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Zhang H, Vu NT, Bao Q, Silverman RW, Berry-Pusey BN, Douraghy A, Williams DA, Rannou FR, Stout DB, Chatziioannou AF. Performance Characteristics of BGO Detectors for a Low Cost Preclinical PET Scanner. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2010; 57:1038-1044. [PMID: 21165154 PMCID: PMC3001624 DOI: 10.1109/tns.2010.2046753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
PETbox is a low-cost benchtop PET scanner dedicated to high throughput preclinical imaging that is currently under development at our institute. This paper presents the design and characterization of the detectors that are used in the PETbox system. In this work, bismuth germanate scintillator was used for the detector, taking advantage of its high stopping power, high photoelectric event fraction, lack of intrinsic background radiation and low cost. The detector block was segmented into a pixelated array consisting of 20 × 44 elements, with a crystal pitch of 2.2 mm and a crystal cross section of 2 mm × 2 mm. The effective area of the array was 44 mm × 96.8 mm. The array was coupled to two Hamamatsu H8500 position sensitive photomultiplier tubes, forming a flat-panel type detector head with a sensitive area large enough to cover the whole body of a typical laboratory mouse. Two such detector heads were constructed and their performance was characterized. For one detector head, the energy resolution ranged from 16.1% to 38.5% full width at half maximum (FWHM), with a mean of 20.1%; for the other detector head, the energy resolution ranged from 15.5% to 42.7% FWHM, with a mean of 19.6%. The intrinsic spatial resolution was measured to range from 1.55 mm to 2.39 mm FWHM along the detector short axis and from 1.48 mm to 2.33 mm FWHM along the detector long axis, with an average of 1.78 mm. Coincidence timing resolution for the detector pair was measured to be 4.1 ns FWHM. These measurement results show that the detectors are suitable for our specific application.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Zhang
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA, on leave from the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - N. T. Vu
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Q. Bao
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - R. W. Silverman
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - B. N. Berry-Pusey
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - A. Douraghy
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - D. A. Williams
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - F. R. Rannou
- Departmento de Ingenieria Informatica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Chile
| | - D. B. Stout
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - A. F. Chatziioannou
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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Jan S, Santin G, Strul D, Staelens S, Assié K, Autret D, Avner S, Barbier R, Bardiès M, Bloomfield PM, Brasse D, Breton V, Bruyndonckx P, Buvat I, Chatziioannou AF, Choi Y, Chung YH, Comtat C, Donnarieix D, Ferrer L, Glick SJ, Groiselle CJ, Guez D, Honore PF, Kerhoas-Cavata S, Kirov AS, Kohli V, Koole M, Krieguer M, van der Laan DJ, Lamare F, Largeron G, Lartizien C, Lazaro D, Maas MC, Maigne L, Mayet F, Melot F, Merheb C, Pennacchio E, Perez J, Pietrzyk U, Rannou FR, Rey M, Schaart DR, Schmidtlein CR, Simon L, Song TY, Vieira JM, Visvikis D, Van de Walle R, Wieërs E, Morel C. GATE: a simulation toolkit for PET and SPECT. Phys Med Biol 2004. [PMID: 15552416 DOI: 10.1088/0031‐9155/49/19/007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Monte Carlo simulation is an essential tool in emission tomography that can assist in the design of new medical imaging devices, the optimization of acquisition protocols and the development or assessment of image reconstruction algorithms and correction techniques. GATE, the Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission, encapsulates the Geant4 libraries to achieve a modular, versatile, scripted simulation toolkit adapted to the field of nuclear medicine. In particular, GATE allows the description of time-dependent phenomena such as source or detector movement, and source decay kinetics. This feature makes it possible to simulate time curves under realistic acquisition conditions and to test dynamic reconstruction algorithms. This paper gives a detailed description of the design and development of GATE by the OpenGATE collaboration, whose continuing objective is to improve, document and validate GATE by simulating commercially available imaging systems for PET and SPECT. Large effort is also invested in the ability and the flexibility to model novel detection systems or systems still under design. A public release of GATE licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License can be downloaded at http:/www-lphe.epfl.ch/GATE/. Two benchmarks developed for PET and SPECT to test the installation of GATE and to serve as a tutorial for the users are presented. Extensive validation of the GATE simulation platform has been started, comparing simulations and measurements on commercially available acquisition systems. References to those results are listed. The future prospects towards the gridification of GATE and its extension to other domains such as dosimetry are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jan
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA, F-91401 Orsay, France
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5
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Jan S, Santin G, Strul D, Staelens S, Assié K, Autret D, Avner S, Barbier R, Bardiès M, Bloomfield PM, Brasse D, Breton V, Bruyndonckx P, Buvat I, Chatziioannou AF, Choi Y, Chung YH, Comtat C, Donnarieix D, Ferrer L, Glick SJ, Groiselle CJ, Guez D, Honore PF, Kerhoas-Cavata S, Kirov AS, Kohli V, Koole M, Krieguer M, van der Laan DJ, Lamare F, Largeron G, Lartizien C, Lazaro D, Maas MC, Maigne L, Mayet F, Melot F, Merheb C, Pennacchio E, Perez J, Pietrzyk U, Rannou FR, Rey M, Schaart DR, Schmidtlein CR, Simon L, Song TY, Vieira JM, Visvikis D, Van de Walle R, Wieërs E, Morel C. GATE: a simulation toolkit for PET and SPECT. Phys Med Biol 2004; 49:4543-61. [PMID: 15552416 PMCID: PMC3267383 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/49/19/007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 837] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Monte Carlo simulation is an essential tool in emission tomography that can assist in the design of new medical imaging devices, the optimization of acquisition protocols and the development or assessment of image reconstruction algorithms and correction techniques. GATE, the Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission, encapsulates the Geant4 libraries to achieve a modular, versatile, scripted simulation toolkit adapted to the field of