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Rigonato J, Budinich M, Murillo AA, Brandão MC, Pierella Karlusich JJ, Soviadan YD, Gregory AC, Endo H, Kokoszka F, Vik D, Henry N, Frémont P, Labadie K, Zayed AA, Dimier C, Picheral M, Searson S, Poulain J, Kandels S, Pesant S, Karsenti E, Bork P, Bowler C, de Vargas C, Eveillard D, Gehlen M, Iudicone D, Lombard F, Ogata H, Stemmann L, Sullivan MB, Sunagawa S, Wincker P, Chaffron S, Jaillon O. Ocean-wide comparisons of mesopelagic planktonic community structures. ISME Commun 2023; 3:83. [PMID: 37596349 PMCID: PMC10439195 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-023-00279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
For decades, marine plankton have been investigated for their capacity to modulate biogeochemical cycles and provide fishery resources. Between the sunlit (epipelagic) layer and the deep dark waters, lies a vast and heterogeneous part of the ocean: the mesopelagic zone. How plankton composition is shaped by environment has been well-explored in the epipelagic but much less in the mesopelagic ocean. Here, we conducted comparative analyses of trans-kingdom community assemblages thriving in the mesopelagic oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), mesopelagic oxic, and their epipelagic counterparts. We identified nine distinct types of intermediate water masses that correlate with variation in mesopelagic community composition. Furthermore, oxygen, NO3- and particle flux together appeared as the main drivers governing these communities. Novel taxonomic signatures emerged from OMZ while a global co-occurrence network analysis showed that about 70% of the abundance of mesopelagic plankton groups is organized into three community modules. One module gathers prokaryotes, pico-eukaryotes and Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDV) from oxic regions, and the two other modules are enriched in OMZ prokaryotes and OMZ pico-eukaryotes, respectively. We hypothesize that OMZ conditions led to a diversification of ecological niches, and thus communities, due to selective pressure from limited resources. Our study further clarifies the interplay between environmental factors in the mesopelagic oxic and OMZ, and the compositional features of communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Rigonato
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000, Evry, France.
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016, Paris, France.
| | - Marko Budinich
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, AD2M, UMR 7144, 29680, Roscoff, France
- Nantes Université, École Centrale Nantes, CNRS, LS2N, UMR 6004, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Alejandro A Murillo
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manoela C Brandão
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche sur mer, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Juan J Pierella Karlusich
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Yawouvi Dodji Soviadan
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche sur mer, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Ann C Gregory
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43214, USA
| | - Hisashi Endo
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Florian Kokoszka
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Dean Vik
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43214, USA
| | - Nicolas Henry
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, AD2M, UMR 7144, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Paul Frémont
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Karine Labadie
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Ahmed A Zayed
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43214, USA
| | - Céline Dimier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche sur mer, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Marc Picheral
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche sur mer, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sarah Searson
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche sur mer, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Julie Poulain
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000, Evry, France
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016, Paris, France
| | - Stefanie Kandels
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
- Directors' Research European Molecular Biology Laboratory Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stéphane Pesant
- MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- PANGAEA, Data Publisher for Earth and Environmental Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Eric Karsenti
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
- Directors' Research European Molecular Biology Laboratory Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peer Bork
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chris Bowler
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016, Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Colomban de Vargas
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, AD2M, UMR 7144, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Damien Eveillard
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016, Paris, France
- Nantes Université, École Centrale Nantes, CNRS, LS2N, UMR 6004, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Marion Gehlen
- Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Daniele Iudicone
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabien Lombard
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche sur mer, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Hiroyuki Ogata
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Lars Stemmann
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche sur mer, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43214, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43214, USA
| | - Shinichi Sunagawa
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biology; Institute of Microbiology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000, Evry, France
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016, Paris, France
| | - Samuel Chaffron
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016, Paris, France
- Nantes Université, École Centrale Nantes, CNRS, LS2N, UMR 6004, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Jaillon
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000, Evry, France.
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016, Paris, France.
