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Robinson SM, Mann DA, Manas DM, Oakley F, Mann J, White SA. Response to 'Comment on 'The potential contribution of tumour-related factors to the development of FOLFOX-induced sinusoidal obstruction syndrome'’. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:e8. [PMID: 27632370 PMCID: PMC5061903 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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2
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Moles A, Butterworth JA, Sanchez A, Hunter JE, Leslie J, Sellier H, Tiniakos D, Cockell SJ, Mann DA, Oakley F, Perkins ND. A RelA(p65) Thr505 phospho-site mutation reveals an important mechanism regulating NF-κB-dependent liver regeneration and cancer. Oncogene 2016; 35:4623-32. [PMID: 26853469 PMCID: PMC4862573 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of nuclear factor (NF)-κB subunits provide a mechanism to differentially regulate their activity in response to the many stimuli that induce this pathway. However, the physiological significance of these modifications is largely unknown, and it remains unclear if these have a critical role in the normal and pathological functions of NF-κB in vivo. Among these, phosphorylation of the RelA(p65) Thr505 residue has been described as an important regulator of NF-κB activity in cell lines, but its physiological significance was not known. Therefore, to learn more about the role of this pathway in vivo, we generated a knockin mouse with a RelA T505A mutation. Unlike RelA knockout mice, the RelA T505A mice develop normally but exhibit aberrant hepatocyte proliferation following liver partial hepatectomy or damage resulting from carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treatment. Consistent with these effects, RelA T505A mice exhibit earlier onset of cancer in the N-nitrosodiethylamine model of hepatocellular carcinoma. These data reveal a critical pathway controlling NF-κB function in the liver that acts to suppress the tumour-promoting activities of RelA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moles
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - J A Butterworth
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences (ICaMB), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Sanchez
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences (ICaMB), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - J E Hunter
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences (ICaMB), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Leslie
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - H Sellier
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences (ICaMB), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - D Tiniakos
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - S J Cockell
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - D A Mann
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - F Oakley
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - N D Perkins
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences (ICaMB), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Richter M, Fairhall EA, Hoffmann SA, Tröbs S, Knöspel F, Probert PME, Oakley F, Stroux A, Wright MC, Zeilinger K. Pancreatic progenitor-derived hepatocytes are viable and functional in a 3D high density bioreactor culture system. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:278-290. [PMID: 30090344 PMCID: PMC6062372 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00187k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat pancreatic progenitor cell line B-13 is of interest for research on drug metabolism and toxicity since the cells trans-differentiate into functional hepatocyte-like cells (B-13/H) when treated with glucocorticoids. In this study we investigated the trans-differentiation and liver-specific functions of B-13/H cells in a three-dimensional (3D) multi-compartment bioreactor, which has already been successfully used for primary liver cell culture. Undifferentiated B-13 cells were inoculated into the bioreactor system and exposed to dexamethasone to promote hepatic trans-differentiation (B-13/HT). In a second approach, pre-differentiated B-13 cells were cultured in bioreactors for 15 days to evaluate the maintenance of liver-typical functions (B-13/HP). During trans-differentiation of B-13 cells into hepatocyte-like cells in the 3D bioreactor system (approach B-13/HT), an increase in glucose metabolism and in liver-specific functions (urea and albumin synthesis; cytochrome P450 [CYP] enzyme activity) was observed, whereas amylase - characteristic for exocrine pancreas and undifferentiated B-13 cells - decreased over time. In bioreactors with pre-differentiated cells (approach B-13/HP), the above liver-specific functions were maintained over the whole culture period. Results were confirmed by gene expression and protein analysis showing increased expression of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 (CPS-1), albumin, CYP2E1, CYP2C11 and CYP3A1 with simultaneous loss of amylase. Immunohistochemical studies showed the formation of 3D structures with expression of liver-specific markers, including albumin, cytokeratin (CK) 18, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (CEBP-β), CYP2E1 and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2). In conclusion, successful culture and trans-differentiation of B-13 cells in the 3D bioreactor was demonstrated. The requirement for only one hormone and simple culture conditions to generate liver-like cells makes this cell type useful for in vitro research using 3D high-density culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Richter
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany .
