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Cusato J, Manca A, Palermiti A, Mula J, Antonucci M, Chiara F, De Nicolò A, Lupia T, Stroffolini G, Boglione L, D'Avolio A. Pharmacogenetics of tenofovir drug transporters in the context of HBV: Is there an impact? Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116678. [PMID: 38713940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatments for chronic hepatitis B management include orally administered nucleos(t)ide analogues, such as tenofovir (TDF), which is an acyclic adenine nucleotide analogue used both in HBV and human immune deficiency virus (HIV). The course of HBV infection is mainly dependent on viral factors, such as HBV genotypes, immunological features and host genetic variables, but a few data are available in the context of HBV, in particular for polymorphisms of genes encoding proteins involved in drug metabolism and elimination. Consequently, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential impact of genetic variants on TDF plasma and urine concentrations in patients with HBV, considering the role of HBV genotypes. METHODS A retrospective cohort study at the Infectious Disease Unit of Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Torino, Italy, was performed. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed through liquidi chromatography, whereas pharmacogenetic analyses through real-time PCR. FINDINGS Sixty - eight patients were analyzed: ABCC4 4976 C>T genetic variant showed an impact on urine TDF drug concentrations (p = 0.014). In addition, SLC22A6 453 AA was retained in the final regression multivariate model considering factors predicting plasma concentrations, while ABCC4 4976 TC/CC was the only predictor of urine concentrations in the univariate model. INTERPRETATION In conclusion, this is the first study showing a potential impact of genetic variants on TDF plasma and urine concentrations in the HBV context, but further studies in different and larger cohorts of patients are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cusato
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Corso Svizzera, 164, Turin 10149, Italy
| | - A Manca
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Corso Svizzera, 164, Turin 10149, Italy
| | - A Palermiti
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Corso Svizzera, 164, Turin 10149, Italy.
| | - J Mula
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Corso Svizzera, 164, Turin 10149, Italy.
| | - M Antonucci
- Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - F Chiara
- University of Turin, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology San Luigi A.O.U., Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - A De Nicolò
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Corso Svizzera, 164, Turin 10149, Italy
| | - Tommaso Lupia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Giacomo Stroffolini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Italy
| | - L Boglione
- University of Eastern Piedmont, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara, Italy
| | - A D'Avolio
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Corso Svizzera, 164, Turin 10149, Italy
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Ciscato F, Chiara F, Filadi R, Rasola A. Analysis of the Effects of Hexokinase 2 Detachment From Mitochondria-Associated Membranes with the Highly Selective Peptide HK2pep. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4087. [PMID: 34395726 PMCID: PMC8329469 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial role of hexokinase 2 (HK2) in the metabolic rewiring of tumors is now well established, which makes it a suitable target for the design of novel therapies. However, hexokinase activity is central to glucose utilization in all tissues; thus, enzymatic inhibition of HK2 can induce severe adverse effects. In an effort to find a selective anti-neoplastic strategy, we exploited an alternative approach based on HK2 detachment from its location on the outer mitochondrial membrane. We designed a HK2-targeting peptide named HK2pep, corresponding to the N-terminal hydrophobic domain of HK2 and armed with a metalloprotease cleavage sequence and a polycation stretch shielded by a polyanion sequence. In the tumor microenvironment, metalloproteases unleash polycations to allow selective plasma membrane permeation in neoplastic cells. HK2pep delivery induces the detachment of HK2 from mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload caused by the opening of inositol-3-phosphate receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Ca2+ entry through the plasma membrane leading to Ca2+-mediated calpain activation and mitochondrial depolarization. As a result, HK2pep rapidly elicits death of diverse tumor cell types and dramatically reduces in vivo tumor mass. HK2pep does not affect hexokinase enzymatic activity, avoiding any noxious effect on non-transformed cells. Here, we make available a detailed protocol for the use of HK2pep and to investigate its biological effects, providing a comprehensive panel of assays to quantitate both HK2 enzymatic activity and changes in mitochondrial functions, Ca2+ flux, and cell viability elicited by HK2pep treatment of tumor cells. Graphical abstract: Flowchart for the analysis of the effects of HK2 detachment from MAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ciscato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Chiara
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Chiara F, Indraccolo S, Trevisan A. Filling the gap between risk assessment and molecular determinants of tumor onset. Carcinogenesis 2020; 42:507-516. [PMID: 33319226 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, a ponderous epidemiological literature has causally linked tumor onset to environmental exposure to carcinogens. As consequence, risk assessment studies have been carried out with the aim to identify both predictive models of estimating cancer risks within exposed populations and establishing rules for minimizing hazard when handling carcinogenic compounds. The central assumption of these works is that neoplastic transformation is directly related to the mutational burden of the cell without providing further mechanistic clues to explain increased cancer onset after carcinogen exposure. Nevertheless, in the last few years, a growing number of studies have implemented the traditional models of cancer etiology, proposing that neoplastic transformation is a complex process in which several parameters and crosstalk between tumor and microenvironmental cells must be taken into account and integrated with mutagenesis. In this conceptual framework, the current strategies of risk assessment that are solely based on the 'mutator model' require an urgent update and revision to keep pace with advances in our understanding of cancer biology. We will approach this topic revising the most recent theories on the biological mechanisms involved in tumor formation in order to envision a roadmap leading to a future regulatory framework for a new, protective policy of risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Chiara
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Trevisan
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, Padua, Italy
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4
