Calprotectin Level in Intestinal Content as an Early Marker for Graft Rejection. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bernardo D, Garrote JA, Allegretti Y, León A, Gómez E, Bermejo-Martin JF, Calvo C, Riestra S, Fernández-Salazar L, Blanco-Quirós A, Chirdo F, Arranz E. Higher constitutive IL15R alpha expression and lower IL-15 response threshold in coeliac disease patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 154:64-73. [PMID: 18821940 PMCID: PMC2561095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-15 triggering effect of gliadin is not exclusive to coeliac disease (CD) patients, whereas the secondary response is CD specific. We have studied the expression of the IL-15 receptor, and the IL-15 response upon stimulation, in non-CD and CD patients, and the possible existence of a lower immunological threshold in the latter. Forty-two CD patients (20 on a gluten-containing diet, GCD, and 22 on gluten-free diet, GFD) and 24 non-CD healthy individuals were studied. IL15R alpha mRNA expression, and tissue characterization, were assayed in the duodenum. Biopsies from six CD patients on GFD and 10 non-CD individuals were studied in vitro using organ culture in basal conditions, as well as after IL-15 stimulation discarding basal IL-15 production. Secretion of immune mediators was measured in the culture supernatants. IL15R alpha mRNA expression was increased in CD patients, as compared with non-CD controls (on GFD P = 0.0334, on GCD P = 0.0062, respectively), and confirmed also by immunofluorescence. No differences were found between CD patients on GFD and on GCD. After in vitro IL-15 stimulation, IL15R alpha expression was only triggered in non-CD controls (P = 0.0313), though it remained increased in CD patients. Moreover, IL-15 induced a more intense immunological response in CD patients after triggering the production of both nitrites and IFN gamma (P = 0.0313, P = 0.0313, respectively). Gliadin-induced IL15 has a lower response threshold in CD patients, leading to the production of other immune mediators and the development of the intestinal lesion, and thus magnifying its effects within the CD intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bernardo
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
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Sorell L, López JA, Valdés I, Alfonso P, Camafeita E, Acevedo B, Chirdo F, Gavilondo J, Méndez E. An innovative sandwich ELISA system based on an antibody cocktail for gluten analysis. FEBS Lett 1998; 439:46-50. [PMID: 9849874 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A cocktail sandwich ELISA based on the employ of two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) as coating antibodies and a third MAb conjugated to horseradish peroxidase has been developed for the analysis of gluten in foods. Given that each MAb displays a wide specificity spectrum for wheat, barley, rye and oats prolamins, their combination for ELISA ensures a high crossreactivity with most of the potentially toxic gliadin, hordein, secalin and avenin protein family. One of the unprecedented features of the cocktail sandwich ELISA is that it permits for the first time analysis of barley hordeins in foods, which is unattainable using conventional or commercial ELISA kits. Besides, gliadins, hordeins and secalins are recognised to the same extent. The system provides a high detection sensitivity for gliadins, hordeins, secalins and avenins (1.5, 0.05, 0.15 and 12 ng/ml, respectively). The working linear range comprises 3-100 ng/ml with a gliadin detection limit of 1.5 ppm. This limit of detection is even better than that demanded in the latest Codex recommendation, 10 ppm. Cocktail ELISA data were contrasted with those of commercial ELISA kits and confirmed by mass spectrometry, a non-immunological technique which provides evidence for the occurrence of false positive results with the commercial kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sorell
- División de Inmunotecnología y Diagnóstico, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, La Habana, Cuba
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