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Woodhams DC, LaBumbard BC, Barnhart KL, Becker MH, Bletz MC, Escobar LA, Flechas SV, Forman ME, Iannetta AA, Joyce MD, Rabemananjara F, Gratwicke B, Vences M, Minbiole KPC. Prodigiosin, Violacein, and Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Widespread Cutaneous Bacteria of Amphibians Can Inhibit Two Batrachochytrium Fungal Pathogens. Microb Ecol 2018; 75:1049-1062. [PMID: 29119317 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria can produce secondary metabolites and volatile compounds that contribute to amphibian skin defense. Some of these symbionts have been used as probiotics to treat or prevent the emerging disease chytridiomycosis. We examined 20 amphibian cutaneous bacteria for the production of prodigiosin or violacein, brightly colored defense compounds that pigment the bacteria and have characteristic spectroscopic properties making them readily detectable, and evaluated the antifungal activity of these compounds. We detected violacein from all six isolates of Janthinobacterium lividum on frogs from the USA, Switzerland, and on captive frogs originally from Panama. We detected prodigiosin from five isolates of Serratia plymuthica or S. marcescens, but not from four isolates of S. fonticola or S. liquefaciens. All J. lividum isolates produced violacein when visibly purple, while prodigiosin was only detected on visibly red Serratia isolates. When applied to cultures of chytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal), prodigiosin caused significant growth inhibition, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 10 and 50 μM, respectively. Violacein showed a MIC of 15 μM against both fungi and was slightly more active against Bsal than Bd at lower concentrations. Although neither violacein nor prodigiosin showed aerosol activity and is not considered a volatile organic compound (VOC), J. lividum and several Serratia isolates did produce antifungal VOCs. White Serratia isolates with undetectable prodigiosin levels could still inhibit Bd growth indicating additional antifungal compounds in their chemical arsenals. Similarly, J. lividum can produce antifungal compounds such as indole-3-carboxaldehyde in addition to violacein, and isolates are not always purple, or turn purple under certain growth conditions. When Serratia isolates were grown in the presence of cell-free supernatant (CFS) from the fungi, CFS from Bd inhibited growth of the prodigiosin-producing isolates, perhaps indicative of an evolutionary arms race; Bsal CFS did not inhibit bacterial growth. In contrast, growth of one J. lividum isolate was facilitated by CFS from both fungi. Isolates that grow and continue to produce antifungal compounds in the presence of pathogens may represent promising probiotics for amphibians infected or at risk of chytridiomycosis. In a global analysis, 89% of tested Serratia isolates and 82% of J. lividum isolates were capable of inhibiting Bd and these have been reported from anurans and caudates from five continents, indicating their widespread distribution and potential for host benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Woodhams
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
| | - Brandon C LaBumbard
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Kelly L Barnhart
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Matthew H Becker
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, USA
| | - Molly C Bletz
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura A Escobar
- School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, AA 56710, Colombia
| | - Sandra V Flechas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, AA 4976, Colombia
| | - Megan E Forman
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Anthony A Iannetta
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Maureen D Joyce
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | | | - Brian Gratwicke
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Miguel Vences
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kevin P C Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
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Kolby JE, Smith KM, Ramirez SD, Rabemananjara F, Pessier AP, Brunner JL, Goldberg CS, Berger L, Skerratt LF. Correction: Rapid Response to Evaluate the Presence of Amphibian Chytrid Fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) and Ranavirus in Wild Amphibian Populations in Madagascar. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26222617 PMCID: PMC4519099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Kolby JE, Smith KM, Ramirez SD, Rabemananjara F, Pessier AP, Brunner JL, Goldberg CS, Berger L, Skerratt LF. Rapid Response to Evaluate the Presence of Amphibian Chytrid Fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) and Ranavirus in Wild Amphibian Populations in Madagascar. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125330. [PMID: 26083349 PMCID: PMC4471163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a rapid response investigation to evaluate the presence and distribution of amphibian pathogens in Madagascar following our identification of amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd) and ranavirus in commercially exported amphibians. This targeted risk-based field surveillance program was conducted from February to April 2014 encompassing 12 regions and 47 survey sites. We simultaneously collected amphibian and environmental samples to increase survey sensitivity and performed sampling both in wilderness areas and commercial amphibian trade facilities. Bd was not detected in any of 508 amphibian skin swabs or 68 water filter samples, suggesting pathogen prevalence was below 0.8%, with 95% confidence during our visit. Ranavirus was detected in 5 of 97 amphibians, including one adult Mantidactylus cowanii and three unidentified larvae from Ranomafana National Park, and one adult Mantidactylus mocquardi from Ankaratra. Ranavirus was also detected in water samples collected from two commercial amphibian export facilities. We also provide the first report of an amphibian mass-mortality event observed in wild amphibians in Madagascar. Although neither Bd nor ranavirus appeared widespread in Madagascar during this investigation, additional health surveys are required to disentangle potential seasonal variations in pathogen abundance and detectability from actual changes in pathogen distribution and rates of spread. Accordingly, our results should be conservatively interpreted until a comparable survey effort during winter months has been performed. It is imperative that biosecurity practices be immediately adopted to limit the unintentional increased spread of disease through the movement of contaminated equipment or direct disposal of contaminated material from wildlife trade facilities. The presence of potentially introduced strains of ranaviruses suggests that Madagascar's reptile species might also be threatened by disease. Standardized population monitoring of key amphibian and reptile species should be established with urgency to enable early detection of potential impacts of disease emergence in this global biodiversity hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Kolby
