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Kauter J, Damek F, Schares G, Blaga R, Schott F, Deplazes P, Sidler X, Basso W. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies in pigs using an oral fluid-based commercial ELISA: Advantages and limitations. Int J Parasitol 2022:S0020-7519(22)00183-7. [PMID: 36587725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a major food-borne parasite and undercooked meat of infected pigs represents an important source of infection for humans. Since infections in pigs are mostly subclinical, adequate diagnostic tests for use at the farm level are pursued. Oral fluid (OF) was shown to be a promising matrix for direct and indirect detection of infections with various pathogens in pigs. The objective of this study was to assess whether T. gondii infections in pigs could be diagnosed using an indirect ELISA kit adapted for OF samples (OF-ELISA). Routine serology and OF-immunoblot (IB) were used as standards for the comparison. For this, serial OF samples from sows (n = 8) and fatteners (n = 3) experimentally inoculated with T. gondii oocysts, individual field samples from potentially exposed sows (n = 9) and pooled OF samples from potentially exposed group-housed fatteners (n = 195 pig groups, including 2,248 animals) were analysed for antibodies against T. gondii by ELISA. For individual animals, OF-ELISA exhibited a relative diagnostic specificity of 97.3% and a relative diagnostic sensitivity of 78.8%. In experimentally infected animals, positive OF-ELISA results were observed from 1.5 weeks post inoculation (pi) until the end of the experimental setup (8 to 30 weeks pi); however, values below the estimated cut-off were occasionally observed in some animals despite constant seropositivity. In potentially exposed individual animals, OF- and serum-ELISA results showed 100% agreement. In group-housed fatteners, antibodies against T. gondii could be reliably detected by OF-ELISA in groups in which at least 25% of the animals were seropositive. This OF-ELISA, based on a commercially available serum-ELISA, may represent an interesting non-invasive screening tool for detecting pig groups with a high exposure to T. gondii at the farm level. The OF-ELISA may need further adjustments to consistently detect individual infected pigs, probably due to variations in OF antibody concentration over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kauter
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Filip Damek
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - Gereon Schares
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald‑Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Radu Blaga
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - Franziska Schott
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xaver Sidler
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Schott F, Hoffmann K, Sarno E, Bangerter PD, Stephan R, Overesch G, Haessig M, Sidler X, Graage R. Evaluation of oral fluids for surveillance of foodborne and zoonotic pathogens in pig farms. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:655-663. [PMID: 34075814 PMCID: PMC8225685 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211021599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of oral fluid (OF) to detect zoonotic pathogens in pigs has been only scarcely assessed. We evaluated OF as a potential specimen for detection by culture of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Yersinia enterocolitica, and the detection of antibodies against Salmonella spp. and hepatitis E virus (HEV) using commercial ELISAs. Samples from 33 pig farms were collected at the beginning and end of the fattening period. Results of the OF samples were compared with the results of serum samples and nasal swabs from individual pigs and pen floor fecal samples, using the Cohen kappa (κ) and the McNemar test. For Salmonella spp. antibodies, OF samples were negative, although the corresponding serum samples were positive. The detection of HEV antibodies in sera and OF had agreement at the first sampling, and poor and significant agreement at the second sampling (κ = 0.185, McNemar p = 0.238; κ = 0.088, McNemar p < 0.001). At both sampling times, the detection of MRSA in nasal swabs and OF showed agreement (κ = 0.466, McNemar p = 0.077; κ = 0.603, McNemar p = 1); agreement was seen for the detection of Y. enterocolitica in fecal and OF samples (κ = 0.012, McNemar p = 0.868; κ = 0.082, McNemar p = 0.061, respectively). According to the McNemar test, the use of pen-based OFs is more feasible for the detection of MRSA and Y. enterocolitica by culture than is detection of antibodies by commercial ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Schott
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karolin Hoffmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Sarno
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick D Bangerter
- Office for Consumer Protection Canton Aargau, Veterinary Service, Aarau, Switzerland (Bangerter)
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gudrun Overesch
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Haessig
- Administrative Department for Farm Animal Diagnostics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xaver Sidler
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Graage