| | - E A Fairhall
- Newcastle University , Institute Cellular Medicine , Newcastle Upon Tyne , UK
| | - S A Hoffmann
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany .
| | - S Tröbs
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany .
| | - F Knöspel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany .
| | - P M E Probert
- Newcastle University , Institute Cellular Medicine , Newcastle Upon Tyne , UK
| | - F Oakley
- Newcastle University , Institute Cellular Medicine , Newcastle Upon Tyne , UK
| | - A Stroux
- Institute for Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - M C Wright
- Newcastle University , Institute Cellular Medicine , Newcastle Upon Tyne , UK
| | - K Zeilinger
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany .
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Wilson CL, Jurk D, Fullard N, Banks P, Page A, Luli S, Elsharkawy AM, Gieling RG, Chakraborty JB, Fox C, Richardson C, Callaghan K, Blair GE, Fox N, Lagnado A, Passos JF, Moore AJ, Smith GR, Tiniakos DG, Mann J, Oakley F, Mann DA. NFκB1 is a suppressor of neutrophil-driven hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6818. [PMID: 25879839 PMCID: PMC4410629 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops on the background of chronic hepatitis.
Leukocytes found within the HCC microenvironment are implicated as regulators of
tumour growth. We show that diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced murine HCC is
attenuated by antibody-mediated depletion of hepatic neutrophils, the latter
stimulating hepatocellular ROS and telomere DNA damage. We additionally report a
previously unappreciated tumour suppressor function for hepatocellular nfkb1
operating via p50:p50 dimers and the co-repressor HDAC1. These anti-inflammatory
proteins combine to transcriptionally repress hepatic expression of a S100A8/9,
CXCL1 and CXCL2 neutrophil chemokine network. Loss of nfkb1 promotes
ageing-associated chronic liver disease (CLD), characterized by steatosis,
neutrophillia, fibrosis, hepatocyte telomere damage and HCC.
Nfkb1S340A/S340Amice carrying a mutation
designed to selectively disrupt p50:p50:HDAC1 complexes are more susceptible to HCC;
by contrast, mice lacking S100A9 express reduced neutrophil chemokines and are
protected from HCC. Inhibiting neutrophil accumulation in CLD or targeting their
tumour-promoting activities may offer therapeutic opportunities in HCC. The role of neutrophils in cancer development is not widely
appreciated. Here, the authors show that NF-κB-deficient hepatocytes
overproduce chemokines, leading to hepatocellular carcinoma due to excessive neutrophil
recruitment, and that neutrophil depletion prevents liver cancer in these
mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Wilson
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - D Jurk
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - N Fullard
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - P Banks
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - A Page
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - S Luli
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - A M Elsharkawy
- Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - R G Gieling
- Hypoxia and Therapeutics Group, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - J Bagchi Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - C Fox
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - C Richardson
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution/Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - K Callaghan
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - G E Blair
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - N Fox
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A Lagnado
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - J F Passos
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - A J Moore
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Catherine Cookson Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - G R Smith
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - D G Tiniakos
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - J Mann
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - F Oakley
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - D A Mann
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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O’Reilly S, Chiechomska M, Oakley F, van Laar J. A3.5 IL-13-mediated STAT6 dependant modulation of fibrosis and effects of MIR135B. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207259.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Robinson S, Mann J, Vasilaki A, Mathers J, Burt A, Oakley F, White S, Mann D. Pathogenesis of FOLFOX induced sinusoidal obstruction syndrome in a murine chemotherapy model. J Hepatol 2013; 59:318-26. [PMID: 23624001 PMCID: PMC3710969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) following oxaliplatin based chemotherapy can have a significant impact on post-operative outcome following resection of colorectal liver metastases. To date no relevant experimental models of oxaliplatin induced SOS have been described. The aim of this project was to establish a rodent model which could be utilised to investigate mechanisms underlying SOS to aid the development of therapeutic strategies. