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Mason BJ, Estey D, Roberts A, de Guglielmo G, George O, Light J, Stoolmiller M, Quello S, Skinner M, Shadan F, Begovic A, Kyle MC, Harris RA. A reverse translational study of PPAR-α agonist efficacy in human and rodent models relevant to alcohol use disorder. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 29:100604. [PMID: 38292518 PMCID: PMC10825428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder affecting an estimated 283 million individuals worldwide, with substantial health and economic consequences. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), particularly PPAR-α and PPAR-γ, have shown promise in preclinical studies as potential therapeutic targets for AUD. In this human laboratory study, we aimed to translate preclinical findings on the PPAR-α agonist fenofibrate to a human population with current AUD. We hypothesized that, relative to placebo, fenofibrate at the highest FDA-approved dose of 145 mg/d would attenuate responsiveness to in vivo alcohol cues in the lab and reduce drinking under natural conditions. However, the results did not show significant differences in craving and alcohol consumption between the fenofibrate and placebo groups. Reverse translational studies in rodent models confirmed the lack of fenofibrate effect at human-equivalent doses. These findings suggest that inadequate translation of drug dose from rodents to humans may account for the lack of fenofibrate effects on alcohol craving and consumption in humans with AUD. The results highlight the need for new brain-penetrant PPAR-α agonists to adequately test the therapeutic potential of PPAR-α agonists for AUD, and the importance of reverse translational approaches and selection of human-equivalent doses in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J. Mason
- Pearson Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Estey
- Pearson Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Roberts
- Pearson Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Giordano de Guglielmo
- Pearson Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivier George
- Pearson Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John Light
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Mike Stoolmiller
- Pearson Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Susan Quello
- Pearson Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Skinner
- Pearson Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Farhad Shadan
- Pearson Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Adnan Begovic
- Pearson Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark C. Kyle
- Pearson Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R. Adron Harris
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Grigsby KB, Mangieri RA, Roberts AJ, Lopez MF, Firsick EJ, Townsley KG, Beneze A, Bess J, Eisenstein TK, Meissler JJ, Light JM, Miller J, Quello S, Shadan F, Skinner M, Aziz HC, Metten P, Morrisett RA, Crabbe JC, Roberto M, Becker HC, Mason BJ, Ozburn AR. Preclinical and clinical evidence for suppression of alcohol intake by apremilast. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e159103. [PMID: 36656645 PMCID: PMC10014105 DOI: 10.1172/jci159103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) have minimally advanced since 2004, while the annual deaths and economic toll have increased alarmingly. Phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) is associated with alcohol and nicotine dependence. PDE4 inhibitors were identified as a potential AUD treatment using a bioinformatics approach. We prioritized a newer PDE4 inhibitor, apremilast, as ideal for repurposing (i.e., FDA approved for psoriasis, low incidence of adverse events, excellent safety profile) and tested it using multiple animal strains and models, as well as in a human phase IIa study. We found that apremilast reduced binge-like alcohol intake and behavioral measures of alcohol motivation in mouse models of genetic risk for drinking to intoxication. Apremilast also reduced excessive alcohol drinking in models of stress-facilitated drinking and alcohol dependence. Using site-directed drug infusions and electrophysiology, we uncovered that apremilast may act to lessen drinking in mice by increasing neural activity in the nucleus accumbens, a key brain region in the regulation of alcohol intake. Importantly, apremilast (90 mg/d) reduced excessive drinking in non-treatment-seeking individuals with AUD in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. These results demonstrate that apremilast suppresses excessive alcohol drinking across the spectrum of AUD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolter B. Grigsby
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Regina A. Mangieri
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda J. Roberts
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marcelo F. Lopez
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Evan J. Firsick
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kayla G. Townsley
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Alan Beneze
- Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jessica Bess
- Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Toby K. Eisenstein
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph J. Meissler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Jenny Miller
- Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Susan Quello
- Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Farhad Shadan
- Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael Skinner
- Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Heather C. Aziz
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Pamela Metten
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Richard A. Morrisett
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - John C. Crabbe
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Howard C. Becker
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Barbara J. Mason
- Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Angela R. Ozburn
