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Griffin JN, del Viso F, Duncan AR, Robson A, Hwang W, Kulkarni S, Liu KJ, Khokha MK. RAPGEF5 Regulates Nuclear Translocation of β-Catenin. Dev Cell 2018; 44:248-260.e4. [PMID: 29290587 PMCID: PMC5818985 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling coordinates many critical aspects of embryonic development, while dysregulated Wnt signaling contributes to common diseases, including congenital malformations and cancer. The nuclear localization of β-catenin is the defining step in pathway activation. However, despite intensive investigation, the mechanisms regulating β-catenin nuclear transport remain undefined. In a patient with congenital heart disease and heterotaxy, a disorder of left-right patterning, we previously identified the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, RAPGEF5. Here, we demonstrate that RAPGEF5 regulates left-right patterning via Wnt signaling. In particular, RAPGEF5 regulates the nuclear translocation of β-catenin independently of both β-catenin cytoplasmic stabilization and the importin β1/Ran-mediated transport system. We propose a model whereby RAPGEF5 activates the nuclear GTPases, Rap1a/b, to facilitate the nuclear transport of β-catenin, defining a parallel nuclear transport pathway to Ran. Our results suggest new targets for modulating Wnt signaling in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N. Griffin
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA,Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Florencia del Viso
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Anna R. Duncan
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Andrew Robson
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Woong Hwang
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Saurabh Kulkarni
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Karen J. Liu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Mustafa K. Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA,Correspondence to: Lead contact Mustafa Khokha,
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del Viso F, Bhattacharya D, Kong Y, Gilchrist MJ, Khokha MK. Exon capture and bulk segregant analysis: rapid discovery of causative mutations using high-throughput sequencing. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:649. [PMID: 23171430 PMCID: PMC3526394 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exome sequencing has transformed human genetic analysis and may do the same for other vertebrate model systems. However, a major challenge is sifting through the large number of sequence variants to identify the causative mutation for a given phenotype. In models like Xenopus tropicalis, an incomplete and occasionally incorrect genome assembly compounds this problem. To facilitate cloning of X. tropicalis mutants identified in forward genetic screens, we sought to combine bulk segregant analysis and exome sequencing into a single step. Results Here we report the first use of exon capture sequencing to identify mutations in a non-mammalian, vertebrate model. We demonstrate that bulk segregant analysis coupled with exon capture sequencing is not only able to identify causative mutations but can also generate linkage information, facilitate the assembly of scaffolds, identify misassembles, and discover thousands of SNPs for fine mapping. Conclusion Exon capture sequencing and bulk segregant analysis is a rapid, inexpensive method to clone mutants identified in forward genetic screens. With sufficient meioses, this method can be generalized to any model system with a genome assembly, polished or unpolished, and in the latter case, it also provides many critical genomic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia del Viso
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Abstract
A spectacular advantage of Xenopus tropicalis is the ease with which diploid embryos can be generated year round. By the simple administration of human chorionic gonadotropin, an investigator can generate many hundreds of synchronized embryos by in vitro fertilization or thousands of embryos from a mating pair. The ability to induce ovulations when desired facilitates many different experiments such as experimental embryology, molecular manipulation of gene products, and genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia del Viso
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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del Viso F, Puebla AF, Hopp HE, Heinz RA. Cloning and functional characterization of a fructan 1-exohydrolase (1-FEH) in the cold tolerant Patagonian species Bromus pictus. Planta 2009; 231:13-25. [PMID: 19789892 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fructans are fructose polymers synthesized in a wide range of species such as bacteria, fungi and plants. Fructans are synthesized by fructosyltransferases (FTs) and depolymerized by fructan exohydrolases (FEHs). Bromus pictus is a graminean decaploid species from the Patagonian region of Argentina, which accumulates large amounts of fructans even at temperate temperatures. The first gene isolated from B. pictus fructan metabolism was a putative sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-SFT). Here, a complete cDNA of the first fructan exohydrolase (FEH) from B. pictus (Bp1-FEHa) was isolated using RT-PCR strategies. The Bp1-FEHa encoding gene is present as a single copy in B. pictus genome. Functional characterization in Pichia pastoris confirmed Bp1-FEHa is a fructan exohydrolase with predominant activity towards beta-(2-1) linkages. Its expression was analyzed in different leaf sections, showing the highest expression levels in the second section of the sheath and the tip of the blade. Bp1-FEHa expression was studied along with FEH and FT activities and fructan accumulation profile in response to chilling conditions during a 7-day time course experiment. Bp1-FEHa expression and FEH activity followed a similar pattern in response to low temperatures, especially in basal sections of the sheaths. In these sections the FEH and FT activities were particularly high and they were significantly correlated to fructan accumulation profile, along with cold treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia del Viso
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, INTA, Hurlingham, 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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del Viso F, Casaretto JA, Quatrano RS. 14-3-3 Proteins are components of the transcription complex of the ATEM1 promoter in Arabidopsis. Planta 2007; 227:167-75. [PMID: 17701425 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The AtEm1 and AtEm6 gene products accumulate exclusively in embryos during Arabidopsis seed maturation. The transcription factor ABI3 and the phytohormone abscisic acid are required for normal expression of both genes. However, the expression of these genes occurs in extremely small embryos limiting the availability of tissue to directly study DNA-protein interactions. We generated callus lines derived from embryos to determine if the regulation of Em expression was similar to wild type embryos. Expression of AtEm1 and AtEm6 was strongly induced by abscisic acid in callus derived from wild type embryos, but not in embryo callus derived from ABI3 mutant embryos (abi3-6). Epitopes to 14-3-3 proteins were found in complexes with the AtEm1 promoter in mobility shift experiments using nuclear extracts derived from both wild type and abi3-6 calli. Using phosphorylated peptides that bind to 14-3-3 proteins, we show that 14-3-3 proteins are required for the maintenance of the transcriptional complex generated in nuclear extracts. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments using a 14-3-3 antibody display the expected 241-bp band from the AtEm1 promoter. Hence, 14-3-3 proteins are physically present in the AtEm1 transcriptional complex in vivo and are required for the maintenance of the transcriptional complex in vitro.
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