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Ciscato F, Filadi R, Masgras I, Pizzi M, Marin O, Damiano N, Pizzo P, Gori A, Frezzato F, Chiara F, Trentin L, Bernardi P, Rasola A. Hexokinase 2 displacement from mitochondria-associated membranes prompts Ca 2+ -dependent death of cancer cells. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49117. [PMID: 32383545 PMCID: PMC7332982 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo changes in metabolic and survival pathways that increase their malignancy. Isoform 2 of the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase (HK2) enhances both glucose metabolism and resistance to death stimuli in many neoplastic cell types. Here, we observe that HK2 locates at mitochondria‐endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact sites called MAMs (mitochondria‐associated membranes). HK2 displacement from MAMs with a selective peptide triggers mitochondrial Ca2+ overload caused by Ca2+ release from ER via inositol‐3‐phosphate receptors (IP3Rs) and by Ca2+ entry through plasma membrane. This results in Ca2+‐dependent calpain activation, mitochondrial depolarization and cell death. The HK2‐targeting peptide causes massive death of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells freshly isolated from patients, and an actionable form of the peptide reduces growth of breast and colon cancer cells allografted in mice without noxious effects on healthy tissues. These results identify a signaling pathway primed by HK2 displacement from MAMs that can be activated as anti‐neoplastic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ciscato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ionica Masgras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Pizzi
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nunzio Damiano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- CNR Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition (ICRM), Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Frezzato
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Chiara
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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5
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Pettenuzzo N, Brustolin L, Coltri E, Gambalunga A, Chiara F, Trevisan A, Biondi B, Nardon C, Fregona D. Cu II and Au III Complexes with Glycoconjugated Dithiocarbamato Ligands for Potential Applications in Targeted Chemotherapy. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1162-1172. [PMID: 31091012 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This work is focused on the synthesis, characterization, and preliminary biological evaluation of bio-conjugated AuIII and CuII complexes with the aim of overcoming the well-known side effects of chemotherapy by improving the selective accumulation of an anticancer metal payload in malignant cells. For this purpose, carbohydrates were chosen as targeting agents, exploiting the Warburg effect that accounts for the overexpression of glucose-transporter proteins (in particular GLUTs) in the phospholipid bilayer of most neoplastic cells. We linked the dithiocarbamato moiety to the C1 position of three different monosaccharides: d-glucose, d-galactose, and d-mannose. Altogether, six complexes with a 1:2 metal-to-ligand stoichiometry were synthesized and in vitro tested as anticancer agents. One of them showed high cytotoxic activity toward the HCT116 colorectal human carcinoma cell line, paving the way to future in vivo studies aimed at evaluating the role of carbohydrates in the selective delivery of whole molecules into cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Pettenuzzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences (DISC), University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences (DISCOG), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Brustolin
- Department of Chemical Sciences (DISC), University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences (DISCOG), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Coltri
- Department of Chemical Sciences (DISC), University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Gambalunga
- Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health (DCTV), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Chiara
- Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health (DCTV), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Trevisan
- Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health (DCTV), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Biondi
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Nardon
- Department of Chemical Sciences (DISC), University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Dolores Fregona
- Department of Chemical Sciences (DISC), University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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Brustolin L, Nardon C, Pettenuzzo N, Zuin Fantoni N, Quarta S, Chiara F, Gambalunga A, Trevisan A, Marchiò L, Pontisso P, Fregona D. Synthesis, chemical characterization and cancer cell growth-inhibitory activities of Cu(ii) and Ru(iii) aliphatic and aromatic dithiocarbamato complexes. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:15477-15486. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02965b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects mediated by different cyclic dithiocarbamic ligands on three classes of antiproliferative coordination compounds were studied.
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Masgras I, Ciscato F, Brunati AM, Tibaldi E, Indraccolo S, Curtarello M, Chiara F, Cannino G, Papaleo E, Lambrughi M, Guzzo G, Gambalunga A, Pizzi M, Guzzardo V, Rugge M, Vuljan SE, Calabrese F, Bernardi P, Rasola A. Absence of Neurofibromin Induces an Oncogenic Metabolic Switch via Mitochondrial ERK-Mediated Phosphorylation of the Chaperone TRAP1. Cell Rep 2017; 18:659-672. [PMID: 28099845 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in neurofibromin, a Ras GTPase-activating protein, lead to the tumor predisposition syndrome neurofibromatosis type 1. Here, we report that cells lacking neurofibromin exhibit enhanced glycolysis and decreased respiration in a Ras/ERK-dependent way. In the mitochondrial matrix of neurofibromin-deficient cells, a fraction of active ERK1/2 associates with succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and TRAP1, a chaperone that promotes the accumulation of the oncometabolite succinate by inhibiting SDH. ERK1/2 enhances both formation of this multimeric complex and SDH inhibition. ERK1/2 kinase activity is favored by the interaction with TRAP1, and TRAP1 is, in turn, phosphorylated in an ERK1/2-dependent way. TRAP1 silencing or mutagenesis at the serine residues targeted by ERK1/2 abrogates tumorigenicity, a phenotype that is reverted by addition of a cell-permeable succinate analog. Our findings reveal that Ras/ERK signaling controls the metabolic changes orchestrated by TRAP1 that have a key role in tumor growth and are a promising target for anti-neoplastic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionica Masgras
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Ciscato
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Brunati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Tibaldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Federica Chiara
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cannino
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Papaleo
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Unit of Statistics, Bioinformatics and Registry, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Lambrughi
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Unit of Statistics, Bioinformatics and Registry, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giulia Guzzo
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Gambalunga
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Pizzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Rugge
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Edith Vuljan
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Fiorella Calabrese
