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Białopiotrowicz-Data E, Noyszewska-Kania M, Jabłońska E, Sewastianik T, Komar D, Dębek S, Garbicz F, Wojtas M, Szydłowski M, Polak A, Górniak P, Juszczyński P. SIRT1 and HSP90α feed-forward circuit safeguards chromosome segregation integrity in diffuse large B cell lymphomas. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:667. [PMID: 37816710 PMCID: PMC10564908 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults, exhibiting highly heterogenous clinical behavior and complex molecular background. In addition to the genetic complexity, different DLBCL subsets exhibit phenotypic features independent of the genetic background. For example, a subset of DLBCLs is distinguished by increased oxidative phosphorylation and unique transcriptional features, including overexpression of certain mitochondrial genes and a molecular chaperone, heat shock protein HSP90α (termed "OxPhos" DLBCLs). In this study, we identified a feed-forward pathogenetic circuit linking HSP90α and SIRT1 in OxPhos DLBCLs. The expression of the inducible HSP90α isoform remains under SIRT1-mediated regulation. SIRT1 knockdown or chemical inhibition reduced HSP90α expression in a mechanism involving HSF1 transcription factor, whereas HSP90 inhibition reduced SIRT1 protein stability, indicating that HSP90 chaperones SIRT1. SIRT1-HSP90α interaction in DLBCL cells was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay (PLA). The number of SIRT1-HSP90α complexes in PLA was significantly higher in OxPhos- dependent than -independent cells. Importantly, SIRT1-HSP90α interactions in OxPhos DLBCLs markedly increased in mitosis, suggesting a specific role of the complex during this cell cycle phase. RNAi-mediated and chemical inhibition of SIRT1 and/or HSP90 significantly increased the number of cells with chromosome segregation errors (multipolar spindle formation, anaphase bridges and lagging chromosomes). Finally, chemical SIRT1 inhibitors induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity in OxPhos-dependent DLBCL cell lines and synergized with the HSP90 inhibitor. Taken together, our findings define a new OxPhos-DLBCL-specific pathogenetic loop involving SIRT1 and HSP90α that regulates chromosome dynamics during mitosis and may be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Noyszewska-Kania
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sewastianik
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Komar
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sonia Dębek
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filip Garbicz
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wojtas
- Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Szydłowski
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Polak
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patryk Górniak
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Juszczyński
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Tanton H, Sewastianik T, Seo HS, Remillard D, Pierre RS, Bala P, Aitymbayev D, Dennis P, Adler K, Geffken E, Yeoh Z, Vangos N, Garbicz F, Scott D, Sethi N, Bradner J, Dhe-Paganon S, Carrasco RD. A novel β-catenin/BCL9 complex inhibitor blocks oncogenic Wnt signaling and disrupts cholesterol homeostasis in colorectal cancer. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabm3108. [PMID: 35486727 PMCID: PMC9054024 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of many human cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC), making it an attractive clinical target. With the aim of inhibiting oncogenic Wnt activity, we developed a high-throughput screening AlphaScreen assay to identify selective small-molecule inhibitors of the interaction between β-catenin and its coactivator BCL9. We identified a compound that consistently bound to β-catenin and specifically inhibited in vivo native β-catenin/BCL9 complex formation in CRC cell lines. This compound inhibited Wnt activity, down-regulated expression of the Wnt/β-catenin signature in gene expression studies, disrupted cholesterol homeostasis, and significantly reduced the proliferation of CRC cell lines and tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model of CRC. This study has therefore identified a specific small-molecule inhibitor of oncogenic Wnt signaling, which may have value as a probe for functional studies and has important implications for the development of novel therapies in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Tanton
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomasz Sewastianik
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine,, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Remillard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roodolph St. Pierre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pratyusha Bala
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daulet Aitymbayev
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter Dennis
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith Adler
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ezekiel Geffken
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zoe Yeoh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas Vangos