nuclear medicine. In particular, GATE allows the description of time-dependent phenomena such as source or detector movement, and source decay kinetics. This feature makes it possible to simulate time curves under realistic acquisition conditions and to test dynamic reconstruction algorithms. This paper gives a detailed description of the design and development of GATE by the OpenGATE collaboration, whose continuing objective is to improve, document and validate GATE by simulating commercially available imaging systems for PET and SPECT. Large effort is also invested in the ability and the flexibility to model novel detection systems or systems still under design. A public release of GATE licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License can be downloaded at http:/www-lphe.epfl.ch/GATE/. Two benchmarks developed for PET and SPECT to test the installation of GATE and to serve as a tutorial for the users are presented. Extensive validation of the GATE simulation platform has been started, comparing simulations and measurements on commercially available acquisition systems. References to those results are listed. The future prospects towards the gridification of GATE and its extension to other domains such as dosimetry are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jan
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot (SHFJ), CEA, F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - G. Santin
- LPHE, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D. Strul
- LPHE, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S. Staelens
- ELIS, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K. Assié
- INSERM U494, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75634 Paris, France
| | - D. Autret
- INSERM U601, CHU Nantes, F-44093 Nantes, France
| | - S. Avner
- Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, CNRS/IN2P3 et Université Louis Pasteur, F-67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - R. Barbier
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, CNRS/IN2P3 et Université Claude Bernard, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - M. Bardiès
- INSERM U601, CHU Nantes, F-44093 Nantes, France
| | - P. M. Bloomfield
- PET Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - D. Brasse
- Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, CNRS/IN2P3 et Université Louis Pasteur, F-67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - V. Breton
- Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Blaise Pascal, Campus des Cézeaux, F-63177 Aubière, France
| | - P. Bruyndonckx
- Inter-University Institute for High Energies, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - I. Buvat
- INSERM U494, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75634 Paris, France
| | - A. F. Chatziioannou
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Califronia 90095-1770, USA
| | - Y. Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Y. H. Chung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - C. Comtat
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot (SHFJ), CEA, F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - D. Donnarieix
- Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Blaise Pascal, Campus des Cézeaux, F-63177 Aubière, France
- Département de Curiethérapie-Radiothérapie, Centre Jean Perrin, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - L. Ferrer
- INSERM U601, CHU Nantes, F-44093 Nantes, France
| | - S. J. Glick
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - C. J. Groiselle
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - D. Guez
- DAPNIA, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - P.-F. Honore
- DAPNIA, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - A. S. Kirov
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - V. Kohli
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Califronia 90095-1770, USA
| | - M. Koole
- ELIS, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - M. Krieguer
- Inter-University Institute for High Energies, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - D. J. van der Laan
- Delft University of Technology, IRI, Radiation Technology, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - F. Lamare
- INSERM U650, Laboratoire de Traitement de l’Information Médicale (LATIM), CHU Morvan, F-29609 Brest, France
| | - G. Largeron
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, CNRS/IN2P3 et Université Claude Bernard, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - C. Lartizien
- ANIMAGE-CERMEP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - D. Lazaro
- Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Blaise Pascal, Campus des Cézeaux, F-63177 Aubière, France
| | - M. C. Maas
- Delft University of Technology, IRI, Radiation Technology, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - L. Maigne
- Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Blaise Pascal, Campus des Cézeaux, F-63177 Aubière, France
| | - F. Mayet
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, CNRS/IN2P3 et Université Joseph Fourier, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - F. Melot
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, CNRS/IN2P3 et Université Joseph Fourier, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - C. Merheb
- DAPNIA, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - E. Pennacchio
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, CNRS/IN2P3 et Université Claude Bernard, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - J. Perez
- Institute of Medicine, Forschungszemtrum Juelich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - U. Pietrzyk
- Institute of Medicine, Forschungszemtrum Juelich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - F. R. Rannou
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Califronia 90095-1770, USA
- Departamento de Ingenieria Informatica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M. Rey
- LPHE, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D. R. Schaart
- Delft University of Technology, IRI, Radiation Technology, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - C. R. Schmidtlein
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - L. Simon
- LPHE, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T. Y. Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - J.-M. Vieira
- LPHE, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D. Visvikis
- INSERM U650, Laboratoire de Traitement de l’Information Médicale (LATIM), CHU Morvan, F-29609 Brest, France
| | | | - E. Wieërs
- Inter-University Institute for High Energies, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
- Nucleair Technologisch Centrum, Dept. Industriële Wetenschappen en Technologie, Hogeschool Limburg, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - C. Morel
- LPHE, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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