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Campero LM, Schott F, Gottstein B, Deplazes P, Sidler X, Basso W. Detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in oral fluid from pigs. Int J Parasitol 2019; 50:349-355. [PMID: 31866312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii-infected pigs play a major role as a source of infection for humans and detection of high-risk herds is essential to implement control measures at the farm level. The aim of this study was to determine whether oral fluid (OF) could be used as a matrix to detect antibodies against T. gondii in infected pigs by immunoblot (IB). For this, OF from experimentally inoculated sows (n = 8) (serial samples) and naturally exposed group-housed fatteners (n = 42 groups, one sample/group) were analysed for IgG and IgA against T. gondii-SAG1 antigen by IB. Simultaneously, each animal was serologically tested for anti-T. gondii IgG by ELISA. Specific IgG was detected in the sera of all inoculated sows from 2 to 3 weeks post inoculation (pi) and in 3.4 to 92% of the pigs in 13 out of 42 groups. Experimentally inoculated sows showed positive OF-IB results for IgA (100%) and IgG (87.5%) at 1.5 weeks pi and continued yielding positive results for IgA (87.5-75%) and IgG (50%) until 4 weeks pi; however, from 8 weeks pi the frequency of detection of both isotypes was lower, despite constantly positive IgG values in serum-ELISA. Interestingly, consecutive daily samplings for 4 days at 13 and 30 weeks pi showed inconsistent results for some sows, showing that the antibody concentration in OF is prone to timely variations. Pooled OF from groups with 91 and 92% of seropositive pigs yielded positive IB results for IgG and IgA. Fattener groups with ≤13% of seropositive pigs gave negative IB results to both isotypes. Our results showed that antibodies to T. gondii can be detected in OF from infected pigs, and that IgA seems to be a more adequate target than IgG. Although OF does not seem to be a robust matrix to assess the serological status for T. gondii in individual animals, this diagnostic approach represents an interesting non-invasive, low-cost and animal welfare friendly option as a screening method at the farm level to determine high exposure to T. gondii in the herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía María Campero
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 and 118 s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Franziska Schott
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xaver Sidler
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Schott F, Gross AJ, Netsch C, Segerer S. [Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura after circumcision]. Urologe A 2016; 56:361-363. [PMID: 27272154 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-016-0147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
After circumcision, a young man developed a wound healing disorder. After presenting to our hospital for further wound care, laboratory results showed acute renal failure with hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia, which led to the diagnosis of postoperative thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). After therapy with plasma exchange and immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolone and rituximab, the patient recovered with normalization of laboratory results. The TTP is associated with low activity of ADAMTS13 with microvascular platelet aggregation and hemolytic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schott
- Abteilung für Urologie, Asklepios Klinik Barmbek, Rübenkamp 220, 22291, Hamburg, Deutschland.
| | - A J Gross
- Abteilung für Urologie, Asklepios Klinik Barmbek, Rübenkamp 220, 22291, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - C Netsch
- Abteilung für Urologie, Asklepios Klinik Barmbek, Rübenkamp 220, 22291, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - S Segerer
- Abteilung für Nephrologie, Asklepios Klinik Barmbek, Hamburg, Deutschland
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Hoffmann K, Schott F, Sidler X, Donati M, di Francesco A, Hässig M, Borel N. Prevalence of Chlamydiaceae in Swiss Fattening Pigs. J Comp Pathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hoffmann K, Schott F, Donati M, Di Francesco A, Hässig M, Wanninger S, Sidler X, Borel N. Prevalence of Chlamydial Infections in Fattening Pigs and Their Influencing Factors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143576. [PMID: 26619187 PMCID: PMC4664257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydial infections in pigs are associated with respiratory disease, diarrhea, conjunctivitis and other pathologies. The aim of this study was to define the prevalence of Chlamydiaceae in Swiss fattening pigs by applying sensitive and specific detection methods and to correlate prior antibiotic treatment and farm related factors with differences in prevalence. Conjunctival and fecal swabs were collected from 636 pigs in 29 Swiss fattening pig farms with and without antibiotic treatment, at the beginning and the end of the fattening period. The swabs were screened by real-time PCR for Chlamydiaceae. For the chlamydial detection and species-identification, a DNA-microarray analysis was performed. All farms were positive for Chlamydiaceae with 94.3 and 92.0% prevalence in fecal swabs as well as 45.9 and 32.6% in conjunctival swabs at the first and second time points, respectively. Antibiotic treatment could not clear the infection on herd level. Potential contact with wild boars was a significant risk factor, while hygiene criteria did not influence chlamydial prevalence. A correlation of chlamydial positivity to diarrhea, but not to conjunctivitis was evident. Chlamydia suis was the predominant species. Mixed infections with C. suis and C. pecorum were common, with a substantial increase in C. pecorum positivity at the end of the fattening period, and this finding was associated with ruminant contact. C. abortus was detected in one conjunctival swab. In this study, C. suis inhabited the intestinal tract of nearly all examined pigs, implying a long-term infection. C. pecorum was also common and might be transmitted to pigs by ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Hoffmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Schott