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Filip Garbicz
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine,, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Scott
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nilay Sethi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruben D. Carrasco
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Migdał M, Tralle E, Nahia KA, Bugajski Ł, Kędzierska KZ, Garbicz F, Piwocka K, Winata CL, Pawlak M. Multi-omics analyses of early liver injury reveals cell-type-specific transcriptional and epigenomic shift. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:904. [PMID: 34920711 PMCID: PMC8684102 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing response to tissue injury and inflammation hallmarked by the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition in the liver parenchyma and tissue remodelling. Different cell types of the liver are known to play distinct roles in liver injury response. Hepatocytes and liver endothelial cells receive molecular signals indicating tissue injury and activate hepatic stellate cells which produce ECM proteins upon their activation. Despite the growing knowledge on the molecular mechanism underlying hepatic fibrosis in general, the cell-type-specific gene regulatory network associated with the initial response to hepatotoxic injury is still poorly characterized. Results In this study, we used thioacetamide (TAA) to induce hepatic injury in adult zebrafish. We isolated three major liver cell types - hepatocytes, endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells - and identified cell-type-specific chromatin accessibility and transcriptional changes in an early stage of liver injury. We found that TAA induced transcriptional shifts in all three cell types hallmarked by significant alterations in the expression of genes related to fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as immune response-associated and vascular-specific genes. Interestingly, liver endothelial cells exhibit the most pronounced response to liver injury at the transcriptome and chromatin level, hallmarked by the loss of their angiogenic phenotype. Conclusion Our results uncovered cell-type-specific transcriptome and epigenome responses to early stage liver injury, which provide valuable insights into understanding the molecular mechanism implicated in the early response of the liver to pro-fibrotic signals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08173-1.
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Szydłowski M, Garbicz F, Jabłońska E, Górniak P, Komar D, Pyrzyńska B, Bojarczuk K, Prochorec-Sobieszek M, Szumera-Ciećkiewicz A, Rymkiewicz G, Cybulska M, Statkiewicz M, Gajewska M, Mikula M, Gołas A, Domagała J, Winiarska M, Graczyk-Jarzynka A, Białopiotrowicz E, Polak A, Barankiewicz J, Puła B, Pawlak M, Nowis D, Golab J, Tomirotti AM, Brzózka K, Pacheco-Blanco M, Kupcova K, Green MR, Havranek O, Chapuy B, Juszczyński P. Inhibition of PIM Kinases in DLBCL Targets MYC Transcriptional Program and Augments the Efficacy of Anti-CD20 Antibodies. Cancer Res 2021; 81:6029-6043. [PMID: 34625423 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The family of PIM serine/threonine kinases includes three highly conserved oncogenes, PIM1, PIM2, and PIM3, which regulate multiple pro-survival pathways and cooperate with other oncogenes such as MYC. Recent genomic CRISPR-Cas9 screens further highlighted oncogenic functions of PIMs in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells, justifying development of small molecule PIM inhibitors and therapeutic targeting of PIM kinases in lymphomas. However, detailed consequences of PIM inhibition in DLBCL remain undefined. Using chemical and genetic PIM blockade, we comprehensively characterized PIM kinase-associated pro-survival functions in DLBCL and the mechanisms of PIM inhibition-induced toxicity. Treatment of DLBCL cells with SEL24/MEN1703, a pan PIM inhibitor in clinical development, decreased BAD phosphorylation and cap-dependent protein translation, reduced MCL1 expression, and induced apoptosis. PIM kinases were tightly coexpressed with MYC in diagnostic DLBCL biopsies, and PIM inhibition in cell lines and patient-derived primary lymphoma cells decreased MYC levels as well as expression of multiple MYC-dependent genes, including PLK1. Chemical and genetic PIM inhibition upregulated surface CD20 levels in a MYC-dependent fashion. Consistently, MEN1703 and other clinically available pan-PIM inhibitors synergized with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in vitro, increasing complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-mediated phagocytosis. Combined treatment with PIM inhibitor and rituximab suppressed tumor growth in lymphoma xenografts more efficiently than either drug alone. Taken together, these results show that targeting PIM in DLBCL exhibits pleiotropic effects that combine direct cytotoxicity with potentiated susceptibility to anti-CD20 antibodies, justifying further clinical development of such combinatorial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Szydłowski
- Dept. of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