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice, maintained on a purified diet, were treated with intra-peritoneal FOLFOX (n=10), or vehicle (n=10), weekly for five weeks and culled one week following final treatment. Sections of the liver and spleen were fixed in formalin and paraffin embedded for histological analysis. The role of oxidative stress on experimental-induced SOS was determined by dietary supplementation with butylated hydroxyanisole and N-acetylcysteine. RESULTS FOLFOX treatment was associated with the development of sinusoidal dilatation and hepatocyte atrophy on H&E stained sections of the liver in keeping with SOS. Immunohistochemistry for p21 demonstrated the presence of replicative senescence within the sinusoidal endothelium. FOLFOX induced endothelial damage leads to a pro-thrombotic state within the liver associated with upregulation of PAI-1 (p<0.001), vWF (p<0.01) and Factor X (p<0.001), which may contribute to the propagation of liver injury. Dietary supplementation with the antioxidant BHA prevented the development of significant SOS. CONCLUSIONS We have developed the first reproducible model of chemotherapy induced SOS that reflects the pathogenesis of this disease in patients. It appears that the use of antioxidants alongside oxaliplatin based chemotherapy may be of value in preventing the development of SOS in patients with colorectal liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.M. Robinson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK,Department of HPB Surgery, Freeman Hospital, High Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK,Corresponding author. Address: Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - J. Mann
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - A. Vasilaki
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - J. Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - A.D. Burt
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - F. Oakley
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - S.A. White
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK,Department of HPB Surgery, Freeman Hospital, High Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - D.A. Mann
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Mann J, Oakley F, Akiboye F, Elsharkawy A, Thorne AW, Mann DA. Regulation of myofibroblast transdifferentiation by DNA methylation and MeCP2: implications for wound healing and fibrogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:275-85. [PMID: 16763620 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are critical cellular elements of wound healing generated at sites of injury by transdifferentiation of resident cells. A paradigm for this process is conversion of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) into hepatic myofibroblasts. Treatment of HSC with DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-azadC) blocked transdifferentiation. 5-azadC also prevented loss of IkappaBalpha and PPARgamma expression that occurs during transdifferentiation to allow acquisition of proinflammatory and profibrogenic characteristics. ChIP analysis revealed IkappaBalpha promoter is associated with transcriptionally repressed chromatin that converts to an active state with 5-azadC treatment. The methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 which promotes repressed chromatin structure is selectively detected in myofibroblasts of diseased liver. siRNA knockdown of MeCP2 elevated IkappaBalpha promoter activity, mRNA and protein expression in myofibroblasts. MeCP2 interacts with IkappaBalpha promoter via a methyl-CpG-dependent mechanism and recruitment into a CBF1 corepression complex. We conclude that MeCP2 and DNA methylation exert epigenetic control over hepatic wound healing and fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mann
- Liver Group, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO166YD, UK
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Ebrahimkhani MR, Kiani S, Oakley F, Kendall T, Shariftabrizi A, Tavangar SM, Moezi L, Payabvash S, Karoon A, Hoseininik H, Mann DA, Moore KP, Mani AR, Dehpour AR. Naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist, attenuates liver fibrosis in bile duct ligated rats. Gut 2006; 55:1606-16. [PMID: 16543289 PMCID: PMC1860108 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2005.076778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that the opioid system is involved in the development of hepatic fibrosis. METHODS The effect of naltrexone (an opioid receptor antagonist) on hepatic fibrosis in bile duct ligated (BDL) or sham rats was assessed by histology and hepatic hydroxyproline levels. Liver matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) was measured by zymography, and alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and CD45 (leucocyte common antigen) by immunohistochemistry. The redox state of the liver was assessed by hepatic glutathione (GSH)/oxidised glutathione (GSSG) and S-nitrosothiol levels. Subtypes of opioid receptors in cultured hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were characterised by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and the effects of selective delta opioid receptor agonists on cellular proliferation, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), and procollagen I