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Scintilla S, Brustolin L, Gambalunga A, Chiara F, Trevisan A, Nardon C, Fregona D. Ru(III) anticancer agents with aromatic and non-aromatic dithiocarbamates asligands: Loading into nanocarriers and preliminary biological studies. J Inorg Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Trevisan A, Morandin M, Frasson C, Pantaleoni A, Donazzan A, Ballarin D, Nicolli A, Bartolucci GB, Chiara F. Prevalence of measles virus-specific IgG antibodies according to vaccination schedule in medical students of Padua University. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aims: The goal of the present study was to establish the efficacy of the measles vaccine and the validity of the vaccination schedule adopted in Italy. Materials & methods: The following procedures are adopted: analyze the compliance to the vaccination schedule; assess the seroprevalence of measles antibodies according to the year of birth and the number of doses; and investigate the persistence of positive antibodies post-vaccination. We gathered and elaborated data of both vaccination history and seroprevalence against measles in a large population of students (4195) belonging to the Medical School of Padua University (Italy). Results: Our results reveal a requirement for a two-dose vaccination schedule to ensure protection from the disease. Nevertheless, these results clearly indicate that the percentage of seropositivity reached using the two-dose strategy is below the percentage (95%) that ensures optimal population immunity. Conclusion: It is uncertain whether immune coverage persists when circulating antibodies vanish, but two vaccine doses should prevent disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Trevisan
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic & Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Morandin
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic & Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Clara Frasson
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic & Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Pantaleoni
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic & Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Arianna Donazzan
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic & Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Debora Ballarin
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic & Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Annamaria Nicolli
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic & Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Bartolucci
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic & Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Chiara
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic & Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, I-35128 Padova, Italy
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Nardon C, Chiara F, Brustolin L, Gambalunga A, Ciscato F, Rasola A, Trevisan A, Fregona D. Gold(III)-pyrrolidinedithiocarbamato Derivatives as Antineoplastic Agents. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:183-91. [PMID: 25969817 PMCID: PMC4420591 DOI: 10.1002/open.201402091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metals offer many possibilities in developing potent chemotherapeutic agents. They are endowed with a variety of oxidation states, allowing for the selection of their coordination numbers and geometries via the choice of proper ligands, leading to the tuning of their final biological properties. We report here on the synthesis, physico-chemical characterization, and solution behavior of two gold(III) pyrrolidinedithiocarbamates (PDT), namely [AuIIIBr2(PDT)] and [AuIIICl2(PDT)]. We found that the bromide derivative was more effective than the chloride one in inducing cell death for several cancer cell lines. [AuIIIBr2(PDT)] elicited oxidative stress with effects on the permeability transition pore, a mitochondrial channel whose opening leads to cell death. More efficient antineoplastic strategies are required for the widespread burden that is cancer. In line with this, our results indicate that [AuIIIBr2(PDT)] is a promising antineoplastic agent that targets cellular components with crucial functions for the survival of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Nardon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Chiara
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Brustolin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Gambalunga
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Ciscato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Trevisan
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Dolores Fregona
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Since 1992, the inclusion of HBV vaccination has been recommended by the WHO for all immunization programs implemented by nations. In Europe, the introduction of HBV vaccination has markedly reduced the incidence of acute HBV, and before the introduction of HBV vaccine, healthcare workers (HCW) were at considerable risk of infection. The present review discusses the main problems regarding three fundamental issues in hospital settings: prevention of HBV in HCW, protection induced by vaccination (problems regarding nonresponders) and risk for HCW exposed to blood-borne pathogens (occupational risk). The screening of HBV markers plays a decisive role in evaluating the degree of immune coverage in subjects exposed to biological risk and permits an increase in immune coverage through vaccine implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Trevisan
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic & Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Annamaria Nicolli
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic & Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Chiara
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic & Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, I-35128 Padova, Italy
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Nicolli A, Bisinella G, Padovani G, Vitella A, Chiara F, Trevisan A. Predictivity and fate of metal ion release from metal-on-metal total hip prostheses. J Arthroplasty 2014; 29:1763-7. [PMID: 24890993 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2014.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood metal ion levels in 72 patients with large head metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty were studied to determine the correlation between the values measured in whole blood and urine. Urinary cobalt and chromium levels of 30μg and 21μg, respectively, adjusted to creatinine were found to correspond to the 7μg/l cut-off value that has been accepted in whole blood. Cobalt and chromium levels in whole blood and urine both significantly correlated with increased acetabular component inclination angle over 50 degrees and pain scores. There was no correlation with socket anteversion angle or femoral head diameter. The data support the use of urinary measurement of metal ions adjusted to creatinine to monitor patients with large head metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Nicolli
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bisinella
- Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Hospital of Este (Padova), Via San Fermo 10, I-35042 Este (Padova), Italy
| | - Giovanni Padovani
- Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Hospital of Este (Padova), Via San Fermo 10, I-35042 Este (Padova), Italy
| | - Antonio Vitella
- Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Hospital of Este (Padova), Via San Fermo 10, I-35042 Este (Padova), Italy
| | - Federica Chiara
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Trevisan
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, I-35128 Padova, Italy.