| | - Filip Garbicz
- Dept. of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
| | - Patryk Górniak
- Dept. of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
| | - Dorota Komar
- Dept. of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
| | | | - Kamil Bojarczuk
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
| | | | - Anna Szumera-Ciećkiewicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, IMaria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology
| | - Grzegorz Rymkiewicz
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, National Research Institute of Oncology
| | | | | | - Marta Gajewska
- Dept. of Genetics, National Research Institute of Oncology
| | - Michal Mikula
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Polak
- Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
| | | | - Bartosz Puła
- Dept. of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
| | - Michał Pawlak
- Dept. of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael R Green
- Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | | | - Bjoern Chapuy
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen
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5
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Koppolu A, Maksym RB, Paskal W, Machnicki M, Rak B, Pępek M, Garbicz F, Pełka K, Kuśmierczyk Z, Jacko J, Rydzanicz M, Banach-Orłowska M, Stokłosa T, Płoski R, Malejczyk J, Włodarski PK. Epithelial Cells of Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis Harbor Mutations in Cancer Driver Genes. Cells 2021; 10:749. [PMID: 33805315 PMCID: PMC8065889 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is an inflammatory condition manifested by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside of the uterine cavity. The most common clinical presentations of endometriosis are dysmenorrhea, infertility, and severe pelvic pain. Few hypotheses attempt to explain the pathogenesis of endometriosis; however, none of the theories have been fully confirmed or considered universal. We examined somatic mutations in eutopic endometrium samples, deep endometriotic nodules and peripheral blood from 13 women with deep endometriosis of the rectovaginal space. Somatic variants were identified in laser microdissected samples using next-generation sequencing. A custom panel of 1296 cancer-related genes was employed, and selected genes representing cancer drivers and non-drivers for endometrial and ovarian cancer were thoroughly investigated. All 59 detected somatic variants were of low mutated allele frequency (<10%). In deep ectopic lesions, detected variants were significantly more often located in cancer driver genes, whereas in eutopic endometrium, there was no such distribution. Our results converge with other reports, where cancer-related mutations were found in endometriosis without cancer, particularly recurrent KRAS mutations. Genetic alterations located in ectopic endometriotic nodules could contribute to their formation; nevertheless, to better understand the pathogenesis of this disease, more research in this area must be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Koppolu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.R.); (R.P.)
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (B.R.); (M.P.); (F.G.)
| | - Radosław B. Maksym
- Department of Reproductive Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Paskal
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (W.P.); (K.P.); (Z.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Marcin Machnicki
- Department of Tumor Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Beata Rak
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (B.R.); (M.P.); (F.G.)
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (W.P.); (K.P.); (Z.K.); (J.J.)
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Monika Pępek
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (B.R.); (M.P.); (F.G.)
- Department of Tumor Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Filip Garbicz
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (B.R.); (M.P.); (F.G.)
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (W.P.); (K.P.); (Z.K.); (J.J.)
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-O.); (J.M.)
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kacper Pełka
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (W.P.); (K.P.); (Z.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Zofia Kuśmierczyk
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (W.P.); (K.P.); (Z.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Joanna Jacko
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (W.P.); (K.P.); (Z.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Małgorzata Rydzanicz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Magdalena Banach-Orłowska
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-O.); (J.M.)
| | - Tomasz Stokłosa
- Department of Tumor Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Jacek Malejczyk
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-O.); (J.M.)
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł K. Włodarski
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (W.P.); (K.P.); (Z.K.); (J.J.)
