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Vahl A, Dittmann J, Jetter J, Veziroglu S, Shree S, Ababii N, Lupan O, Aktas OC, Strunskus T, Quandt E, Adelung R, Sharma SK, Faupel F. The impact of O 2/Ar ratio on morphology and functional properties in reactive sputtering of metal oxide thin films. Nanotechnology 2019; 30:235603. [PMID: 30780141 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab0837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Morphology is a critical parameter for various thin film applications, influencing properties like wetting, catalytic performance and sensing efficiency. In this work, we report on the impact of oxygen partial flow on the morphology of ceramic thin films deposited by pulsed DC reactive magnetron sputtering. The influence of O2/Ar ratio was studied on three different model systems, namely Al2O3, CuO and TiO2. The availability of oxygen during reactive sputtering is a key parameter for a versatile tailoring of thin film morphology over a broad range of nanostructures. TiO2 thin films with high photocatalytic performance (up to 95% conversion in 7 h) were prepared, exhibiting a network of nanoscopic cracks between columnar anatase structures. In contrast, amorphous thin films without such crack networks and with high resiliency to crystallization even up to 950 °C were obtained for Al2O3. Finally, we report on CuO thin films with well aligned crystalline nanocolumns and outstanding gas sensing performance for volatile organic compounds as well as hydrogen gas, showing gas responses up to 35% and fast response in the range of a few seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vahl
- Institute for Materials Science-Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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2
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Henkel B, Vahl A, Aktas OC, Strunskus T, Faupel F. Self-organized nanocrack networks: a pathway to enlarge catalytic surface area in sputtered ceramic thin films, showcased for photocatalytic TiO 2. Nanotechnology 2018; 29:035703. [PMID: 29176058 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa9d35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sputter deposited photocatalytic thin films offer high adherence and mechanical stability, but typically are outperformed in their photocatalytic properties by colloidal TiO2 nanostructures, which in turn typically suffer from problematic removal. Here we report on thermally controlled nanocrack formation as a feasible and batch applicable approach to enhance the photocatalytic performance of well adhering, reactively sputtered TiO2 thin films. Networks of nanoscopic cracks were induced into tailored columnar TiO2 thin films by thermal annealing. These deep trenches are separating small bundles of TiO2 columns, adding their flanks to the overall catalytically active surface area. The variation of thin film thickness reveals a critical layer thickness for initial nanocrack network formation, which was found to be about 400 nm in case of TiO2. The columnar morphology of the as deposited TiO2 layer with weak bonds between respective columns and with strong bonds to the substrate is of crucial importance for the formation of nanocrack networks. A beneficial effect of nanocracking on the photocatalytic performance was experimentally observed. It was correlated by a simple geometric model for explaining the positive impact of the crack induced enlargement of active surface area on photocatalytic efficiency. The presented method of nanocrack network formation is principally not limited to TiO2 and is therefore seen as a promising candidate for utilizing increased surface area by controlled crack formation in ceramic thin films in general.
