Do Saharan Dust Days Carry a Risk of Hospitalization From Respiratory Diseases for Citizens of the Canary Islands (Spain)?

BACKGROUND

Saharan dust meets the Canary Islands at the beginning of its westward path across the North Atlantic, exceeding the European daily levels for PM10; for this reason, their two provincial capital cities, constitute optimal sites where to evaluate the health effects of this natural event.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the short-term association between Saharan Dust Days (SDDs) and respiratory morbidity in the two capital cities.

METHODS

We carried out a time-series analysis with daily emergency hospital admissions due to all respiratory system diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma between 2001 and 2005, assessing the independent effect of SDDs, defined according to the application of the methodology accepted by the European Environmental Office. We also examined accumulated effect, and some other specific SDDs' features.

RESULTS

We found a short-term association between SDDs and the increase in admission risk for the three outcomes during concurrent SDDs, compared to non-SDDs, that spread from 0 to 5th day: 22.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.4, 36.0) for all respiratory diseases and 29.9% (95%CI: 6.6, 58.4) for COPD in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and 33.4% (95%CI: -2.1,82.0) for asthma in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. We obtained a robust association when Saharan dust transported at low altitude, when SDDs belonged to long episodes (≥5days), from the fifth SDD onwards and those SDDs with medium (50<PM<150) or high (≥150) PM10 levels.

CONCLUSIONS

We found evidence that SDDs carry a risk of emergency hospital admission from respiratory diseases in the Canary Islands.

Do Saharan Dust Days Carry a Risk of Hospitalization From Respiratory Diseases for Citizens of the Canary Islands (Spain)?

BACKGROUND

Saharan dust meets the Canary Islands at the beginning of its westward path across the North Atlantic, exceeding the European daily levels for PM10; for this reason, their two provincial capital cities, constitute optimal sites where to evaluate the health effects of this natural event.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the short-term association between Saharan Dust Days (SDDs) and respiratory morbidity in the two capital cities.

METHODS

We carried out a time-series analysis with daily emergency hospital admissions due to all respiratory system diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma between 2001 and 2005, assessing the independent effect of SDDs, defined according to the application of the methodology accepted by the European Environmental Office. We also examined accumulated effect, and some other specific SDDs' features.

RESULTS

We found a short-term association between SDDs and the increase in admission risk for the three outcomes during concurrent SDDs, compared to non-SDDs, that spread from 0 to 5th day: 22.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.4, 36.0) for all respiratory diseases and 29.9% (95%CI: 6.6, 58.4) for COPD in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and 33.4% (95%CI: -2.1,82.0) for asthma in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. We obtained a robust association when Saharan dust transported at low altitude, when SDDs belonged to long episodes (≥5days), from the fifth SDD onwards and those SDDs with medium (50

CONCLUSIONS

We found evidence that SDDs carry a risk of emergency hospital admission from respiratory diseases in the Canary Islands.

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Key Words

• African air intrusions
• Calima sahariana
• Enfermedades respiratorias
• Generalized additive model
• Hospital admissions
• Ingresos hospitalarios
• Intrusiones de aire africano
• Modelos aditivos generalizados
• Particulate matter
• Partículas en suspensión
• Respiratory diseases
• Saharan dust
• Series temporales
• Time-series

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Affiliation(s)

Elena López-Villarrubia Dirección General de Salud Pública. Gobierno de Canarias, Alfonso XIII, 4, 35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
Olga Costa Estirado Dirección General de Salud Pública. Gobierno de Canarias, Alfonso XIII, 4, 35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; FISABIO-UJI-Universitat de València, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, Avenida de Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
Carmen Íñiguez Hernández Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; FISABIO-UJI-Universitat de València, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, Avenida de Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
Ferran Ballester Díez Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; FISABIO-UJI-Universitat de València, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, Avenida de Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, C/ Jaume Roig, 46010 Valencia, Spain

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[Review of studies on exposure to aluminum and Alzheimer's disease]

A review has been made of the epidemiological studies published evaluating the role of aluminum as a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease. A search for published studies was conducted in the Medline database by combining the terms "Aluminum" and "Alzheimer's disease". In most of the studies reviewed, exposure to aluminum in drinking water was examined. These studies suggest that a relationship exists between aluminum (Al) and Alzheimer's disease involving relative risks of around 2 for populations exposed to Al concentrations in drinking water higher than 0.1 mg/l. Types of exposure to this metal by other means (food, medications and occupational exposure) have received little attention. These epidemiological studies entail certain methodological limitations, and their results are not consistent, so the results available to date therefore not making it possible to clearly determine that any relationship exists between exposure to aluminum and the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, the toxic effect of aluminum on human health cannot be ruled out either, and thus exposure to aluminum should be monitored and limited as far as possible.