expression in HSCs determined. RESULTS Naltrexone markedly attenuated the development of hepatic fibrosis as well as MMP-2 activity (p<0.01), and decreased the number of activated HSCs in BDL rats (p<0.05). The development of biliary cirrhosis altered the redox state with a decreased hepatic GSH/GSSG ratio and increased concentrations of hepatic S-nitrosothiols, which were partially or completely normalised by treatment with naltrexone, respectively. Activated rat HSCs exhibited expression of delta1 receptors, with increased procollagen I expression, and increased TIMP-1 expression in response to delta(1) and delta(2) agonists, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate that administration of an opioid antagonist prevents the development of hepatic fibrosis in cirrhosis. Opioids can influence liver fibrogenesis directly via the effect on HSCs and regulation of the redox sensitive mechanisms in the liver.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen Type I/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/physiopathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/physiopathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
- Naltrexone/therapeutic use
- Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Oxidation-Reduction/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Ebrahimkhani
- The UCL Institute of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Rowland Hill St, London NW3 2PF, UK
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Abstract
Liver fibrosis and its end-stage disease cirrhosis are major world health problems arising from chronic injury of the liver by a variety of etiological factors including viruses, alcohol and drug abuse, the metabolic syndrome, autoimmune disease and hereditary disorders of metabolism. Fibrosis is a progressive pathological process in which wound-healing myofibroblasts of the liver respond to injury by promoting replacement of the normal hepatic tissue with a scar-like matrix composed of cross-linked collagen. Until recently it was believed that this process was irreversible. However emerging experimental and clinical evidence is starting to show that even cirrhosis is potentially reversible. Key to this is the discovery that reversion of fibrosis is accompanied by clearance of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) by apoptosis. Furthermore, proof-of-concept studies in rodents have demonstrated that experimental augmentation of HSC apoptosis will promote the resolution of fibrosis. Consequently there is now considerable interest in determining the molecular events that regulate HSC apoptosis and the discovery of drugs that will stimulate HSC apoptosis in a selective manner. This review will consider the regulatory role played by growth factors (e.g. NGF, IGF-1, TGFbeta), death receptor ligands (TRAIL, FAS), components and regulators of extracellular matrix (integrins, collagen, matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors) and signal transduction proteins and transcription factors (Rho/Rho kinase, Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK), IkappaKinase (IKK), NF-kappa B). The potential for known pharmacological agents such as gliotoxin, sulfasalazine, benzodiazepine ligands, curcumin and tanshinone I to induce HSC apoptosis and therefore to be used therapeutically will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Elsharkawy
- Liver Group, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Level D, South Academic Block, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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Smith PG, Oakley F, Fernandez M, Mann DA, Lemoine NR, Whitehouse A. Herpesvirus saimiri-based vector biodistribution using noninvasive optical imaging. Gene Ther 2006; 12:1465-76. [PMID: 15889136 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) is capable of infecting a range of human cell types with high efficiency and the viral genome persists as high copy number, circular, nonintegrated episomes which segregate to progeny upon cell division. This allows the HVS-based vector to stably transduce a dividing cell population and provide sustained transgene expression for an extended period of time both in vitro and in vivo. Here we assess the dissemination of HVS-based vectors in vivo following intravenous and intraperitoneal administration. Bioluminescence imaging of an HVS-based vector expressing luciferase demonstrates that the virus can infect and establish a persistent latent infection in a variety of mouse tissues. Moreover, the long-term in vivo maintenance of the HVS genome as a nonintegrated circular episome provided sustained expression of luciferase over a 10-week period. A particularly high level of transgene expression in the liver and the ability of HVS to infect and persist in hepatic stellate cells suggest that HVS-based vectors may have potential for the treatment of inherited and acquired liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Smith