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol misuse is the fifth leading risk factor for premature death and disability worldwide. Fewer than 10% of afflicted Americans receive pharmacological treatment for alcohol use disorder. Gabapentin is a calcium channel GABAergic modulator that is widely used for pain. Studies showing reduced drinking and decreased craving and alcohol-related disturbances in sleep and affect in the months following alcohol cessation suggest therapeutic potential for alcohol use disorder. Areas covered: Human laboratory and clinical studies assessing gabapentin for alcohol use disorder are reviewed. Data were obtained by searching for English peer-reviewed articles on PubMed, reference lists of identified articles, and trials registered on clinicaltrials.gov. Additionally, the mechanism of action of gabapentin specific to alcohol use disorder, and studies of gabapentin for alcohol withdrawal and non-alcohol substance use disorders are summarized. Expert opinion: Alcohol use disorder represents a challenge and large, unmet medical need. Evidence from single-site studies lend support to the safety and efficacy of gabapentin as a novel treatment for alcohol use disorder, with unique benefits for alcohol-related insomnia and negative affect, relative to available treatments. Proprietary gabapentin delivery systems may open a path to pivotal trials and registration of gabapentin as a novel treatment for alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Mason
- a Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Susan Quello
- a Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Farhad Shadan
- b Division of Hospital Medicine , Scripps Clinic and Scripps Green Hospital , La Jolla , CA , USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Mason
- The Scripps Research Institute, Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction, Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Vivian Goodell
- The Scripps Research Institute, Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction, Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Farhad Shadan
- The Scripps Research Institute, Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction, Research, La Jolla, California2Scripps Clinic and Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, California
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Approved medications for alcohol dependence are prescribed for less than 9% of US alcoholics. OBJECTIVE To determine if gabapentin, a widely prescribed generic calcium channel/γ-aminobutyric acid-modulating medication, increases rates of sustained abstinence and no heavy drinking and decreases alcohol-related insomnia, dysphoria, and craving, in a dose-dependent manner. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized dose-ranging trial of 150 men and women older than 18 years with current alcohol dependence, conducted from 2004 through 2010 at a single-site, outpatient clinical research facility adjoining a general medical hospital. INTERVENTIONS Oral gabapentin (dosages of 0 [placebo], 900 mg, or 1800 mg/d) and concomitant manual-guided counseling. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Rates of complete abstinence and no heavy drinking (coprimary) and changes in mood, sleep, and craving (secondary) over the 12-week study. RESULTS Gabapentin significantly improved the rates of abstinence and no heavy drinking. The abstinence rate was 4.1% (95% CI, 1.1%-13.7%) in the placebo group, 11.1% (95% CI, 5.2%-22.2%) in the 900-mg group, and 17.0% (95% CI, 8.9%-30.1%) in the 1800-mg group (P = .04 for linear dose effect; number needed to treat [NNT] = 8 for 1800 mg). The no heavy drinking rate was 22.5% (95% CI, 13.6%-37.2%) in the placebo group, 29.6% (95% CI, 19.1%-42.8%) in the 900-mg group, and 44.7% (95% CI, 31.4%-58.8%) in the 1800-mg group (P = .02 for linear dose effect; NNT = 5 for 1800 mg). Similar linear dose effects were obtained with measures of mood (F2 = 7.37; P = .001), sleep (F2 = 136; P < .001), and craving (F2 = 3.56; P = .03). There were no serious drug-related adverse events, and terminations owing to adverse events (9 of 150 participants), time in the study (mean [SD], 9.1 [3.8] weeks), and rate of study completion (85 of 150 participants) did not differ among groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Gabapentin (particularly the 1800-mg dosage) was effective in treating alcohol dependence and relapse-related symptoms of insomnia, dysphoria, and craving, with a favorable safety profile. Increased implementation of pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence in primary care may be a major benefit of gabapentin as a treatment option for alcohol dependence. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00391716.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Mason
- The Scripps Research Institute, Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Susan Quello
- The Scripps Research Institute, Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Vivian Goodell
- The Scripps Research Institute, Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Farhad Shadan
- Scripps Clinic and Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, California
| | - Mark Kyle
- Scripps Clinic and Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, California
| | - Adnan Begovic
- Scripps Clinic and Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, California
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Mason BJ, Crean R, Goodell V, Light JM, Quello S, Shadan F, Buffkins K, Kyle M, Adusumalli M, Begovic A, Rao S. A proof-of-concept randomized controlled study of gabapentin: effects on cannabis use, withdrawal and executive function deficits in cannabis-dependent adults. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:1689-98. [PMID: 22373942 PMCID: PMC3358737 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There are no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence. Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the world, and patients seeking treatment for primary cannabis dependence represent 25% of all substance use admissions. We conducted a phase IIa proof-of-concept pilot study to examine the safety and efficacy of a calcium channel/GABA modulating drug, gabapentin, for the treatment of cannabis dependence. A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in 50 unpaid treatment-seeking male and female outpatients, aged 18-65 years, diagnosed with current cannabis dependence. Subjects received either gabapentin (1200 mg/day) or matched placebo. Manual-guided, abstinence-oriented individual counseling was provided weekly to all participants. Cannabis use was measured by weekly urine toxicology and by self-report using the Timeline Followback Interview. Cannabis withdrawal symptoms were assessed using the Marijuana Withdrawal Checklist. Executive function was measured using subtests from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. Relative to placebo, gabapentin significantly reduced cannabis use as measured both by urine toxicology (p=0.001) and by the Timeline Followback Interview (p=0.004), and significantly decreased withdrawal symptoms as measured by the Marijuana Withdrawal Checklist (p<0.001). Gabapentin was also associated with significantly greater improvement in overall performance on tests of executive function (p=0.029). This POC pilot study provides preliminary support for the safety and efficacy of gabapentin for treatment of cannabis dependence that merits further study, and provides an alternative conceptual framework for treatment of addiction aimed at restoring homeostasis in brain stress systems that are dysregulated in drug dependence and withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Mason