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3
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Ali AA, Haidar A, Polonskyi O, Faupel F, Abdul-Khaliq H, Veith M, Aktas OC. Extreme tuning of wetting on 1D nanostructures: from a superhydrophilic to a perfect hydrophobic surface. Nanoscale 2017; 9:14814-14819. [PMID: 28971205 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05336c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The tuning of wetting over an extreme range, from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic, was demonstrated on 1D Al/Al2O3 nanostructures. While chaotic and tangled 1D Al/Al2O3 nanostructures exhibited complete wetting, they became water repellent (with a water contact angle (CA) ≥173°) after the infiltration of poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] (PTFEP) solution. This simple strategy allows the achievement of two extreme wetting regimes, perfect wetting and non-wetting, without altering the nanostructured surface topography. The same surface was also found to exhibit repellency towards artificial blood and hexadecane.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ali
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Butt HJ, Duran H, Egger W, Faupel F, Harmandaris V, Harms S, Johnston K, Kremer K, Lin FY, Lue L, Ohrt C, Raetzke K, Ravelli L, Steffen W, Vianna SDB. Interphase of a Polymer at a Solid Interface. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501747j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. J. Butt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, P.O. Box 3148, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - H. Duran
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, P.O. Box 3148, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - W. Egger
- Institut
für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik LRT2, Fakultät
für Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - F. Faupel
- Institute
for Materials Science, Chair for Multicomponent Materials, University of Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - V. Harmandaris
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, P.O. Box 3148, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Applied Mathematics, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - S. Harms
- Institute
for Materials Science, Chair for Multicomponent Materials, University of Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - K. Johnston
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, P.O. Box 3148, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose
Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, United Kingdom
| | - K. Kremer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, P.O. Box 3148, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - F. Y. Lin
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, P.O. Box 3148, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - L. Lue
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose
Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, United Kingdom
| | - C. Ohrt
- Institute
for Materials Science, Chair for Multicomponent Materials, University of Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - K. Raetzke
- Institute
for Materials Science, Chair for Multicomponent Materials, University of Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - L. Ravelli
- Institut
für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik LRT2, Fakultät
für Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - W. Steffen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, P.O. Box 3148, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - S. D. B. Vianna
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, P.O. Box 3148, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Hedayati MK, Fahr S, Etrich C, Faupel F, Rockstuhl C, Elbahri M. The hybrid concept for realization of an ultra-thin plasmonic metamaterial antireflection coating and plasmonic rainbow. Nanoscale 2014; 6:6037-6045. [PMID: 24777285 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design, simulation, fabrication, and characterization of a novel two layer anti-reflective coating (ARC) based on a plasmonic metamaterial and a dielectric. Promoted by the strong material dispersion of the plasmonic metamaterial, our novel concept (called hybrid ARC) combines two possible arrangements for layers in an anti-reflection coating into a single structure; albeit at two different wavelengths. This, however, causes a broadband reduction of reflection that is less sensitive against oblique incidence when compared to traditional antireflective coatings. Furthermore, we show that the current metamaterial on a metal reflector can be used for the visualization of different coloration such as plasmonic rainbow despite its sub-wavelength thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Keshavarz Hedayati
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
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Gojdka B, Hrkac V, Strunskus T, Zaporojtchenko V, Kienle L, Faupel F. Study of cobalt clusters with very narrow size distribution deposited by high-rate cluster source. Nanotechnology 2011; 22:465704. [PMID: 22025057 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/46/465704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Co nanoparticles with an average diameter of 4.8 nm and a very narrow size distribution were prepared in a self-built gas aggregation cluster source without a size-selective filtering system. Ferromagnetic nanoparticle films with a thickness of several hundreds of nanometres were prepared at deposition rates up to 600 nm min(-1). Cluster properties and deposition characteristics were investigated for different deposition parameters. The as-deposited films exhibit high porosity compared to conventionally DC-sputtered films.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gojdka