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6
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Pełka K, Klicka K, Grzywa TM, Gondek A, Marczewska JM, Garbicz F, Szczepaniak K, Paskal W, Włodarski PK. miR-96-5p, miR-134-5p, miR-181b-5p and miR-200b-3p heterogenous expression in sites of prostate cancer versus benign prostate hyperplasia-archival samples study. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 155:423-433. [PMID: 33331954 PMCID: PMC8021536 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are involved in various pathologies including cancer. The aim of the study was to assess the level of expression of miR-96-5p, -134-5p, -181b-5p, -200b-3p in FFPE samples of prostate cancer, adjacent cancer-free tissue, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Samples of 23 FFPE prostate cancer and 22 benign prostatic hyperplasias were dissected and HE stained. Compartments of tumor tissue and adjacent healthy glandular tissue were isolated from each sample using Laser Capture Microdissection. Total RNA was isolated from dissected tissues. Expression of miR-96-5p, miR-134-5p, 181b-5p, and miR-200b-3p was determined by real-time RT-qPCR method. The expression of miR-200b-3p was significantly higher in cancerous prostate: both in adenocarcinomatous glands and in the adjacent, apparently unaffected glands compared to BPH samples. The expression of miR-181b-5p was lower in in both prostate cancer tissues and adjacent tissue compared to BPH samples. Expression of miR-96-5p and miR-134-5p was lower in prostate cancer tissues compared to BPH. Levels of miR-96-5p, miR-134-5p, and 181b-5p negatively correlated with the Gleason score. Given further studies, miR-96-5p, miR-134-5p and especially miR-200b-3p and miR-181b-5p may differentiate BPH and PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Pełka
- The Department of Methodology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Klicka
- The Department of Methodology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.,Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 61 Żwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz M Grzywa
- The Department of Methodology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.,Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 61 Żwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 5 Nielubowicza Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Gondek
- The Department of Methodology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janina M Marczewska
- The Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, 7 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filip Garbicz
- The Department of Methodology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, 61 Żwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 14 Indiry Gandhi Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Szczepaniak
- The Department of Methodology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Paskal
- The Department of Methodology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł K Włodarski
- The Department of Methodology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Grzywa TM, Klicka K, Rak B, Mehlich D, Garbicz F, Zieliński G, Maksymowicz M, Sajjad E, Włodarski PK. Lineage-dependent role of miR-410-3p as oncomiR in gonadotroph and corticotroph pituitary adenomas or tumor suppressor miR in somatotroph adenomas via MAPK, PTEN/AKT, and STAT3 signaling pathways. Endocrine 2019; 65:646-655. [PMID: 31165412 PMCID: PMC6717603 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE miR-410-3p plays opposite roles in different cancers and may act as an oncomiR or tumor suppressor miR. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of miR-410-3p in somatotroph, gonadotroph, and corticotroph pituitary adenomas. METHODS Tissue samples were obtained from 75 patients with pituitary adenoma. miR-410-3p expression was assessed using qRT-PCR performed on RNA isolated from fresh frozen samples. In vitro experiments were performed on cell lines derived from somatotroph (GH3), gonadotroph (RC-4B/C), and corticotroph (AtT-20) pituitary tumors. Cells were transfected with synthetic mimic of miR-410-3p or non-targeting scrambled-miR control. Subsequently, proliferation assays and transwell invasion assays were performed. The expression of cyclin D1, E1, and B1 in cells after transfection was determined using qRT-PCR. The activation of MAPK, PTEN/AKT and STAT3 signaling pathways were assessed using western blot. RESULTS We have found that the level of expression of miR-410-3p differs in particular types of pituitary adenomas. miR-410-3p significantly upregulates proliferation and invasiveness of RC-4B/C and AtT-20 cells, while inhibiting GH3 cells. We observed that the levels of cyclin B1 upon transfection with miR-410-3p mimic were increased in RC-4B/C and AtT-20, yet decreased in GH3 cells. We have shown that miR-410-3p promoted the activation of MAPK, PTEN/AKT, and STAT3 signaling pathways in RC-4B/C and AtT-20 cells, but suppressed their activity in GH3 cells. CONCLUSIONS miR-410-3p acts as an oncomiR in gonadotroph and corticotroph adenoma cells, while as a tumor suppressor miR in somatotroph adenoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Grzywa
- Center for Preclinical Research, The Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Center for Preclinical Research, The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Klicka
- Center for Preclinical Research, The Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Center for Preclinical Research, The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Rak
- Center for Preclinical Research, The Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
- Center for Preclinical Research, The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
- The Department of Internal Diseases and Endocrinology, Public Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dawid Mehlich
- Center for Preclinical Research, The Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Center for Preclinical Research, The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 2C Banacha Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filip Garbicz
- Center for Preclinical Research, The Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Center for Preclinical Research, The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 14 Indiry Gandhi Str., 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Zieliński
- The Department of Neurosurgery, Military Institute of Medicine, 128 Szaserów Str., 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Maksymowicz
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, M. Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, 5 Roentgena Str., 02-781, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emir Sajjad
- Center for Preclinical Research, The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- The Department of Neurosurgery, Military Institute of Medicine, 128 Szaserów Str., 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł K Włodarski
