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Wilken PM, Lane FA, Steenkamp ET, Wingfield MJ, Wingfield BD. Unidirectional mating-type switching is underpinned by a conserved MAT1 locus architecture. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 170:103859. [PMID: 38114017 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Unidirectional mating-type switching is a form of homothallic reproduction known only in a small number of filamentous ascomycetes. Their ascospores can give rise to either self-sterile isolates that require compatible partners for subsequent sexual reproduction, or self-fertile individuals capable of completing this process in isolation. The limited studies previously conducted in these fungi suggest that the differences in mating specificity are determined by the architecture of the MAT1 locus. In self-fertile isolates that have not undergone unidirectional mating-type switching, the locus contains both MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 mating-type genes, typical of primary homothallism. In the self-sterile isolates produced after a switching event, the MAT1-2 genes are lacking from the locus, likely due to a recombination-mediated deletion of the MAT1-2 gene information. To determine whether these arrangements of the MAT1 locus support unidirectional mating-type switching in the Ceratocystidaceae, the largest known fungal assemblage capable of this reproduction strategy, a combination of genetic and genomic approaches were used. The MAT1 locus was annotated in representative species of Ceratocystis, Endoconidiophora, and Davidsoniella. In all cases, MAT1-2 genes interrupted the MAT1-1-1 gene in self-fertile isolates. The MAT1-2 genes were flanked by two copies of a direct repeat that accurately predicted the boundaries of the deletion event that would yield the MAT1 locus of self-sterile isolates. Although the relative position of the MAT1-2 gene region differed among species, it always disrupted the MAT1-1-1 gene and/or its expression in the self-fertile MAT1 locus. Following switching, this gene and/or its expression was restored in the self-sterile arrangement of the locus. This mirrors what has been reported in other species capable of unidirectional mating-type switching, providing the strongest support for a conserved MAT1 locus structure that is associated with this process. This study contributes to our understanding of the evolution of unidirectional mating-type switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Markus Wilken
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
| | - Frances A Lane
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Emma T Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Brenda D Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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van der Nest MA, Chávez R, De Vos L, Duong TA, Gil-Durán C, Ferreira MA, Lane FA, Levicán G, Santana QC, Steenkamp ET, Suzuki H, Tello M, Rakoma JR, Vaca I, Valdés N, Wilken PM, Wingfield MJ, Wingfield BD. IMA genome - F14 : Draft genome sequences of Penicillium roqueforti, Fusarium sororula, Chrysoporthe puriensis, and Chalaropsis populi. IMA Fungus 2021; 12:5. [PMID: 33673862 PMCID: PMC7934431 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-021-00055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Draft genomes of Penicillium roqueforti, Fusarium sororula, Chalaropsis populi, and Chrysoporthe puriensis are presented. Penicillium roqueforti is a model fungus for genetics, physiological and metabolic studies, as well as for biotechnological applications. Fusarium sororula and Chrysoporthe puriensis are important tree pathogens, and Chalaropsis populi is a soil-borne root-pathogen. The genome sequences presented here thus contribute towards a better understanding of both the pathogenicity and biotechnological potential of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magriet A van der Nest
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Renato Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Alameda 3363, Estación Central, 9170022, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Lieschen De Vos
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Tuan A Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Carlos Gil-Durán
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Alameda 3363, Estación Central, 9170022, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Alves Ferreira
- Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Lavras/UFLA, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Frances A Lane
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Gloria Levicán
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Alameda 3363, Estación Central, 9170022, Santiago, Chile
| | - Quentin C Santana
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Emma T Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Mario Tello
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Alameda 3363, Estación Central, 9170022, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jostina R Rakoma
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Inmaculada Vaca
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Valdés
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Alameda 3363, Estación Central, 9170022, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Markus Wilken
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Brenda D Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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Krämer D, Lane FA, Steenkamp ET, Wingfield BD, Wilken PM. Unidirectional mating-type switching confers self-fertility to Thielaviopsis cerberus, the only homothallic species in the genus. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:427-434. [PMID: 34024590 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is ubiquitous in nature, and nowhere is this more so than in the fungi. Heterothallic behaviour is observed when there is a strict requirement of contact between two individuals of opposite mating type for sexual reproduction to occur. In contrast, a homothallic species can complete the entire sexual cycle in isolation, although several genetic mechanisms underpin this self-fertility. These can be inferred by characterising the structure and gene-content of the mating-type locus, which contains genes that are involved in the regulation of sexual reproduction. In this study, the genetic basis of homothallism in Thielaviopsis cerberus was investigated, the only known self-fertile species within this genus. Using genome sequencing and conventional molecular techniques, two versions of the mating-type locus were identified in this species. This is typical of species that have a unidirectional mating-type switching reproductive strategy. The first version was a self-fertile locus that contained four known mating-type genes, while the second was a self-sterile version with a single mating-type gene. The conversion from a self-fertile to a self-sterile locus is likely mediated by a homologous recombination event at two direct repeats present in the self-fertile locus, resulting in the deletion of three mating-type genes and one of the repeats. Both locus versions were present in isolates that were self-fertile, while self-sterility was caused by the presence of only a switched locus. This study provides a clear example of the architectural fluidity in the mating-type loci that is common among even closely related fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Krämer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Frances A Lane