- Institute for Materials Science-Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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Chakravadhanula VSK, Hrkac T, Zaporojtchenko V, Podschun R, Kotnur VG, Kulkarni A, Strunskus T, Kienle L, Faupel F. Nanostructural and functional properties of Ag-TiO2 coatings prepared by co-sputtering deposition technique. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2011; 11:4893-4899. [PMID: 21770119 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2011.3881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ag-TiO2 nanocomposite coatings with varying Ag content were prepared by co-sputtering from two separate sputter sources. This technique allows to prepare coatings not only with a large variation of Ag content and different gradient but also allows much better control of nanocomposite thickness and nanostructure compared with mostly used techniques based on wet chemical approaches. Various thicknesses of nanocomposite layers with different deposition parameters were studied to obtain a better understanding on the growth of Ag nanostructures in the TiO2 films. The metal-volume-fraction was varied between 15% and 47%. Structural and microstructural investigations of the nanocomposite films were carried out by transmission electron microscopy. Special attention was paid to surface segregation of Ag and its suppression. The observed segregation on TiO2 contrasts sharply with the well known embedding tendency of Ag clusters on polymers. Functionality of the Ag-TiO2 nanocomposites was demonstrated via UV-Vis spectroscopy and antibacterial tests. It was shown that a thin layer of TiO2 can be used as an effective barrier to tailor the release behaviour of Ag ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S K Chakravadhanula
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Material Science, Synthesis and Real Structure, Christian Albrechts University at Kiel, Kaiserstr 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
ABSTRACTValuable information on the structure and formation of metal-polymer interfaces originates from radiotracer measurements of metal diffusion at the interface, structural investigations by means of transmission electron microscopy, and computer simulations on the interplay of atomic metal diffusion and aggregation. Moreover, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy has largely contributed to our present understanding of the interfacial chemistry and the early stages of interface formation. While reactive metals always form relatively sharp interfaces with polymers, metals of lower reactivity diffuse into polymers at elevated temperatures and have a very strong tendency to agglomerate. The extent of diffusion appears to be determined by the initial stage of the deposition process. Here sticking coefficients recently measured for metals on virgin polymer surfaces deviate markedly from unity. Diffusion into the polymer increases strongly at low deposition rates. No significant diffusion is expected from a continuous metal film unless metal ions are formed at the interface. Metal ions are highly mobile and do not aggregate due to electrostatic repulsion. The model emerging from these observations allows us to predict the salient features of interface formation between metals and polymers in general and particularly with respect to the new low-k polymers.
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Nagel C, Rätzke K, Schmidtke E, Faupel F. Free Volume Changes in Bulk Amorphous Alloys During Structural Relaxation and in the Supercooled Liquid State. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-554-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractVolume changes in Zr46.7Ti8.3Cu7.5Ni10Be27.5 and Zr 65Al7.5Ni10Cu17.5 bulk metallic glasses have been observed by positron annihilation and density measurements. At low cooling rates excess volume of the order of 0.1 % is quenched in both glasses. Isothermal relaxation kinetics below the glass transition temperature obey a Kohlrausch law with exponents of β≈(0.3 ± 0.1). Structural relaxation is not accompanied by embrittlement, as indicated by simple mechanical tests. The outer surface plays a crucial role in annealing of excess volume, which can be restored by annealing above Tg. The observed free volume changes are at variance with the behavior of a perfectly strong glass. The temperature dependence of the positron lifetime is discussed in terms of thermal detrapping from shallow traps.
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Dlubek G, Shaikh MQ, Rätzke K, Paluch M, Faupel F. Free volume from positron lifetime and pressure-volume-temperature experiments in relation to structural relaxation of van der Waals molecular glass-forming liquids. J Phys Condens Matter 2010; 22:235104. [PMID: 21393763 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/23/235104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is employed to characterize the temperature dependence of the free volume in two van der Waals liquids: 1, 1'-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane (BMPC) and 1, 1'-di(4-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)cyclohexane (BMMPC). From the PALS spectra analysed with the routine LifeTime9.0, the size (volume) distribution of local free volumes (subnanometer size holes), its mean, [v(h)], and mean dispersion, σ(h), were calculated. A comparison with the macroscopic volume from pressure-volume-temperature (PV T) experiments delivered the hole density and the specific hole free volume and a complete characterization of the free volume microstructure in that sense. These data are used in correlation with structural (α) relaxation data from broad-band dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) in terms of the Cohen-Grest and Cohen-Turnbull free volume models. An extension of the latter model allows us to quantify deviations between experiments and theory and an attempt to systematize these in terms of T(g) or of the fragility. The experimental data for several fragile and less fragile glass formers are involved in the final discussion. It was concluded that, for large differences in the fragility of different glass formers, the positron lifetime mirrors clearly the different character of these materials. For small differences in the fragility, additional properties like the character of bonds and chemical structure of the material may affect size, distribution and thermal behaviour of the free volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dlubek
- ITA Institute for Innovative Technologies, Köthen/Halle, Wiesenring 4, D-06120 Lieskau, Germany.