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Lonati D, Giampreti A, Rossetto O, Petrolini VM, Vecchio S, Buscaglia E, Mazzoleni M, Chiara F, Aloise M, Gentilli A, Montecucco C, Coccini T, Locatelli CA. Neurotoxicity of European viperids in Italy: Pavia Poison Control Centre case series 2001-2011. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52:269-76. [PMID: 24708390 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2014.904046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Some clinical aspects about neurotoxicity after snakebites by European viper species remain to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE This observational case series aims to analyze neurological manifestations due to viper envenomation in Italy in order to describe the characteristic of neurotoxicity and to evaluate the clinical response to the antidotic treatment, the outcome, and the influence of individual variability in determining the appearance of neurotoxic effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS All cases of snakebite referred to Pavia Poison Centre (PPC) presenting peripheral neurotoxic effects from 2001 to 2011 were included. Cases were assessed for time from bite to PPC evaluation, Grade Severity Score (GSS), onset/duration of clinical manifestations, severity/time course of local, non-neurological and neurological effects, and antidotic treatment. RESULTS Twenty-four were included (age, 3-75 years) and represented on average of 2.2 cases/year (about 5% of total envenomed patients). The mean interval time of PPC evaluation from snakebite was 10.80 ± 19.93 hours. GSS at ED-admission was 0 (1 case), 1 (10 cases), and 2 (13 cases). All patients showed local signs: 41.6%, minor; 58.4%, extensive swelling and necrosis. The main systemic non-neurological effects were as follows: vomiting (86.7%), diarrhea (66.7%), abdominal discomfort (53.3%), and hypotension (20%). Neurotoxic effects were accommodation troubles and diplopia (100%), ptosis (91.7%), ophtalmoplegia (58.3%), dysphagia (20.8%), drowsiness (16.6%), cranial muscle weakness (12.5%), and dyspnea (4.2%). Neurotoxicity was the unique systemic manifestation in 9 cases; in 4 cases, they were associated with only mild local swelling. In 10 patients the onset of neurotoxic effects followed the resolution of systemic non-neurological effects. Antidote was intravenously administered in 19 (79.2%) patients. The mean duration of manifestations in untreated versus treated groups was 53.5 ± 62.91 versus 41.75 ± 21.18 hours (p = 0.68, local effects) and 9.77 ± 3.29 versus 8.25 ± 12.23 hours (p = 0.1, systemic non-neurological effects) and 43.4 ± 14.69 versus 26.58 ± 20.62 hours (p = 0.03, neurotoxic effects). CONCLUSIONS Neurotoxicity may appear late (11 hours after the bite in 58.3% of cases), in contrast with the data reported in medical literature. Neurotoxic effects have been reversible in all cases and may be the unique systemic manifestation of envenomation. Neurotoxic effects are shorter in treated group. The antidotic treatment of patients considered as GSS 2 only for neurotoxic effects (with mild local effects) may not be necessary. Variable factors such as different amount of venom injected, concentration of PLA2 component, and individual susceptibility may explain the less percentage of patients presenting neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lonati
- Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, IRCCS Maugeri Foundation and University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
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Locatelli C, Lonati D, Buscaglia E, Vecchio S, Giampreti A, Petrolini V, Chiara F, Aloise M, Cortini E, Papa P, Rolandi L, Rocchi L, Rimondo C, Seri C, Serpelloni G. “Synthe-tic co-caine” as legal cocaine hides synthetic cannabinoids. Toxicol Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
GSK-3 is a multifunctional kinase that is located in the cytosol, nucleus, and mitochondria of all cell types, and it is involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. In cancer, GSK-3 modulates the response of the cell death machinery to stress stimuli, including chemotherapeutics. Mitochondria are at the heart of the integration between survival and noxious signals; therefore, modulation of the mitochondrial functions carried out by GSK-3 is profoundly involved in the apoptosis escape capabilities that hallmark neoplasms. This review briefly covers the mechanistic interactions among oncogenic kinase pathways, GSK-3 activity and subsequent modulation of mitochondrial functions that shape the pro-survival phenotype of cancer cells, such as control of redox homeostasis and inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Chiara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova Padova, Italy
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Chiara F, Bartolucci GB, Mongillo M, Ferretto L, Nicolli A, Trevisan A. Hepatitis B vaccination at three months of age: a successful strategy? Vaccine 2013; 31:1696-700. [PMID: 23384750 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of infants, children and adolescents against the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is mandatory in Italy. It is crucial to assess whether vaccinated subjects have protective antibody level during adulthood when the risk of HBV infection increases due to lifestyle or occupational exposure. Two groups of students attending to University of Padova Medical School were enrolled between 2004 and 2011 and HBV antibodies and antigens were measured. The first group (Group A) comprised students vaccinated at three months of age and the second group (Group B) comprised students vaccinated after the first year of life. The follow-up was 18.0 (Group A) and 17.9 (Group B) years. The students vaccinated at three months of age had a higher rate of non-protective antibodies (47.2%) comparing to those vaccinated after the first year of life (17.0%, P<0.0001) with a significantly lower antibody level (P<0.001). The rate of non-protective antibodies was inversely related to vaccination age. The results clearly show that children vaccinated after the first year of life are better protected against HBV. On the other hand, both groups show a good immunological memory as evidenced by the achievement of protective antibody level after the booster dose in 97.8% of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Chiara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
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Chiara F, Rasola A. GSK-3 and mitochondria in cancer cells. Front Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00016
