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Cosentino M, Nicoletti C, Valenti V, Schirone L, Di Nonno F, Apa L, Zouhair M, Genovese D, Madaro L, Dinarelli S, Rossi M, Del Prete Z, Sciarretta S, Frati G, Rizzuto E, Musarò A. Remodeled eX vivo muscle engineered tissue improves heart function after chronic myocardial ischemia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10370. [PMID: 37365262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult heart displays poor reparative capacities after injury. Cell transplantation and tissue engineering approaches have emerged as possible therapeutic options. Several stem cell populations have been largely used to treat the infarcted myocardium. Nevertheless, transplanted cells displayed limited ability to establish functional connections with the host cardiomyocytes. In this study, we provide a new experimental tool, named 3D eX vivo muscle engineered tissue (X-MET), to define the contribution of mechanical stimuli in triggering functional remodeling and to rescue cardiac ischemia. We revealed that mechanical stimuli trigger a functional remodeling of the 3D skeletal muscle system toward a cardiac muscle-like structure. This was supported by molecular and functional analyses, demonstrating that remodeled X-MET expresses relevant markers of functional cardiomyocytes, compared to unstimulated and to 2D- skeletal muscle culture system. Interestingly, transplanted remodeled X-MET preserved heart function in a murine model of chronic myocardial ischemia and increased survival of transplanted injured mice. X-MET implantation resulted in repression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reduction in collagen deposition. Altogether, our findings indicate that biomechanical stimulation induced a cardiac functional remodeling of X-MET, which showed promising seminal results as a therapeutic product for the development of novel strategies for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Cosentino
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Nicoletti
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Valenti
- Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Santa Maria Goretti, 04100, Latina, Italy
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Leonardo Schirone
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Ludovica Apa
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariam Zouhair
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Desiree Genovese
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Madaro
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Dinarelli
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Zaccaria Del Prete
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Emanuele Rizzuto
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161, Rome, Italy.
- Scuola Superiore di Studi Avanzati Sapienza (SSAS), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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2
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Forte M, Marchitti S, Di Nonno F, Stanzione R, Schirone L, Cotugno M, Bianchi F, Schiavon S, Raffa S, Ranieri D, Fioriniello S, Della Ragione F, Torrisi MR, Carnevale R, Valenti V, Versaci F, Frati G, Vecchione C, Volpe M, Rubattu S, Sciarretta S. NPPA/atrial natriuretic peptide is an extracellular modulator of autophagy in the heart. Autophagy 2023; 19:1087-1099. [PMID: 35998113 PMCID: PMC10012953 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2115675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
NPPA/atrial natriuretic peptide (natriuretic peptide type A) exerts critical pleiotropic effects in the cardiovascular system, limiting cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and death, reducing cardiac fibrosis and promoting vascular integrity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects still need to be clarified. We demonstrated for the first time that macroautophagy/autophagy is involved in the local protective effects of NPPA in cardiomyocytes (CMs), both in vitro and in vivo. Exogenous NPPA rapidly activates autophagy in CMs through NPR1/type A natriuretic peptide receptor and PRKG/protein kinase G signaling and also increases cardiac autophagy in mice. Remarkably, endogenous NPPA is secreted by CMs in response to glucose deprivation or hypoxia, thereby stimulating autophagy through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. NPPA preserves cell viability and reduces hypertrophy in response to stress through autophagy activation. In vivo, we found that Nppa knockout mice undergoing ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) show increased infarct size and reduced autophagy. Reactivation of autophagy by Tat-Beclin D11 limits I/R injury. We also found that the protective effects of NPPA in reducing infarct size are abrogated in the presence of autophagy inhibition. Mechanistically, we found that NPPA stimulates autophagy through the activation of TFEB (transcription factor EB). Our data suggest that NPPA is a novel extracellular regulator of autophagy in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Forte
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Simona Marchitti
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Flavio Di Nonno
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Rosita Stanzione
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Leonardo Schirone
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
- Department of Internal, Anesthetic and Cardiovascular Clinical Sciences, “La Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cotugno
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Franca Bianchi
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Sonia Schiavon
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Raffa
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome
| | - Danilo Ranieri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome
| | - Salvatore Fioriniello
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB), Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Floriana Della Ragione
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB), Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, via Orazio, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Valenti
- Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Santa Maria Goretti, Latina, Italy
| | - Francesco Versaci
- Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Santa Maria Goretti, Latina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Massimo Volpe
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
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3
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Algieri C, Bernardini C, Marchi S, Forte M, Tallarida MA, Bianchi F, La Mantia D, Algieri V, Stanzione R, Cotugno M, Costanzo P, Trombetti F, Maiuolo L, Forni M, De Nino A, Di Nonno F, Sciarretta S, Volpe M, Rubattu S, Nesci S. 1,5-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles counteract mitochondrial dysfunction acting on F 1F O-ATPase in models of cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106561. [PMID: 36410676 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The compromised viability and function of cardiovascular cells are rescued by small molecules of triazole derivatives (Tzs), identified as 3a and 3b, by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction. The oxidative phosphorylation improves the respiratory control rate in the presence of Tzs independently of the substrates that energize the mitochondria. The F1FO-ATPase, the main candidate in mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) formation, is the biological target of Tzs and hydrophilic F1 domain of the enzyme is depicted as the binding region of Tzs. The protective effect of Tz molecules on isolated mitochondria was corroborated by immortalized cardiomyocytes results. Indeed, mPTP opening was attenuated in response to ionomycin. Consequently, increased mitochondrial roundness and reduction of both length and interconnections between mitochondria. In in-vitro and ex-vivo models of cardiovascular pathologies (i.e., hypoxia-reoxygenation and hypertension) were used to evaluate the Tzs cardioprotective action. Key parameters of porcine aortic endothelial cells (pAECs) oxidative metabolism and cell viability were not affected by Tzs. However, in the presence of either 1 μM 3a or 0.5 μM 3b the impaired cell metabolism of pAECs injured by hypoxia-reoxygenation was restored to control respiratory profile. Moreover, endothelial cells isolated from SHRSP exposed to high-salt treatment rescued the Complex I activity and the endothelial capability to form vessel-like tubes and vascular function in presence of Tzs. As a result, the specific biochemical mechanism of Tzs to block Ca2+-activated F1FO-ATPase protected cell viability and preserved the pAECs bioenergetic metabolism upon hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. Moreover, SHRSP improved vascular dysfunction in response to a high-salt treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Algieri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia 40064, Italy
| | - Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia 40064, Italy
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Debora La Mantia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia 40064, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Algieri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Costanzo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Fabiana Trombetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia 40064, Italy
| | - Loredana Maiuolo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia 40064, Italy; Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Antonio De Nino
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | | | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina 04100, Italy
| | - Massimo Volpe
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00189, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome 00163, Italy
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00189, Italy
| | - Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia 40064, Italy.
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4
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Forte M, Marchitti S, Cotugno M, Di Nonno F, Stanzione R, Bianchi F, Schirone L, Schiavon S, Vecchio D, Sarto G, Scioli M, Raffa S, Tocci G, Relucenti M, Torrisi MR, Valenti V, Versaci F, Vecchione C, Volpe M, Frati G, Rubattu S, Sciarretta S. Trehalose, a natural disaccharide, reduces stroke occurrence in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105875. [PMID: 34500062 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease, a frequent complication of hypertension, is a major public health issue for which novel therapeutic and preventive approaches are needed. Autophagy activation is emerging as a potential therapeutic and preventive strategy toward stroke. Among usual activators of autophagy, the natural disaccharide trehalose (TRE) has been reported to be beneficial in preclinical models of neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. In this study, we tested for the first time the effects of TRE in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) fed with a high-salt stroke permissive diet (JD). We found that TRE reduced stroke occurrence and renal damage in high salt-fed SHRSP. TRE was also able to decrease systolic blood pressure. Through ex-vivo studies, we assessed the beneficial effect of TRE on the vascular function of high salt-fed SHRSP. At the molecular level, TRE restored brain autophagy and reduced mitochondrial mass, along with the improvement of mitochondrial function. The beneficial effects of TRE were associated with increased nuclear translocation of TFEB, a transcriptional activator of autophagy. Our results suggest that TRE may be considered as a natural compound efficacious for the prevention of hypertension-related target organ damage, with particular regard to stroke and renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leonardo Schirone
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy; Department of Internal, Anesthetic and Cardiovascular Clinical Sciences, Sapienza" University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Sonia Schiavon
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Daniele Vecchio
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Sarto
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Raffa
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuliano Tocci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Michela Relucenti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Carmine Vecchione
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Massimo Volpe
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy.