- Center for Preclinical Research, The Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Center for Preclinical Research, The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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Mehlich D, Garbicz F, Włodarski PK. The emerging roles of the polycistronic miR-106b∼25 cluster in cancer - A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1183-1195. [PMID: 30257332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by inhibiting translation and decreasing the stability of the targeted transcripts. Over the last two decades, miRNAs have been recognized as important regulators of cancer cell biology, acting either as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. The polycistronic miR-106b∼25 cluster, located within an intron of MCM7 gene, consists of three highly conserved miRNAs: miR-25, miR-93 and miR-106b. A constantly growing body of evidence indicates that these miRNAs are overexpressed in numerous human malignancies and regulate multiple cellular processes associated with cancer development and progression, including: cell proliferation and survival, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and immune evasion. Furthermore, recent studies revealed that miR-106b∼25 cluster miRNAs modulate cancer stem cells characteristics and might promote resistance to anticancer therapies. In light of these novel discoveries, miRNAs belonging to the miR-106b∼25 cluster have emerged as key oncogenic drivers as well as potential biomarkers and plausible therapeutic targets in different tumor types. Herein, we comprehensively review novel findings on the roles of miR-106b∼25 cluster in human cancer, and provide a broad insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying its oncogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Mehlich
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 2C Banacha Str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filip Garbicz
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 61 Żwirki i Wigury Str., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 14 Indiry Gandhi Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł K Włodarski
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
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Rak B, Mehlich D, Garbicz F, Domosud Z, Paskal W, Marczewska JM, Włodarski PK. Post-transcriptional Regulation of MMP16 and TIMP2 Expression via miR-382, miR-410 and miR-200b in Endometrial Cancer. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 14:389-401. [PMID: 28871006 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The post-transcriptional regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) via microRNAs (miRNAs) has been recently described in numerous human malignancies. However, the exact mechanisms of miRNA-mediated MMPs deregulation in endometrial cancer (EC) remain unclear. Herein, we aimed to analyze the expression of MMP2, MMP16 and TIMP2 and identify miRNAs that modulate their expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded EC samples. Target prediction algorithms were applied to select miRNAs binding the 3'UTRs of MMP16 (miR-377, miR-382, miR-410, miR-200b) or TIMP2 (miR-200b), and their levels were measured by qPCR in laser capture-microdissected tissue fragments. Luciferase assays and western blotting were used to indicate individual miRNA- mRNA interactions. RESULTS Overexpression of MMP2 and MMP16 in cancerous tissues corresponded to down-regulation of miR-377, miR-382 and miR-410, while decreased expression of TIMP2 was associated with miR-200b up-regulation. In vitro experiments confirmed direct regulation of MMP16 by miR-382 and miR-410, and TIMP2 by miR-200b in EC Ishikawa cells. CONCLUSION We demonstrated novel mechanisms of miRNA-mediated regulation of MMPs activity in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Rak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Internal Diseases and Endocrinology, Public Central Teaching Hospital Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Mehlich
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filip Garbicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Domosud
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Paskal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janina M Marczewska
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł K Włodarski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Garbicz F, Mehlich D, Rak B, Sajjad E, Maksymowicz M, Paskal W, Zieliński G, Włodarski PK. Increased expression of the microRNA 106b~25 cluster and its host gene MCM7 in corticotroph pituitary adenomas is associated with tumor invasion and Crooke's cell morphology. Pituitary 2017; 20:450-463. [PMID: 28432562 PMCID: PMC5508039 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-017-0805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE MCM7 (minichromosome maintenance complex component 7), a DNA replication licensing factor, is a host gene for the oncogenic miR-106b~25 cluster. It has been recently revealed as a relevant prognostic biomarker in a variety of cancers, including pituitary adenomas. The purpose of this study was to assess whether miR-106b~25 and MCM7 levels correlate with tumor invasiveness in a cohort of ACTH-immunopositive adenomas. METHODS Tissue samples were obtained intraoperatively from 25 patients with pituitary adenoma. Tumor invasiveness was assessed according to the Knosp grading scale. MCM7, Ki-67 and TP53 levels were assessed by immunohistochemical staining, while the expression of miR-106b-5p, miR-93-5p, miR-93-3p and miR-25-3p were measured using quantitative real-time PCR performed on RNA isolated from FFPE tissues. RESULTS We have found a significant increase in MCM7 and Ki-67 labeling indices in invasive ACTHomas. Moreover, MCM7 was ubiquitously overexpressed in Crooke's cell adenomas. The expression of miR-93-5p was significantly elevated in invasive compared to noninvasive tumors. In addition, all four microRNAs from the miR-106b~25 cluster displayed marked upregulation in Crooke's cell adenomas. Remarkably, MCM7 and miR-106b-5p both strongly correlated with Knosp grade. A combination of MCM7 LI and miR-106b~25 cluster expression was able to accurately differentiate invasive from noninvasive tumors and had a significant discriminatory ability to predict postoperative tumor recurrence/progression. CONCLUSIONS miR-106b~25 and its host gene MCM7 are potential novel biomarkers for invasive ACTH-immunopositive pituitary adenomas. Additionally, they are both significantly upregulated in rare Crooke's cell adenomas and might therefore contribute to their aggressive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Garbicz
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Mehlich
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Rak
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Internal Diseases and Endocrinology, Public Central Teaching Hospital Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emir Sajjad
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Maksymowicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, M. Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Paskal
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Zieliński
- Department of Neurosurgery, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł K Włodarski
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland.