expr 976553969 + 847420335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION An issue yet to be addressed, in the investigation of the xenobiotic toxicity, is a detailed characterization of the sex differences in toxicological responses. The 'sex issue' is particularly significant in nephrotoxicology as the kidney is a relevant target organ for xenobiotics and few studies have approached this subject in the past. There is a strong need to improve our understanding regarding the influence of sex in toxicology, given their increased requirement to establish the limits of exposure to chemicals in the environment and at work. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors provide the reader with the current knowledge of sex differences in kidney toxicity for rats and mice. To make the review easier to consult, these studies have been organized according to the class of xenobiotic. EXPERT OPINION From the analysis of the present knowledge emerges a dramatic need for information on sex differences in xenobiotics toxicity. Although animals are reasonably good predictors of adverse renal effects in patients, there is need to identify alternative methods (e.g. in vitro/ex vivo) to better study sex differences in organ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Trevisan
- University of Padova, Department of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
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Cristofori P, Defazio R, Chiusolo A, Mongillo M, Bartolucci GB, Chiara F, Trevisan A. Hyaline droplet accumulation in kidney of rats treated with hexachloro-1:3-butadiene: influence of age, dose and time-course. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 33:183-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michele Mongillo
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health; Padua University; Padua; Italy
| | | | - Federica Chiara
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health; Padua University; Padua; Italy
| | - Andrea Trevisan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health; Padua University; Padua; Italy
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Jambekar AA, Palma E, Nicolosi L, Rasola A, Petronilli V, Chiara F, Bernardi P, Needleman R, Brusilow WSA. A glutamine synthetase inhibitor increases survival and decreases cytokine response in a mouse model of acute liver failure. Liver Int 2011; 31:1209-21. [PMID: 21745296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute liver failure (ALF) can be induced in mice by administering Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (D-GalN), which induce an inflammatory response involving tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α production and a hepatocyte-specific transcriptional block. Under these conditions, binding of TNF-α to its cognate receptor on hepatocytes eventually leads to their apoptosis. AIMS As part of an effort to identify drugs to treat this disease model, we have investigated whether the glutamine synthetase inhibitor methionine sulfoximine (MSO) could play a protective role, given its effectiveness in the inhibition of brain swelling associated with hyperammonaemia. METHODS Mouse survival, glutamine synthetase activity, hepatocyte apoptosis and induction of inflammatory cytokines were measured in mice treated with MSO before an intraperitoneal injection of LPS/D-GalN. The effect of MSO on viability and on TNF-α release was also assessed on inflammatory and liver cells. RESULTS We have found that, in mice treated with LPS/D-GalN, MSO (i) drastically increases animal survival; (ii) sharply reduces glutamine synthetase activity, without inhibiting its other target, γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase; (iii) inhibits death receptor-mediated apoptosis in hepatocytes upstream to cytokine binding; (iv) strongly reduces the overall inflammatory cytokine response, including a significant decrease in TNF-α induction in vivo and ex vivo, and in the interferon-γ level and signalling. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the MSO target glutamine synthetase is required for the early steps of the cytokine response to endotoxins, and that its pharmacological inhibition may be exploited to treat inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta A Jambekar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Nicolli A, Chiara F, Bortoletti I, Pasqualato F, Mongillo M, Gambalunga A, Biggi F, Trevisan A. [Release of metals from metal-on-metal hip prostheses]. G Ital Med Lav Ergon 2011; 33:257-259. [PMID: 23393850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined blood and urinary concentrations of Cr and Co in 30 patients with metal-on-metal hip prostheses without signs of wear and 6 patients with prosthetic bearing and clear signs of wear and metallosis. The determination in biological fluids showed in patients with not signs of wear the geometric mean concentration of metals only modestly increased (CoS 0.5 microg/l, CoU 5.7 microg/l, CrS 0.8 microg/l, CrU 3.4 microg/l) compared to the reference values, while the wear caused a significant increase in the concentration of both Co (CoS 94.6 microg/l, CoU 334.5 microg/l) and Cr (CrS 57.7 microg/l, CrU 89.4 microg/I). As the results, the not functioning implants are a risks to the patients and are associated with high levels of metals in biological fluids. Currently, the patients with metallosis had not signs and symptoms associated with metal toxicity, but high concentrations could to cause kidney, peripheral nervous system, heart, and thyroid damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nicolli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Ambientale e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Marzano C, Ronconi L, Chiara F, Giron MC, Faustinelli I, Cristofori P, Trevisan A, Fregona D. Gold(III)-dithiocarbamato anticancer agents: Activity, toxicology and histopathological studies in rodents. Int J Cancer 2010; 129:487-96. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Trevisan A, Nicolli A, Chiara F. Are rats the appropriate experimental model to understand age-related renal drug metabolism and toxicity? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:1451-9. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2010.531701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Chiara F, Nicolli A, Gambalunga A, Rasola A, Mongillo M, Ronconi L, Fregona D, Trevisan A. Mitochondrial toxicity in vitro induced by gold(III)-complexes. Toxicol Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zanetti E, Chiusolo A, Defazio R, Casartelli A, Cappelletti E, Bocchini N, Chiara F, Cristofori P, Trevisan A. Evaluation of aging influence on renal toxicity caused by segment-specific nephrotoxicants of the proximal tubule in rat. J Appl Toxicol 2009; 30:142-50. [PMID: 19742859 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Little is known concerning the sensitivity of aged rats to xenobiotics inducing kidney damage. To increase this knowledge, the age-dependent response of the kidney to hexachloro-1 : 3-butadiene (HCBD) or potassium dichromate (chromate) was investigated. Rats were treated at different ages with a single dose of segment-specific nephrotoxicants of the proximal tubule, chosen on the basis of their specificity for S(3) and for S(1)-S(2) segments, respectively. The toxicological impact of these xenobiotics has been evaluated through biochemical and genomic markers, and histopathological investigation of kidney samples. HCBD treatment induced tubular necrosis of the S(3) segment of the proximal tubule associated with changes of toxicological markers unrelated to the age. In contrast, chromate treatment induced an increased kidney damage related to the rat age. In fact, histopathological investigation revealed that at 1 month of age tubular vacuolar degeneration was seen affecting S(1)-S(2) segments of the proximal tubule, whereas at 3 months of age tubular necrosis occurred in the same segments associated with tubular dilation of the distal portions. Consistently, biochemical analysis confirmed a direct correlation among genomic and biochemical marker variability and animal age. Altogether, the results show that during aging there is an increased sensitivity of kidney to chromate but not to HCBD-induced damage and evidence differential age-related selectivity of rats for nephrotoxic compounds. Significance for human risk assessment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Zanetti