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11
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Harms S, Rätzke K, Faupel F, Egger W, Ravello L, Laschewsky A, Wang W, Müller-Buschbaum P. Free Volume and Swelling in Thin Films of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) End-Capped with n-Butyltrithiocarbonate. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:1364-7. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Mishra YK, Mohapatra S, Chakravadhanula VSK, Lalla NP, Zaporojtchenko V, Avasthi DK, Faupel F. Synthesis and characterization of Ag-polymer nanocomposites. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2010; 10:2833-2837. [PMID: 20355509 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2010.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) matrix using atom beam co-sputtering. Metal filling factor was evaluated by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Microstructural evolutions of the nanocomposites films were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, which confirmed the formation of irregular shaped Ag nanoparticles. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of the sputter deposited PET film and co-sputtered deposited Ag-PET as well as PET bulk foil (from Goodfellows) were performed to study chemical composition of the nanocomposite films. The optical properties of these nanocomposites were studied by light absorption/transmission, which revealed a narrow transmission of UV light approximately 320 nm and a broad surface plasmon resonance absorption extending up to infrared region (approximately 2400 nm). Swift heavy ion irradiation of Ag-PET nanocomposite resulted in narrowing the full width at half maximum of transmission band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Mishra
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, KaiserstraBe 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
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Dlubek G, Shaikh MQ, Raetzke K, Faupel F, Pionteck J, Paluch M. The temperature dependence of free volume in phenyl salicylate and its relation to structural dynamics: A positron annihilation lifetime and pressure-volume-temperature study. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:144906. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3115424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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14
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Chakravadhanula VSK, Elbahri M, Schürmann U, Takele H, Greve H, Zaporojtchenko V, Faupel F. Equal intensity double plasmon resonance of bimetallic quasi-nanocomposites based on sandwich geometry. Nanotechnology 2008; 19:225302. [PMID: 21825757 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/22/225302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report a strategy to achieve a material showing equal intensity double plasmon resonance (EIDPR) based on sandwich geometry. We studied the interaction between localized plasmon resonances associated with different metal clusters (Au/Ag) on Teflon AF (TAF) in sandwich geometry. Engineering the EIDPR was done by tailoring the amount of Au/Ag and changing the TAF thickness. The samples were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-visible spectroscopy. Interestingly, and in agreement with the dipole-surface interaction, the critical barrier thickness for an optimum EIDPR was observed at 3.3 nm. The results clearly show a plasmon sequence effect and visualize the role of plasmon decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S K Chakravadhanula
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Technical Faculty of the CAU Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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15
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Hanisch C, Kulkarni A, Zaporojtchenko V, Faupel F. Polymer-metal nanocomposites with 2-dimensional Au nanoparticle arrays for sensoric applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/100/5/052043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Erichsen J, Shiferaw T, Zaporojtchenko V, Faupel F. Surface glass transition in bimodal polystyrene mixtures. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2007; 24:243-246. [PMID: 18034218 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2007-10233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Using the cluster-embedding method of V. Zaporojchenko et al. (Macromolecules 34, 1125 (2000)), we measured the glass transition temperature T (g) at the polystyrene/vacuum interface of bimodal mixtures of monodisperse polystyrenes of 3.5k and 1000k. Embedding of approximately 1 nm Au clusters was monitored in situ by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The clusters were formed by evaporation of Au onto the polymer surface. Only one glass transition was observed in the mixtures. The surface glass transition temperatures are correlated to but are below the bulk values of the mixtures and obey the Gordon-Taylor equation. The results suggest that the earlier reported molecular-weight dependence of the surface glass transition is not due to segregation of short chains to the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Erichsen
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143, Kiel, Germany
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17
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Takele H, Greve H, Pochstein C, Zaporojtchenko V, Faupel F. Plasmonic properties of Ag nanoclusters in various polymer matrices. Nanotechnology 2006; 17:3499-3505. [PMID: 19661595 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/17/14/023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite films containing Ag nanoparticles embedded in a polymer matrix of Teflon AF, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and Nylon 6 were prepared by vapour phase co-deposition in high vacuum. A large variation of the particle plasmon resonance frequency in the visible region was obtained by increasing the Ag volume fraction from 4-80%. The metal volume fraction was measured by energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDX) and the film thickness was measured by surface profilometry. The position, width and strength of the plasmon resonance depend strongly on the metal filling factor, cluster size and interparticle distance. The microstructure of the nanocomposites (shape, size, size distribution and interparticle separation of metal clusters) was determined by transmission electron microscopy. The effect of the surrounding dielectric medium on the optical properties of nanocomposites was investigated by comparing the Teflon AF/Ag, PMMA/Ag and Nylon/Ag composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takele
