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De Guio F, Jouvent E, Biessels GJ, Black SE, Brayne C, Chen C, Cordonnier C, De Leeuw FE, Dichgans M, Doubal F, Duering M, Dufouil C, Duzel E, Fazekas F, Hachinski V, Ikram MA, Linn J, Matthews PM, Mazoyer B, Mok V, Norrving B, O'Brien JT, Pantoni L, Ropele S, Sachdev P, Schmidt R, Seshadri S, Smith EE, Sposato LA, Stephan B, Swartz RH, Tzourio C, van Buchem M, van der Lugt A, van Oostenbrugge R, Vernooij MW, Viswanathan A, Werring D, Wollenweber F, Wardlaw JM, Chabriat H. Reproducibility and variability of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging markers in cerebral small vessel disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1319-37. [PMID: 27170700 PMCID: PMC4976752 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16647396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain imaging is essential for the diagnosis and characterization of cerebral small vessel disease. Several magnetic resonance imaging markers have therefore emerged, providing new information on the diagnosis, progression, and mechanisms of small vessel disease. Yet, the reproducibility of these small vessel disease markers has received little attention despite being widely used in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. This review focuses on the main small vessel disease-related markers on magnetic resonance imaging including: white matter hyperintensities, lacunes, dilated perivascular spaces, microbleeds, and brain volume. The aim is to summarize, for each marker, what is currently known about: (1) its reproducibility in studies with a scan-rescan procedure either in single or multicenter settings; (2) the acquisition-related sources of variability; and, (3) the techniques used to minimize this variability. Based on the results, we discuss technical and other challenges that need to be overcome in order for these markers to be reliably used as outcome measures in future clinical trials. We also highlight the key points that need to be considered when designing multicenter magnetic resonance imaging studies of small vessel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- François De Guio
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1161 INSERM, Paris, France DHU NeuroVasc, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Eric Jouvent
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1161 INSERM, Paris, France DHU NeuroVasc, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra E Black
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carol Brayne
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Frank-Eric De Leeuw
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Fergus Doubal
- Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marco Duering
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Emrah Duzel
- Department of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vladimir Hachinski
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Radiology and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Linn
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Department of Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Vincent Mok
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo Norrving
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Stefan Ropele
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric E Smith
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Luciano A Sposato
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Blossom Stephan
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Richard H Swartz
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Mark van Buchem
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Radiology and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anand Viswanathan
- Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Werring
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Stroke Research Group, UCL, London, UK
| | - Frank Wollenweber
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hugues Chabriat
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1161 INSERM, Paris, France DHU NeuroVasc, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
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