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Martin MG, Trovò L, Perga S, Sadowska A, Rasola A, Chiara F, Dotti CG. Cyp46-mediated cholesterol loss promotes survival in stressed hippocampal neurons. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:933-43. [PMID: 19497639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aged neurons constitute an outstanding example of survival robustness, outliving the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from various physiological activities. Since during aging hippocampal neurons experience a progressive loss of membrane cholesterol and, by virtue of this, a gradual and sustained increase in the activity of the survival receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB, we have tested in this study if cholesterol loss is functionally associated to survival robustness during aging. We show that old neurons that did not undergo the cholesterol drop, upon knockdown of the cholesterol hydroxylating enzyme Cyp46, presented low TrkB activity and increased apoptotic levels. In further agreement, inducing cholesterol loss in young neurons led to the early appearance of TrkB activity. In vivo, Cyp46 knockdown led to the appearance of damaged hippocampal neurons in old mice exposed to exogenous stressful stimuli. Cholesterol loss seems therefore to contribute to neuronal survival in conditions of prominent stress, either acute or chronic. The relevance of this pathway in health and disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio G Martin
- VIB Department of Developmental Molecular Genetics and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Department of Human Genetics, Heerestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Chiara F, Cattaneo G, Ragni G. Morphology and histoenzymology of the human testicle in some cases of infertility. Andrologia 2009; 4:75-83. [PMID: 4649075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1972.tb01195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Chiara F, Castellaro D, Marin O, Petronilli V, Brusilow WS, Juhaszova M, Sollott SJ, Forte M, Bernardi P, Rasola A. Hexokinase II detachment from mitochondria triggers apoptosis through the permeability transition pore independent of voltage-dependent anion channels. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1852. [PMID: 18350175 PMCID: PMC2267038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II hexokinase is overexpressed in most neoplastic cells, and it mainly localizes on the outer mitochondrial membrane. Hexokinase II dissociation from mitochondria triggers apoptosis. The prevailing model postulates that hexokinase II release from its mitochondrial interactor, the voltage-dependent anion channel, prompts outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and the ensuing release of apoptogenic proteins, and that these events are inhibited by growth factor signalling. Here we show that a hexokinase II N-terminal peptide selectively detaches hexokinase II from mitochondria and activates apoptosis. These events are abrogated by inhibiting two established permeability transition pore modulators, the adenine nucleotide translocator or cyclophilin D, or in cyclophilin D knock-out cells. Conversely, insulin stimulation or genetic ablation of the voltage-dependent anion channel do not affect cell death induction by the hexokinase II peptide. Therefore, hexokinase II detachment from mitochondria transduces a permeability transition pore opening signal that results in cell death and does not require the voltage-dependent anion channel. These findings have profound implications for our understanding of the pathways of outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and their inactivation in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Chiara
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Martin MG, Perga S, Trovò L, Rasola A, Holm P, Rantamäki T, Harkany T, Castrén E, Chiara F, Dotti CG. Cholesterol loss enhances TrkB signaling in hippocampal neurons aging in vitro. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:2101-12. [PMID: 18287532 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-09-0897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to the TrkB receptor is a major survival mechanism during embryonic development. In the aged brain, however, BDNF levels are low, suggesting that if TrkB is to play a role in survival at this stage additional mechanisms must have developed. We here show that TrkB activity is most robust in the hippocampus of 21-d-old BDNF-knockout mice as well as in old, wild-type, and BDNF heterozygous animals. Moreover, robust TrkB activity is evident in old but not young hippocampal neurons differentiating in vitro in the absence of any exogenous neurotrophin and also in neurons from BDNF -/- embryos. Age-associated increase in TrkB activity correlated with a mild yet progressive loss of cholesterol. This, in turn, correlated with increased expression of the cholesterol catabolic enzyme cholesterol 24-hydroxylase. Direct cause-effect, cholesterol loss-high TrkB activity was demonstrated by pharmacological means and by manipulating the levels of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase. Because reduced levels of cholesterol and increased expression of choleseterol-24-hydroxylase were also observed in the hippocampus of aged mice, changes in cellular cholesterol content may be used to modulate receptor activity strength in vivo, autonomously or as a way to complement the natural decay of neurotrophin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio G Martin
- VIB and Department of Human Genetics, Catholic University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Dotti C, Chiara F, Perga S. PL–03–01: Gradual membrane cholesterol reduction after synaptogenesis determines survival of hippocampal neurons in vitro. Alzheimers Dement 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.05.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Dotti
- Department of Human Genetics and Flanders Institute of Biotechnology University LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Federica Chiara
- Cavalieri Ottolenghi Scientific Institute, University of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Simona Perga
- Cavalieri Ottolenghi Scientific Institute, University of TurinTurinItaly