- The Scripps Research Institute, Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Rebecca Crean
- The Scripps Research Institute, Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vivian Goodell
- The Scripps Research Institute, Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Susan Quello
- The Scripps Research Institute, Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Farhad Shadan
- Scripps Clinic and Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly Buffkins
- The Scripps Research Institute, Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Kyle
- Scripps Clinic and Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Adnan Begovic
- Scripps Clinic and Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Santosh Rao
- Scripps Clinic and Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Chae KY, Kripke DF, Poceta JS, Shadan F, Jamil SM, Cronin JW, Kline LE. Evaluation of immobility time for sleep latency in actigraphy. Sleep Med 2008; 10:621-5. [PMID: 19103508 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actigraphy has become an important tool in sleep research, however, most actigraphic models have had little evaluation of their sleep scoring software. Some reports have described poor agreement of actigraph and polysomnogram (PSG) results. In this study, we examined the accuracy of the Actiwatch-L instrument with Actiware((R)) software version 5.0 (Minimitter-Respironics, Bend, Oregon). METHODS We analyzed the sleep latencies and total sleep times in 33 actigraph recordings and compared performance to simultaneous polysomnography. For scoring sleep latency, the default criterion for scoring sleep onset (10min of immobility) was compared with criteria of 4, 5, 6, and 15min of immobility, and low, middle, and high activity thresholds were compared. RESULTS Of 4, 5, 6, 10 and 15min of actigraphic immobility, the 5min criterion yielded the most accurate sleep latencies. The 5min criterion also yielded near-optimal estimates for total sleep time and wake after sleep onset. CONCLUSIONS We found that a default 10-min immobility parameter for sleep onset was not as accurate as 5min for scoring sleep latency and total sleep time in this clinical sample. There is a need for expanded samples to further evaluate algorithm scoring parameters and the search for superior alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Young Chae
- Scripps Clinic Sleep Center, W207, 10666 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Dehpour AR, Sadr SS, Nouroddini M, Shadan F, Nourozi A, Farahani M, Sahebgharani M. Comparison of simultaneous administration of lithium with L-NAME or L-arginine on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice. Hum Psychopharmacol 2000; 15:87-93. [PMID: 12404337 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1077(200003)15:2<87::aid-hup147>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Due to the claim that chronic administration of lithium or L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor reduces morphine withdrawal syndrome, the effects of chronic administration of lithium, L-NAME, or L-arginine (L-Arg), a precursor of NO, alone or co-administration of lithium with L-Arg or L-NAME, on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal syndrome and physical dependence development to morphine in mice chronically treated with morphine, were evaluated. Morphine dependency was induced by the intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of morphine (10 mg/kg), once daily for 7 days. Physical dependence to morphine was observed by precipitating an abstinence syndrome with naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.). Chronic administration of L-NAME (10 mg/kg, i.p., once daily, for 7 days after 10 days of receiving only tap water and food prior to naloxone), decreased all withdrawal signs significantly, while L-Arg (200 mg/kg, as above) increased only some withdrawal signs significantly in morphine-dependent mice. Chronic administration of lithium (600 mg/kg, in drinking water) alone or co-administration of lithium (as above) with L-NAME (10 mg/kg) or L-Arg (200 mg/kg, i.p., once daily) for 7 days after 10 days of receiving only lithium (as above) and food, decreased all withdrawal signs and physical dependence significantly in morphine-dependent mice. The results obtained indicate that co-administration of L-NAME with lithium increases the effect of lithium or L-NAME alone, on withdrawal signs, but this increase is not significantly different as compared to chronic lithium or L-NAME administration alone; while co-administration of L-Arg with lithium decreases the effects of lithium on withdrawal signs and this decrease is not significant as compared to chronic lithium administration alone. These findings indicate that nitric oxide may be involved in modulation of naloxone-induced withdrawal syndrome, and treatment with lithium could have some effect on this system. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Dehpour AR, Jabbary M, Shadan F, Ghafourifar P. Possible evidence for involvement of new subtype of P1-purinoceptors in rat isolated uterus. Gen Pharmacol 1994; 25:515-9. [PMID: 7926600 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(94)90208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. The effects of adenosine (Ado), 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), 2-chloro-adenosine, N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA and D-PIA) and N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) were examined on the rat isolated uterus. 2. All the analogues except NECA, in a concentration-dependent manner, inhibited electrically induced contractions. 3. 8-Phenyltheophylline (8-PT: P1 antagonist) did not antagonize adenosine and its analogues-induced relaxation. 4. Dipyridamole (Dipy: an adenosine uptake inhibitor) potentiated the relaxations to adenosine but had no significant effect on the relaxations induced by the analogues. 5. The agonist potency order for the relaxation of contractions elicited by direct muscle stimulation was: CHA > L-PIA > 2-chloroadenosine > D-PIA > Ado. 6. The present data may propose the presence of a new subtype of P1-purinoceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Parvizpour D, Shadan F. Effects of mixed cotton and synthetic fiber dusts on ventilatory capacity of textile mill workers. Med Lav 1981; 72:198-203. [PMID: 7300792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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