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Technische Fakultät der CAU, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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19
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Kruse J, Kanzow J, Rätzke K, Faupel F, Heuchel M, Frahn J, Hofmann D. Free Volume in Polyimides: Positron Annihilation Experiments and Molecular Modeling. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0473521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Kruse
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany, and GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Institut für Chemie, Kantstrasse 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - J. Kanzow
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany, and GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Institut für Chemie, Kantstrasse 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - K. Rätzke
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany, and GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Institut für Chemie, Kantstrasse 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - F. Faupel
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany, and GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Institut für Chemie, Kantstrasse 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - M. Heuchel
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany, and GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Institut für Chemie, Kantstrasse 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - J. Frahn
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany, and GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Institut für Chemie, Kantstrasse 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - D. Hofmann
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany, and GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Institut für Chemie, Kantstrasse 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany
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Iwamoto M, Kuroda K, Kanzow J, Hayashi S, Faupel F. Size evolution effect of the reduction rate on the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1163/1568552053621669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Günther-Schade K, Castricum HL, Ziegler HJ, Bakker H, Faupel F. Free volume changes in mechanically milled PS and PC studied by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Schmidtke E, Günther-Schade K, Hofmann D, Faupel F. The distribution of the unoccupied volume in glassy polymers. J Mol Graph Model 2004; 22:309-16. [PMID: 15177082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2003.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2003] [Revised: 09/04/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present an improved method to describe the unoccupied volume in glassy polymers. The method is able to treat atoms with non-spherical symmetry. The fineness of the raster points scanning the unit cell can be as small as 0.01 nm. This method was used to determine the unoccupied volume of molecular dynamic simulations of poly(amide imide) unit cells by probing it with a tracer atom. Since the reachable unoccupied volume strongly depends on the tracer radius, we used tracer radii between 0.03 and 0.17 nm. The poly(amide imide)s were used in the present work because they are well characterized, especially there already exist free volume data determined by positron lifetime experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schmidtke
- Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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Rehmet A, Günther-Schade K, Rätzke K, Geyer U, Faupel F. Quenching rate dependence of free volume in a Zr-Cu-Ni-Ti-Be glass as probed by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pssa.200306744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Dhawan A, Raetzke K, Faupel F, Sharma SK. Air oxidation of Zr65Cu17.5Ni10Al7.5 in its amorphous and supercooled liquid states, studied by thermogravimetric analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pssa.200306688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Günther-Schade K, Schubert DW, Faupel F. Determination of the Binodal and Spinodal Phase Separation Temperatures in the Blend System PαMS0.5-co-AN0.5 (Luran)/PMMA0.95MA0.05 (Lucryl) with Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma020786g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Günther-Schade
- Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany, and Institut für Werkstoffforschung, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - D. W. Schubert
- Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany, and Institut für Werkstoffforschung, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - F. Faupel
- Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany, and Institut für Werkstoffforschung, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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26
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Nagel C, Günther-Schade K, Fritsch D, Strunskus T, Faupel F. Free Volume and Transport Properties in Highly Selective Polymer Membranes. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma011028d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Nagel
- Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany, and Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - K. Günther-Schade
- Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany, and Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - D. Fritsch
- Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany, and Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - T. Strunskus
- Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany, and Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - F. Faupel
- Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany, and Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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27