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Sara D. Ramirez
- Sustainability Studies Program, Ramapo College of New Jersey, Mahwah, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Allan P. Pessier
- Amphibian Disease Laboratory, Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jesse L. Brunner
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Caren S. Goldberg
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lee Berger
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lee F. Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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Woodhams DC, Alford RA, Antwis RE, Archer H, Becker MH, Belden LK, Bell SC, Bletz M, Daskin JH, Davis LR, Flechas SV, Lauer A, Gonzalez A, Harris RN, Holden WM, Hughey MC, Ibáñez R, Knight R, Kueneman J, Rabemananjara F, Reinert LK, Rollins-Smith LA, Roman-Rodriguez F, Shaw SD, Walke JB, McKenzie V. Antifungal isolates database of amphibian skin-associated bacteria and function against emerging fungal pathogens. Ecology 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/14-1837.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Peres P, Hedberg PML, Walton S, Montgomery N, Cliff JB, Rabemananjara F, Schuhmacher M. Nuclear safeguards applications using LG-SIMS with automated screening capabilities. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Peres
- Cameca; 29 Quai des Grésillons 92622 Gennevilliers-Cedex France
| | - P. M. L. Hedberg
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre; Institute for Transuranium Elements; P.O. Box 2340 D-76125 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - S. Walton
- AWE; Aldermaston; Reading RG7 4PR United Kingdom
| | | | - J. B. Cliff
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis; The University of Western Australia; M010 Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | | | - M. Schuhmacher
- Cameca; 29 Quai des Grésillons 92622 Gennevilliers-Cedex France
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Vieites DR, Chiari Y, Vences M, Andreone F, Rabemananjara F, Bora P, Nieto-Román S, Meyer A. Mitochondrial evidence for distinct phylogeographic units in the endangered Malagasy poison frog Mantella bernhardi. Mol Ecol 2006; 15:1617-25. [PMID: 16629815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mantella bernhardi is an endemic species of Malagasy poison frog threatened by loss and fragmentation of its natural habitat and collection for the pet trade. It is classified as threatened according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) categories and included in Appendix II of the Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES). A recent survey has increased the known distributional range of the species from one to eight populations across southeastern Madagascar, but little is known about its biology and genetic diversity. Here we estimate inter- and intrapopulation mitochondrial genetic variation of four populations. Populations from the northern and southern parts of the distributional range showed a high degree of divergence (maximum of 11.35% in cytochrome b) and were recovered as reciprocally monophyletic groups. Nine haplotypes were detected in the northern and 12 in the southern populations. The population from Ranomafana National Park showed the lowest number of haplotypes and nucleotide diversity, and shared its most common haplotype with the second northern population from Tolongoina. All the other detected haplotypes were unique to each of the four populations. This suggests the existence of important barriers to gene flow, pre-dating human colonization of Madagascar at about 2000 years ago, in distinct contrast to other Mantella species that show a high degree of haplotype sharing throughout their range. The continued habitat fragmentation within the distribution range of M. bernhardi prevents any connection between its populations. Our data indicate the existence of at least two different management units for conservation in this species, corresponding to the North and South of its distribution range, and highlight the existence of strong regional endemism in southeastern Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Vieites
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-3160, USA.
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Chiari Y, Vences M, Vieites DR, Rabemananjara F, Bora P, Ramilijaona Ravoahangimalala O, Meyer A. New evidence for parallel evolution of colour patterns in Malagasy poison frogs (Mantella). Mol Ecol 2005; 13:3763-74. [PMID: 15548289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Malagasy poison frogs of the genus Mantella are diurnal and toxic amphibians of highly variable and largely aposematic coloration. Previous studies provided evidence for several instances of homoplastic colour evolution in this genus but were unable to sufficiently resolve relationships among major species groups or to clarify the phylogenetic position of several crucial taxa. Here, we provide cytochrome b data for 143 individuals of three species in the Mantella madagascariensis group, including four newly discovered populations. Three of these new populations are characterized by highly variable coloration and patterns but showed no conspicuous increase of haplotype diversity which would be expected under a scenario of secondary hybridization or admixture of chromatically uniform populations. Several populations of these variable forms and of M. crocea were geographically interspersed between the distribution areas of Mantella aurantiaca and Mantella milotympanum. This provides further support for the hypothesis that the largely similar uniformly orange colour of the last two species evolved in parallel. Phylogenies based on over 2000 bp of two nuclear genes (Rag-1 and Rag-2) identified reliably a clade of the Mantella betsileo and Mantella laevigata groups as sister lineage to the M. madagascariensis group, but did not support species within the latter group as monophyletic. The evolutionary history of these frogs might have been characterized by fast and recurrent evolution of colour patterns, possibly triggered by strong selection pressures and mimicry effects, being too complex to be represented by simple bifurcating models of phylogenetic reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chiari
- Department of Biology (Evolutionary Biology), University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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