Dysphagia in supratentorial recent small subcortical infarcts results from bilateral pyramidal tract damage

Background

Dysphagia occurs in up to 20% of patients with a recent small subcortical infarct, even when excluding brainstem infarcts.

Aim

To examine the impact of lesion topography and concomitant cerebrovascular lesions on the occurrence of dysphagia in patients with a single supratentorial recent small subcortical infarct.

Methods

We retrospectively identified all inpatients with magnetic resonance imaging-confirmed supratentorial recent small subcortical infarcts over a five-year period. Dysphagia was determined by speech-language therapists. Recent small subcortical infarcts were compiled into a standard brain model and compared using lesion probability maps. Furthermore, magnetic resonance imaging scans were reviewed for the combination of both acute and old cerebrovascular lesions.

Results

A total of 243 patients with a recent small subcortical infarct were identified (mean age 67.9 ± 12.2 years). Of those, 29 had mild and 18 moderate-to-severe dysphagia. Lesion probability maps suggested no recent small subcortical infarct location favoring the occurrence of moderate-to-severe dysphagia. However, patients with moderate-to-severe dysphagia more frequently showed combined damage to both pyramidal tracts by the recent small subcortical infarct and a contralateral old lesion (lacune: 77.8% vs. 19.9%, p < 0.001; lacune or confluent white matter hyperintensities: 100% vs. 57.7%, p < 0.001) than patients without swallowing dysfunction. Comparable results were obtained when analyzing patients with any degree of dysphagia.

Conclusions

Preexisting contralateral vascular pyramidal tract lesions are closely related to the occurrence of moderate-to-severe dysphagia in patients with supratentorial recent small subcortical infarcts.