- School of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Habens F, Srinivasan N, Oakley F, Mann DA, Ganesan A, Packham G. Novel sulfasalazine analogues with enhanced NF-kB inhibitory and apoptosis promoting activity. Apoptosis 2005; 10:481-91. [PMID: 15909110 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-1877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The NF-kB transcription factor plays a key role in the regulation of apoptosis by modulating expression of a wide range of cell death control molecules. NF-kB also plays an important role in human diseases by promoting inappropriate cell survival. Small molecule inhibitors of NF-kB are therefore likely to provide novel therapeutic opportunities. Sulfasalazine (SFZ) is a synthetic anti-inflammatory comprising an aminosalicylate, 5-amino salicylic acid (5-ASA), linked to an antibiotic, sulfapyridine (SPY). SFZ, but not 5-ASA or SPY, inhibits activation of NF-kB. We synthesised a small number of SFZ analogues and determined their ability to inhibit NF-kB activity and promote apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and hepatic stellate cells, where NF-kB plays an important role in cell survival. Remarkably, 3 of the 6 analogues synthesised were significantly more effective (up to 8-fold) inhibitors of NF-kB dependent transcription and this increased activity was associated with enhanced apoptosis. Therefore, it is possible to readily improve the NF-kB inhibiting activity of SFZ and analogues of SFZ may be attractive therapeutic agents for malignancies and chronic liver disease where NF-kB is thought to play a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Habens
- Cancer Research UK Oncology Unit, Cancer Sciences Division, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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12
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Abstract
The uptake of 65Zn by human erythrocytes was investigated in the presence of high (40 mM) and low (5 mM) concentrations of histidine and 0-500 microM cobalt, nickel, manganese and zinc. Varying concentrations of metal mono- and bis-histidine complexes will be formed and the inhibition of 65Zn uptake could be correlated with the calculated complex concentrations to investigate competition between metals. For each metal, the calculated concentrations of bis-histidine complex giving 50% inhibition of 65Zn uptake were similar at both 5 mM and 40 mM histidine. Manganese-bis-histidine appeared to have a much higher affinity for the binding site than the other metal-bis-histidine complexes, which had similar affinities to each other. Studies of the inhibition of histidine-stimulated 54Mn uptake by the addition of manganese confirmed that manganese-bis-histidine does act as a substrate for the transporter in a similar fashion to the other metals studied. In addition, human erythroleukaemic cells (HEL cells) were used as a model for erythroid precursor cells. L-histidine, but not D-histidine, stimulated 65Zn uptake in a saturable fashion. The other metals competed with zinc in a similar manner to that seen in erythrocytes, and the affinity for manganese-bis-histidine was much greater than for the bis-histidine complexes of the other three metals. Both the capacity for metal transport per cell, and the affinity of the transporter for the metal-bis-histidine complexes, were much greater in the HEL cells than in the erythrocyte. It is suggested that histidine-stimulated metal transport may play a role in the supply of metals to maturing erythroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
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13
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Abstract
Dose-area product (DAP) measurements were made for 21 patients undergoing a modified barium swallow. The procedures were performed by a radiologist and speech and language therapist, to characterize swallowing disorders in patients with head or spinal injury, stroke, other neurological conditions or simple globus symptoms, in order to inform feeding strategies. The DAP values were used to estimate effective dose to the patient, in order to provide a measure of the radiation risk associated with the procedure. Whole body doses to operators, together with equivalent doses to extremities and eyes were also measured to inform the employer's risk assessment. Median DAP for the series was 3.5 (3.1-5.2) Gycm(2) with a corresponding effective dose to the patient of 0.85 (0.76-1.3) mSv, and a low associated risk, mainly of cancer induction, of about 1 in 16 000. The organ receiving the greatest dose was the thyroid, with a calculated median equivalent dose of 13.9 (12.3-20.7) mSv. Median screening time was 3.7 (2.5-4.3) min. Mean operator doses were 0.5 mSv equivalent dose (eyes), 0.9 mSv (extremities), and less than 0.3 mSv whole body dose. Extrapolating for an annual workload of 50 patients per year, this work will lead to annual operator doses of less than 0.6 mSv whole body dose, and approximately 1 mSv equivalent dose (eyes) and 1.8 mSv (extremities), against corresponding legal dose limits of 20 mSv, 150 mSv and 500 mSv, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Crawley
- Radiology Department and Speech and Language Therapy Department, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Mandeville Road, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire HP21 8AL, UK
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14