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Chiara F, Goumans MJ, Forsberg H, Ahgrén A, Rasola A, Aspenström P, Wernstedt C, Hellberg C, Heldin CH, Heuchel R. A Gain of Function Mutation in the Activation Loop of Plateletderived Growth Factor β-Receptor Deregulates Its Kinase Activity. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:42516-27. [PMID: 15284236 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406051200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) are receptor tyrosine kinases implicated in multiple aspects of cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Recently, a gain of function mutation in the activation loop of the human PDGFRalpha has been found in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Here we show that a mutation in the corresponding codon in the activation loop of the murine PDGFRbeta, namely an exchange of asparagine for aspartic acid at amino acid position 849 (D849N), confers transforming characteristics to embryonic fibroblasts from mutant mice, generated by a knock-in strategy. By comparing the enzymatic properties of the wild-type versus the mutant receptor protein, we demonstrate that the D849N mutation lowers the threshold for kinase activation, causes a dramatic alteration in the pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation kinetics following ligand stimulation, and induces a ligand-independent phosphorylation of several tyrosine residues. These changes result in deregulated recruitment of specific signal transducers. The GTPase-activating protein for Ras (RasGAP), a negative regulator of the Ras mitogenic pathway, displayed a delayed binding to the mutant receptor. Moreover, we have observed enhanced ligand-independent ERK1/2 activation and an increased proliferation of mutant cells. The p85 regulatory subunit of the phosphatidylinositol 3 '-kinase was constitutively associated with the mutant receptor, and this ligand-independent activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase pathway may explain the observed strong protection against apoptosis and increased motility in cellular wounding assays. Our findings support a model whereby an activating point mutation results in a deregulated PDGFRbeta with oncogenic predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Chiara
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Box 595, Uppsala S-751 24, Sweden
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Chiara F, Bishayee S, Heldin CH, Demoulin JB. Autoinhibition of the platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor tyrosine kinase by its C-terminal tail. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:19732-8. [PMID: 14996833 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m314070200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we investigated the role of the C-terminal tail of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) beta-receptor in the control of the receptor kinase activity. Using a panel of PDGF beta-receptor mutants with progressive C-terminal truncations, we observed that deletion of the last 46 residues, which contain a proline- and glutamic acid-rich motif, increased the autoactivation velocity in vitro and the V(max) of the phosphotransfer reaction, in the absence of ligand, as compared with wild-type receptors. By contrast, the kinase activity of mutant and wild-type receptors that were pre-activated by treatment with PDGF was comparable. Using a conformation-sensitive antibody, we found that truncated receptors presented an active conformation even in the absence of PDGF. A soluble peptide containing the Pro/Glu-rich motif specifically inhibited the PDGF beta-receptor kinase activity. Whereas deletion of this motif was not enough to confer ligand-independent transforming ability to the receptor, it dramatically enhanced the effect of the weakly activating D850N mutation in a focus formation assay. These findings indicate that allosteric inhibition of the PDGF beta-receptor by its C-terminal tail is one of the mechanisms involved in keeping the receptor inactive in the absence of ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Chiara
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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Chiara F, Michieli P, Pugliese L, Comoglio PM. Mutations in the met oncogene unveil a "dual switch" mechanism controlling tyrosine kinase activity. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:29352-8. [PMID: 12746450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302404200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The met oncogene, encoding the high affinity hepatocyte growth factor receptor, is the only known gene inherited in human cancer that is invariably associated with somatic duplication of the mutant locus. Intriguingly, mutated Met requires ligand stimulation in order to unleash its transforming potential. Furthermore, individuals bearing a germ line met mutation develop cancer only late in life and with incomplete penetrance. To date, there is no molecular explanation for this unique behavior, which is unusual for a dominant oncogene. Here we investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying met oncogenic conversion by generating antibodies specific for the differently phosphorylated forms of the Met protein. Using these antibodies, we show that activation of wild-type Met is achieved through sequential phosphorylation of Tyr1235 and Tyr1234 in the activation loop and that mutagenesis of either tyrosine dramatically impairs kinase function. Surprisingly, oncogenic Met mutants never become phosphorylated on Tyr1234 despite their high enzymatic activity, and mutagenesis of Tyr1234 does not affect their biochemical or biological function. By analyzing the enzymatic properties of the mutant proteins in different conditions, we demonstrate that oncogenic mutations do not elicit constitutive kinase activation but simply overcome the requirement for the second phosphorylation step, thus reducing the threshold for activation. In the presence of activating signals, these mutations result therefore in a dynamic imbalance toward the active conformation of the kinase. This explains why mutant met provides an oncogenic predisposition but needs a second activating "hit," provided by sustained ligand stimulation or receptor overexpression, to achieve a fully transformed phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Chiara
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), University of Torino Medical School, I-10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
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Pessani D, Chiara F. The glaucothöe of the hermit crabCestopagurus timidus(Decapoda: Paguridae) and its first shell. J NAT HIST 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/00222939800771241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Luzzani S, Valadè A, Olivani P, Roberto N, Chiara F. [Fertility in the operated on monolateral cryptorchism patient]. Arch Ital Urol Nefrol Androl 1989; 61:329-31. [PMID: 2572056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fertility of operated monolateral Cryptorchides has been evaluated in a long term follow up comparing the patients who underwent orchidopexy with patients who underwent orchiectomy. From our experience, as well as from various Author's reports, patients who underwent orchiectomy demonstrated a two fold of fertility compared to the group who underwent orchidopexy.