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Weber R, Zimmermann KM, Tolan M, Stettner J, Press W, Seeck OH, Erichsen J, Zaporojtchenko V, Strunskus T, Faupel F. X-ray reflectivity study on the surface and bulk glass transition of polystyrene. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2001; 64:061508. [PMID: 11736192 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.061508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2001] [Revised: 08/21/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The surfaces of polystyrene (PS) films decorated with gold nanoclusters were investigated by x-ray reflectivity measurements. The thicknesses of the films are much larger than the radii of gyration of the different PS samples. By annealing the films above the glass transition temperature T(g) an embedding process of the clusters into the polymer is detected which is accompanied by a substantial increase in the cluster layer thickness due to Brownian motion. These processes start at a sufficiently low viscosity and may be regarded as a probe of the glass transition in the near surface region of the PS films. Simultaneously the thermal expansion of the entire film and hence its approximate bulk behavior were monitored. Two samples of different molecular weight do not show a significant difference between the surface and bulk T(g) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weber
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Leibnizstrasse 17-19, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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Zaporojtchenko V, Strunskus T, Erichsen J, Faupel F. Embedding of Noble Metal Nanoclusters into Polymers as a Potential Probe of the Surface Glass Transition. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0008600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Zaporojtchenko
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Technische Fakultät der CAU Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - T. Strunskus
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Technische Fakultät der CAU Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - J. Erichsen
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Technische Fakultät der CAU Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - F. Faupel
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Technische Fakultät der CAU Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
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Nagel C, Schmidtke E, Günther-Schade K, Hofmann D, Fritsch D, Strunskus T, Faupel F. Free Volume Distributions in Glassy Polymer Membranes: Comparison between Molecular Modeling and Experiments. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990760y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Nagel
- Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany, Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Kantstrasse 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany, and Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - E. Schmidtke
- Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany, Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Kantstrasse 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany, and Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - K. Günther-Schade
- Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany, Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Kantstrasse 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany, and Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - D. Hofmann
- Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany, Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Kantstrasse 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany, and Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - D. Fritsch
- Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany, Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Kantstrasse 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany, and Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - T. Strunskus
- Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany, Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Kantstrasse 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany, and Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - F. Faupel
- Technische Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany, Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Kantstrasse 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany, and Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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Heesemann A, Zollmer V, Ratzke K, Faupel F. Evidence of highly collective Co diffusion in the whole stability range of Co-Zr glasses. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 84:1467-1470. [PMID: 11017544 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using a radiotracer technique, we have measured the isotope effect E = dln(D)/dln(m(1/2)) of Co diffusion in CoxZr1-x glasses for 0. 31</=x</=0.86. E is close to zero (E = 0+/-0.1) in the whole range, covering 3 orders of magnitude in the diffusivity, despite the existence of large activation volumes. These results strongly suggest a highly collective diffusion mechanism to be a quite general phenomenon in metallic glasses and point to diffusion via delocalized thermal effects at certain compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heesemann
- Technische Fakultat der Christian-Albrechts-Universitat Kiel, Lehrstuhl fur Materialverbunde, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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Zaporojtchenko V, Behnke K, Strunskus T, Faupel F. Condensation coefficients of noble metals on polymers: a novel method of determination by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-9918(200008)30:1<439::aid-sia787>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rätzke K, Hüppe PW, Faupel F. Transition from single-jump type to highly cooperative diffusion during structural relaxation of a metallic glass. Phys Rev Lett 1992; 68:2347-2349. [PMID: 10045372 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.68.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Faupel F, Hüppe PW, Rätzke K. Pressure dependence and isotope effect of self-diffusion in a metallic glass. Phys Rev Lett 1990; 65:1219-1222. [PMID: 10042205 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.65.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Faupel F, Hehenkamp T. The effect of non-random solute distribution around vacancies on the enhancement of solvent and solute diffusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(87)90203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Faupel F, Hehenkamp T. Calculation of impurity-vacancy and impurity-impurity interactions from enhancement of solvent and solute diffusion. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1986; 34:2116-2124. [PMID: 9939895 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.34.2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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