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Packham G, Habens F, de Mel S, Srinivasan N, Oakley F, Mann D, Potter K, Stevenson F, Ganesan A. 210 Induction of apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia by inhibition of NF-kB and novel sulfasalazine analogues. EJC Suppl 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(04)80218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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15
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if elderly bereaved depressed subjects display difficulty with activities of daily living (ADL) and if their ADL difficulty improves with psychopharmacologic intervention. METHOD The Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS), an ADL assessment measuring ADL motor and ADL process skills, was administered to a pilot sample of elderly persons with post-bereavement depression prior to psychopharmacologic intervention and subsequently during treatment response. RESULTS In the pretreatment phase, subjects displayed difficulty with ADL motor and ADL process skills that significantly improved during the treatment response phase. CONCLUSION Results suggest that elderly bereaved depressed individuals demonstrated ADL difficulty that responds positively to psychopharmacologic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Oakley
- Occupational Therapy Section, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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16
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Oakley F, Lai JS, Sunderland T. A validation study of the daily activities questionnaire: an activities of daily living assessment for people with Alzheimer's disease. J Outcome Meas 1999; 3:297-307. [PMID: 10572383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The Daily Activities Questionnaire (DAQ) was developed to assess activities of daily living (ADL) independence in people with Alzheimer's disease. After administering it to 276 people diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, we examined the quality of the rating scale and its structure using a Rasch measurement approach. Results indicated that the original 10-point rating scale should be restructured to a 5-point rating scale to improve the quality of the instrument. In addition, we found that all but two ADL items defined the same construct and could be combined into a single summary measure of ADL independence. The remaining items were positioned along a hierarchical continuum, with IADL tasks more difficult than PADL tasks. Furthermore, the tasks were logically ordered by difficulty. We therefore report that the DAQ is a valid scale and conclude that it is a viable measure of ADL independence for studies of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Oakley
- National Institutes of Health, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892-1604, USA.
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Parks RA, Oakley F, Fonseca M. Play development in children with HIV infection: a pilot study. Am J Occup Ther 1998; 52:672-5. [PMID: 9739402 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.52.8.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R A Parks
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1604, USA
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18
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Small GW, Rabins PV, Barry PP, Buckholtz NS, DeKosky ST, Ferris SH, Finkel SI, Gwyther LP, Khachaturian ZS, Lebowitz BD, McRae TD, Morris JC, Oakley F, Schneider LS, Streim JE, Sunderland T, Teri LA, Tune LE. Diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer disease and related disorders. Consensus statement of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, the Alzheimer's Association, and the American Geriatrics Society. JAMA 1997; 278:1363-71. [PMID: 9343469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A consensus conference on the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD) and related disorders was organized by the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, the Alzheimer's Association, and the American Geriatrics Society on January 4 and 5, 1997. The target audience was primary care physicians, and the following questions were addressed: (1) How prevalent is AD and what are its risk factors? What is its impact on society? (2) What are the different forms of dementia and how can they be recognized? (3) What constitutes safe and effective treatment for AD? What are the indications and contraindications for specific treatments? (4) What management strategies are available to the primary care practitioner? (5) What are the available medical specialty and community resources? (6) What are the important policy issues and how can policymakers improve access to care for dementia patients? (7) What are the most promising questions for future research? PARTICIPANTS Consensus panel members and expert presenters were drawn from psychiatry, neurology, geriatrics, primary care, psychology, nursing, social work, occupational therapy, epidemiology, and public health and policy. EVIDENCE The expert presenters summarized data from the world scientific literature on the questions posed to the panel. CONSENSUS PROCESS The panelists listened to the experts' presentations, reviewed their background papers, and then provided responses to the questions based on these materials. The panel chairs prepared the initial drafts of the consensus statement, and these