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37
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Ferrandi B, Lange Consiglio A, Chiara F, Uber E, Marchini M, Baglioni A, Carnevali A, Cremonesi F, Porcelli F. Cytochemical study on human spermatozoa metabolism during in vitro capacitation. Andrologia 1987; 19 Spec No:278-83. [PMID: 2820270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1987.tb02346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In eutherian mammalian spermatozoa the capacitation is coupled to a specific type of metabolism, that is glycolysis or oxidative respiration. A cytochemical study was carried out on cytochrome oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase in human spermatozoa collected at different times during in vitro capacitation. Human spermatozoa were incubated in Biggers, Whitten and Wittingham's medium supplemented with 15% heat-inactivated human serum. Both histoenzymological reactions based on oxidative polymerization of diaminobenzidine (cytochrome oxidase) or on tetrazolium salts reduction (lactate dehydrogenase) can be quantitated and have been evaluated by microdensitometric method (Vickers M85). The results suggest that human spermatozoa depend almost quite on the anaerobic glycolysis during in vitro capacitation.
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38
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Anelli G, Cozzi G, Franchi E, Parlavecchia M, Chiara F, Masera G, Camatini M. Responsiveness of testis morphology to chemotherapy in childhood leukemia. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1984; 209:491-500. [PMID: 6591843 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092090409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells of children, aged 2.5 to 13 years, affected by acute lymphoblastic leukemia was analyzed in sections. The testicular biopsies were performed at the end of therapy (vincristine, prednisone, L-asparaginase, 6-mercaptopurine, intrathecal methotrexate), which was affected for the same period and at the same doses. Three age groups were considered (I, 2.5 to 5 years; II, 6 to 9 years; III, 12 to 13 years). Age groups I and II presented damage of some tubules (25-35%) and areas of degeneration. Histometric analysis performed for A type spermatogonial population gave a mean value corresponding to controls in age group I and a mean value significantly lower with respect to controls in age group II. Moreover, age group II presented a lack of increase in tubular cross section. These results suggest that there is a vulnerability both of whole tubules and of some areas of Sertoli cells and germ cels to cytotoxic-induced damage. Leydig cells appear to be the cells least sensitive to drugs, and hormonal data indicate that the hypothalamic pituitary function appears to be intact, despite chemotherapy. Long-term prospective studies of reproductive function in children receiving cancer chemotherapy are needed to determine the magnitude and duration of damage resulting from therapeutic treatment.
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Camatini M, Franchi E, Anelli G, Chiara F. Morphological changes of Leydig cells in men with altered plasma testosterone and gonadotropin levels. J Submicrosc Cytol 1981; 13:703-16. [PMID: 7334556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructural features of Leydig cells in patients with high serum LH and low serum testosterone are described. The results are compared with the structure of Leydig cells in normal conditions and after treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) according to data existing in the literature. The continuous overstimulation of Leydig cells by higher levels of LH apparently induces significant modifications in many of the morphological elements characteristic of these cells. However, these differences were not constantly present in the cases observed. The abundance and the large size of mitochondria were the only common characteristics in the patients studied.
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Chiara F, Leoni L, Lilloni R, Saura G, Alestra P. [Possible role of a pediatrician, introduced into collegiate organizations and in a School Medicine Study Commission of a teaching group, in an experimental preventive pediatrics and health education undertaking]. Minerva Pediatr 1981; 33:73-9. [PMID: 7242480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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41
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Chiara F, Leoni L, Saura G, Alestra P. [Aplasia cutis congenita. Nosological classification and case reports]. Minerva Pediatr 1980; 32:693-8. [PMID: 7453675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Chiara F, Ruzic Boati B, Terzi F. [Diagnostic approach to hypochromic anemia in childhood]. Minerva Pediatr 1979; 31:121-8. [PMID: 460071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Ejaculates and testicular biopsies of two infertile men were examined at ultrastructural and cytochemical levels. The two patients presented spermiograms in which all the spermatozoa had globular heads. Wide Golgi areas and large masses of annulatae lamellae were evident during spermatogenesis. Abnormal acrosomal vesicles were evident during early spermatid stage. Among the late spermatids, there was a small group characterized by a fibrous sheath showing considerable malformation, and "spindle shaped body." In Sertoli cells, detached acrosomes undergoing degeneration were noted. Low TPPase activity was found in Golgi complex and in abnormal acrosomal vesicles of early spermatids. As regards acid phosphatase, was localized in spermatocytes and in early spermatids, but not in late spermatids and mature spermatozoa. Leydig cells had high phosphatase activity.
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Chiara F. [Histoenzymology of the normal human placenta]. Minerva Ginecol 1967; 19:812-3. [PMID: 5605086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Macchi L, Chiara F, Vegetti T. [New methods for determination of urea nitrogen in some obstetrico-gynecologic diseases]. Ann Ostet Ginecol Med Perinat 1966; 88:941-56. [PMID: 4385557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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46
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Schubert L, Chiara F. [A new histochemical method for study of the behavior of leukocytic alkaline phosphatase in normal pregnancy and puerperium]. Ann Ostet Ginecol Med Perinat 1966; 88:845-52. [PMID: 5996909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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47
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Arezzi-Boza E, Chiara F. [Histotopochemical localization of leucine-amino-peptidase (LAS) in the normal uterus of women in various stages of life]. Ann Ostet Ginecol Med Perinat 1966; 88:144-50. [PMID: 5941185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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48
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Arezzi Boza E, Belgeri R, Chiara F. [Quantitative changes of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) in the uterus of normal females]. Ann Ostet Ginecol 1965; 87:748-54. [PMID: 5880327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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