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Sunagawa S, Coelho LP, Chaffron S, Kultima JR, Labadie K, Salazar G, Djahanschiri B, Zeller G, Mende DR, Alberti A, Cornejo-Castillo FM, Costea PI, Cruaud C, d'Ovidio F, Engelen S, Ferrera I, Gasol JM, Guidi L, Hildebrand F, Kokoszka F, Lepoivre C, Lima-Mendez G, Poulain J, Poulos BT, Royo-Llonch M, Sarmento H, Vieira-Silva S, Dimier C, Picheral M, Searson S, Kandels-Lewis S, Bowler C, de Vargas C, Gorsky G, Grimsley N, Hingamp P, Iudicone D, Jaillon O, Not F, Ogata H, Pesant S, Speich S, Stemmann L, Sullivan MB, Weissenbach J, Wincker P, Karsenti E, Raes J, Acinas SG, Bork P. Ocean plankton. Structure and function of the global ocean microbiome. Science 2015; 348:1261359. [PMID: 25999513 DOI: 10.1126/science.1261359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1348] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microbes are dominant drivers of biogeochemical processes, yet drawing a global picture of functional diversity, microbial community structure, and their ecological determinants remains a grand challenge. We analyzed 7.2 terabases of metagenomic data from 243 Tara Oceans samples from 68 locations in epipelagic and mesopelagic waters across the globe to generate an ocean microbial reference gene catalog with >40 million nonredundant, mostly novel sequences from viruses, prokaryotes, and picoeukaryotes. Using 139 prokaryote-enriched samples, containing >35,000 species, we show vertical stratification with epipelagic community composition mostly driven by temperature rather than other environmental factors or geography. We identify ocean microbial core functionality and reveal that >73% of its abundance is shared with the human gut microbiome despite the physicochemical differences between these two ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Sunagawa
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Luis Pedro Coelho
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Samuel Chaffron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jens Roat Kultima
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karine Labadie
- CEA-Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Guillem Salazar
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM)-CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, Barcelona E08003, Spain
| | - Bardya Djahanschiri
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Zeller
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel R Mende
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adriana Alberti
- CEA-Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Francisco M Cornejo-Castillo
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM)-CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, Barcelona E08003, Spain
| | - Paul I Costea
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Corinne Cruaud
- CEA-Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Francesco d'Ovidio
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Université Paris 06, CNRS-IRD-MNHN, LOCEAN Laboratory, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris France
| | - Stefan Engelen
- CEA-Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Isabel Ferrera
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM)-CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, Barcelona E08003, Spain
| | - Josep M Gasol
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM)-CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, Barcelona E08003, Spain
| | - Lionel Guidi
- CNRS, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Falk Hildebrand
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Kokoszka
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, F-75005 Paris, France. Laboratoire de Physique des Océans UBO-IUEM, Place Copernic 29820 Plouzané, France
| | - Cyrille Lepoivre
- Aix Marseille Université CNRS IGS UMR 7256, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Gipsi Lima-Mendez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Poulain
- CEA-Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Bonnie T Poulos
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Marta Royo-Llonch
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM)-CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, Barcelona E08003, Spain
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM)-CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, Barcelona E08003, Spain. Department of Hydrobiology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Vieira-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Céline Dimier
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, F-75005 Paris, France. CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Marc Picheral
- CNRS, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Sarah Searson
- CNRS, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Stefanie Kandels-Lewis
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Directors' Research, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Chris Bowler
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Colomban de Vargas
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Gabriel Gorsky
- CNRS, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Nigel Grimsley
- CNRS UMR 7232, BIOM, Avenue du Fontaulé, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France. Sorbonne Universités Paris 06, OOB UPMC, Avenue du Fontaulé, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Pascal Hingamp
- Aix Marseille Université CNRS IGS UMR 7256, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Daniele Iudicone
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Olivier Jaillon
- CEA-Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France. CNRS, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France. Université d'Evry, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France
| | - Fabrice Not
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Hiroyuki Ogata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-001, Japan
| | - Stephane Pesant
- PANGAEA, Data Publisher for Earth and Environmental Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany. MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Speich
- Department of Geosciences, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD), Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. Laboratoire de Physique des Océans UBO-IUEM, Place Copernic, 29820 Plouzané, France
| | - Lars Stemmann
- CNRS, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jean Weissenbach
- CEA-Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France. CNRS, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France. Université d'Evry, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France
| | - Patrick Wincker
- CEA-Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France. CNRS, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France. Université d'Evry, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France
| | - Eric Karsenti
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, F-75005 Paris, France. Directors' Research, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Silvia G Acinas
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM)-CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, Barcelona E08003, Spain.
| | - Peer Bork
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Max-Delbrück-Centre for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
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