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.
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5
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Forte M, Bianchi F, Cotugno M, Marchitti S, De Falco E, Raffa S, Stanzione R, Di Nonno F, Chimenti I, Palmerio S, Pagano F, Petrozza V, Micaloni A, Madonna M, Relucenti M, Torrisi MR, Frati G, Volpe M, Rubattu S, Sciarretta S. Pharmacological restoration of autophagy reduces hypertension-related stroke occurrence. Autophagy 2019; 16:1468-1481. [PMID: 31679456 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1687215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of the mechanisms predisposing to stroke may improve its preventive and therapeutic strategies in patients with essential hypertension. The role of macroautophagy/autophagy in the development of hypertension-related stroke needs to be clarified. We hypothesized that a defective autophagy may favor hypertension-related spontaneous stroke by promoting mitochondrial dysfunction. We studied autophagy in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rat, which represents a clinically relevant model of stroke associated with high blood pressure. We assessed autophagy, mitophagy and NAD+:NADH levels in brains of SHRSP and stroke-resistant SHR fed with high salt diet. Vascular smooth muscle cells silenced for the mitochondrial complex I subunit Ndufc2 gene (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit C2) and cerebral endothelial cells isolated from SHRSP were also used to assess autophagy/mitophagy and mitochondrial function in response to high salt levels. We found a reduction of autophagy in brains of high salt-fed SHRSP. Autophagy impairment was associated with NDUFC2 downregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction and NAD+ depletion. Restoration of NAD+ levels by nicotinamide administration reactivated autophagy and reduced stroke development in SHRSP. A selective reactivation of autophagy/mitophagy by Tat-Beclin 1 also reduced stroke occurrence, restored autophagy/mitophagy and improved mitochondrial function. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from subjects homozygous for the thymine allele variant at NDUFC2/rs11237379, which is associated with NDUFC2 deficiency and increased stroke risk, displayed an impairment of autophagy and increased senescence in response to high salt levels. EPC senescence was rescued by Tat-Beclin 1. Pharmacological activation of autophagy may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce stroke occurrence in hypertension. ABBREVIATIONS 10 VSMCs: aortic vascular smooth muscle cells; COX4I1/COX IV: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4I1; ECs: endothelial cells; EPCs: endothelial progenitor cells; JD: Japanese-style diet; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NDUFC2: NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit C2; NMN: nicotinamide mononucleotide; RD: regular diet; SHRSP: stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat; SHRSR: stroke-resistant spontaneously hypertensive rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Forte
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle , Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Franca Bianchi
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle , Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Maria Cotugno
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle , Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Simona Marchitti
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle , Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome , Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro-Napoli , Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Raffa
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Rosita Stanzione
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle , Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Flavio Di Nonno
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle , Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome , Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro-Napoli , Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Palmerio
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle , Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Francesca Pagano
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome , Latina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Petrozza
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome , Latina, Italy
| | - Andrea Micaloni
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Madonna
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle , Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Michela Relucenti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle , Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome , Latina, Italy
| | - Massimo Volpe
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle , Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle , Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Angio Cardio Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle , Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome , Latina, Italy
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