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Janiak M, Paskal W, Rak B, Garbicz F, Jarema R, Sikora K, Włodarski P. TIMP4 expression is regulated by miR-200b-3p in prostate cancer cells. APMIS 2017; 125:101-105. [PMID: 28028835 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In prostate cancer TIMP4 expression level fluctuates with tumor progression. The mechanism and factors influencing its expression remain unclear. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis on regulation of TIMP4 by microRNA-200b-3p. The levels of TIMP4 and miR-200b-3p expression were determined by real time PCR in 27 prostate carcinomas and eight benign prostatic hyperplasia samples. We found that miR-200b-3p positively correlated with TIMP4 expression in cancer samples (r = 0.46; p < 0.02). Moreover, mean miR-200b-3p level and TIMP4 expression were both higher in cancer tissues compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia samples (p > 0.05). Next, to test probable mechanisms of the regulation androgen-sensitive human prostate adenocarcinoma cells (LNCaP) were transfected with synthetic-miR-200b-3p or its synthetic antagonist. Modulation of miR-200b-3p in LNCaP cells had an impact on TIMP4 expression confirming the observation made in analyzed clinical samples. Two targets of miR-200b-3p: ZEB1 and ETS1 were investigated subsequently as potential regulators of TIMP4, however, no effect of their modulation on TIMP4 expression in LNCaP cells was found. Concluding, miR-200b-3p mediates regulation of TIMP4 expression in prostate cancer but exact mechanism needs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Janiak
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Paskal
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Rak
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filip Garbicz
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Jarema
- Clinical Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Central Clinical Hospital Ministry of Interior in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sikora
- Department of Pathomorphology, Central Clinical Hospital Ministry of Interior in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Włodarski
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Rak B, Garbicz F, Paskal W, Pełka K, Marczewska JM, Wołosz D, Włodarski P. The expression of MMP-14 and microRNA-410 in FFPE tissues of human endometrial adenocarcinoma. Histol Histopathol 2016; 31:911-20. [PMID: 26842619 DOI: 10.14670/hh-11-728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecological malignancy in Europe and North America. It is classified into two types exhibiting different characteristics and prognosis. Type I is an estrogen-dependent tumor, histologically classified as low grade and low stage, usually with an excellent prognosis. Type II EC is unrelated to estrogen stimulation and is characterized by a poor prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are small non-coding RNA polynucleotides that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Various dysregulations in microRNA expression are often considered to have an impact on the diagnosis, prognosis and overall survival in patients diagnosed with different types of cancers. Recent data suggest that microRNAs play an important role in the pathogenesis of EC. The aim of the study was to evaluate the involvement of matrix metaloprotease 14 (MMP-14) and microRNA-410 in formation of the EC tumor. To this end expression of MMP-14 and microRNA-410 was assessed within the cancer, transient and healthy zones in the histological sections of tumours using immunohistochemical staining and laser capture microdissection (LCM) followed by a quantitative real-time PCR. The results revealed significantly higher expression of MMP-14 in the cancer tissue zone in comparison to the healthy tissue zone, as well as a lower expression of microRNA-410 in the cancer zone compared with the healthy zone. This reverse correlation may suggest a regulatory role of miRNA-410 in modulating levels of MMP-14 in EC. This is the first report on such regulation in human endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Rak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw and Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filip Garbicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Paskal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kacper Pełka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janina Maja Marczewska
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Wołosz
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Włodarski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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