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Donati
- DIMES, Microbiology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Michael Hässig
- Department for Farm Animals, Section for Herd Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Wanninger
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xaver Sidler
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Birkhäuser H, Frey F, Schott F. Über die Häufigkeit der offenen Lungentuberkulose in den benachbarten Städten Basel (Schweiz), Freiburg i. Br. (Baden), Konstanz (Baden). Respiration 2009. [DOI: 10.1159/000191226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Reverdin G, Durand F, Mortensen J, Schott F, Valdimarsson H, Zenk W. Recent changes in the surface salinity of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jc001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Reverdin
- Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Oceanographie Spatiale; Toulouse France
| | - Fabien Durand
- Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Oceanographie Spatiale; Toulouse France
| | | | - F. Schott
- Institut für Meereskunde; Kiel Germany
| | | | - W. Zenk
- Institut für Meereskunde; Kiel Germany
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Schott F. Sea Measurements: Ocean Acoustic Tomography. Science 1996. [DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5270.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Schott F. Sea Measurements: Ocean Acoustic Tomography. Science 1996. [DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5270.1897a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Fischer J, Schott F, Stramma L. Currents and transports of the Great Whirl-Socotra Gyre system during the summer monsoon, August 1993. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jc03617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Molinari RL, Maul GA, Chew F, Wilson WD, Busheell M, Mayer D, Leaman K, Schott F, Lee T, Zantopp R, Larsen JC, Sanford TB. Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies: Introduction. Science 1985; 227:292-5. [PMID: 17742098 DOI: 10.1126/science.227.4684.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This report is an introduction to the accompanying collection of reports that present the results of a 2-year period of intensive monitoring of the Florida Current. Both direct observing systems (ship-deployed current profilers and moored current meters) and indirect observing systems (coastal tide gauge stations, bottom pressure gauge arrays, a submarine cable, acoustic arrays, and radar installations) were used to measure temperature and volume transport.
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Abstract
Annual and interannual variations in the Florida Current, Caribbean, and subtropical Atlantic are investigated with the use of historical sea level differences and wind field data. Observational and model evidence suggests that the seasonal transport cycle of the Florida Current is locally forced, either upstream in the Caribbean or downstream over topography. Although at seasonal and shorter periods sea level or bottom pressure fluctuations on the left side of the Florida Current contribute almost all of the variance of sea level difference across the Florida Straits and hence transport, this relation does not seem to apply at interannual time scales. Using results from the Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies, it is estimated from historical sea level data that interannual transport fluctuations of the Florida Current are only of order 1 x 10(6) cubic meters per second. Interannual fluctuations in the 2- to 3-year period range in the Florida Straits seem to be correlated with sea level differences across the Caribbean and the subtropical Atlantic but not with Sverdrup transport fluctuations in the subtropical Atlantic.
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Abstract
Measurements from March to July 1979 by current meters moored between the shelf and the deep sea from 5 degrees to 8 degrees N show that there was shallow ( < 150-meter) coastward and northward circulation between 6 degrees and 8 degrees N long before the onset of the southwest monsoon. After the onset, a powerful coastward flow developed offshore around 6 degrees N, branching into northward and southward flows at the continental rise while the current deepened to more than 250 meters. There seemed to be a separate circulation on the shelf with some counterflow to offshore. All current records show that there were strong fluctuations with periods of 3 to 6 days.
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