drafts were read by all panelists and edited until consensus was reached. CONCLUSIONS Alzheimer disease is the most common disorder causing cognitive decline in old age and exacts a substantial cost on society. Although the diagnosis of AD is often missed or delayed, it is primarily one of inclusion, not exclusion, and usually can be made using standardized clinical criteria. Most cases can be diagnosed and managed in primary care settings, yet some patients with atypical presentations, severe impairment, or complex comorbidity benefit from specialist referral. Alzheimer disease is progressive and irreversible, but pharmacologic therapies for cognitive impairment and nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral problems associated with dementia can enhance quality of life. Psychotherapeutic intervention with family members is often indicated, as nearly half of all caregivers become depressed. Health care delivery to these patients is fragmented and inadequate, and changes in disease management models are adding stresses to the system. New approaches are needed to ensure patients' access to essential resources, and future research should aim to improve diagnostic and therapeutic effectiveness.
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Oakley F, Sunderland T. Assessment of motor and process skills as a measure of IADL functioning in pharmacologic studies of people with Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study. Int Psychogeriatr 1997; 9:197-206. [PMID: 9309491 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610297004341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the usefulness of the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) as an outcome measure of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in pharmacologic studies of people with Alzheimer's disease. The AMPS simultaneously measures motor and process skills and their effect on the ability of the person to perform familiar IADL tasks. We administered the AMPS to 11 Alzheimer inpatients in a 3 1/2-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of fluoxetine and selegiline administered as single agents and in combination with physostigmine. Results indicated that there was a significant difference in IADL ability among study conditions for process skills, but not for motor skills, thereby suggesting that the AMPS is useful as a sensitive outcome measure of IADL ability in drug trials with this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Oakley
- Occupational Therapy Section, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1604, USA
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20
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compares the occupational role profile of a large sample of community-living persons without disabilities with the profile of a population of patients with psychosocial or physical disabilities and suggests areas of occupational therapy intervention. METHODS The Role Checklist was used to compare the roles of 1,020 community-living persons without disabilities with the roles of 292 adults with physical or psychosocial disabilities. Specifically, community-living persons were matched to the entire patient group, a group of patients with psychosocial dysfunction, and a group of patients with physical dysfunction to compare the groups in terms of their past, present, and future role profiles and the value they assigned to those roles. RESULTS There were significant differences in the types of roles identified. In general, the patients identified involvement in fewer present roles than the community-living persons. Differences between the two groups also appeared in the identification of future roles and value of those roles. CONCLUSIONS Roles appear to be affected by disability, whether physical or psychosocial in nature. If role participation is seen as part of the occupational functioning of the person, occupational therapy needs to address this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Dickerson
- Department of Occupational Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA
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21
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Abstract
This study focused on the relative utility of the model of human occupation for occupational therapy assessment of persons having mental disorders. The organizational status of the human system and its relationship to adaptive level of functioning and degree of symptomatology were examined in a sample of 30 adult psychiatric patients. We used a six-test assessment battery developed for this study, which was based on the model of human occupation, to measure the organizational status of the following components of the human system: locus of control, goals, temporal orientation, interests, roles, and skills. Subtests of the American Association on Mental Deficiency (AAMD) Adoptive Behavior Scale and the Modified Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale were used to measure adaptive level functioning and symptomatology, respectively. When we compared organizational status with psychiatric diagnosis and symptomatology, we found organizational status to be the more significant index of adaptive level of functioning.
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