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Emma T Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Brenda D Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - P Markus Wilken
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa. http://
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Wilken PM, Aylward J, Chand R, Grewe F, Lane FA, Sinha S, Ametrano C, Distefano I, Divakar PK, Duong TA, Huhndorf S, Kharwar RN, Lumbsch HT, Navathe S, Pérez CA, Ramírez-Berrutti N, Sharma R, Sun Y, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ. IMA Genome - F13: Draft genome sequences of Ambrosiella cleistominuta, Cercospora brassicicola, C. citrullina, Physcia stellaris, and Teratosphaeria pseudoeucalypti. IMA Fungus 2020; 11:19. [PMID: 33014691 PMCID: PMC7513301 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-020-00039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Draft genomes of the fungal species Ambrosiella cleistominuta, Cercospora brassicicola, C. citrullina, Physcia stellaris, and Teratosphaeria pseudoeucalypti are presented. Physcia stellaris is an important lichen forming fungus and Ambrosiella cleistominuta is an ambrosia beetle symbiont. Cercospora brassicicola and C. citrullina are agriculturally relevant plant pathogens that cause leaf-spots in brassicaceous vegetables and cucurbits respectively. Teratosphaeria pseudoeucalypti causes severe leaf blight and defoliation of Eucalyptus trees. These genomes provide a valuable resource for understanding the molecular processes in these economically important fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Markus Wilken
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Janneke Aylward
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa
| | - Ramesh Chand
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Felix Grewe
- Field Museum, Department of Science and Education, Grainger Bioinformatics Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Frances A. Lane
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Shagun Sinha
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
- Center of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Claudio Ametrano
- Field Museum, Department of Science and Education, Grainger Bioinformatics Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Isabel Distefano
- Field Museum, Department of Science and Education, Grainger Bioinformatics Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Pradeep K. Divakar
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tuan A. Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Sabine Huhndorf
- Field Museum, Department of Science and Education, Grainger Bioinformatics Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ravindra N. Kharwar
- Center of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - H. Thorsten Lumbsch
- Field Museum, Department of Science and Education, Grainger Bioinformatics Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Sudhir Navathe
- Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agharkar Road, Pune, 411004 India
| | - Carlos A. Pérez
- Department of Plant Protection, EEMAC, Facultad de Agronomía, UdelaR, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | | | - Rohit Sharma
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, S.P, Pune University, Pune, 411 007 India
| | - Yukun Sun
- Field Museum, Department of Science and Education, Grainger Bioinformatics Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Brenda D. Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
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Wingfield BD, Liu M, Nguyen HDT, Lane FA, Morgan SW, De Vos L, Wilken PM, Duong TA, Aylward J, Coetzee MPA, Dadej K, De Beer ZW, Findlay W, Havenga M, Kolařík M, Menzies JG, Naidoo K, Pochopski O, Shoukouhi P, Santana QC, Seifert KA, Soal N, Steenkamp ET, Tatham CT, van der Nest MA, Wingfield MJ. Nine draft genome sequences of Claviceps purpurea s.lat., including C. arundinis, C. humidiphila, and C. cf. spartinae, pseudomolecules for the pitch canker pathogen Fusarium circinatum, draft genome of Davidsoniella eucalypti, Grosmannia galeiformis, Quambalaria eucalypti, and Teratosphaeria destructans. IMA Fungus 2018; 9:401-418. [PMID: 30622889 PMCID: PMC6317589 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This genome announcement includes draft genomes from Claviceps purpurea s.lat., including C. arundinis, C. humidiphila and C. cf. spartinae. The draft genomes of Davidsoniella eucalypti, Quambalaria eucalypti and Teratosphaeria destructans, all three important eucalyptus pathogens, are presented. The insect associate Grosmannia galeiformis is also described. The pine pathogen genome of Fusarium circinatum has been assembled into pseudomolecules, based on additional sequence data and by harnessing the known synteny within the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex. This new assembly of the F. circinatum genome provides 12 pseudomolecules that correspond to the haploid chromosome number of F. circinatum. These are comparable to other chromosomal assemblies within the FFSC and will enable more robust genomic comparisons within this species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda D Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Miao Liu
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Hai D T Nguyen
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Frances A Lane
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Seamus W Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Lieschen De Vos
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - P Markus Wilken
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Tuan A Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Janneke Aylward
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Martin P A Coetzee
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Kasia Dadej
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Z Wilhelm De Beer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Wendy Findlay
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Minette Havenga
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jim G Menzies
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, Manitoba R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Kershney Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Olivia Pochopski
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Parivash Shoukouhi
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Quentin C Santana
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Keith A Seifert
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Nicole Soal
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Emma T Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Catherine T Tatham
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Margriet A van der Nest
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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Lane FA. On polluting the biosphere. Calif Med 1969; 110:522. [PMID: 18730214 PMCID: PMC1503536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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