1
|
Zhuravlev AY, Mitchell EG, Bowyer F, Wood R, Penny A. Increases in reef size, habitat and metacommunity complexity associated with Cambrian radiation oxygenation pulses. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7523. [PMID: 36473861 PMCID: PMC9727068 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygenation during the Cambrian Radiation progressed via a series of short-lived pulses. However, the metazoan biotic response to this episodic oxygenation has not been quantified, nor have the causal evolutionary processes been constrained. Here we present ecological analyses of Cambrian archaeocyath sponge reef communities on the Siberian Platform (525-514 Ma). During the oxic pulse at ~521-519 Ma, we quantify reef habitat expansion coupled to an increase in reef size and metacommunity complexity, from individual within-community reactions to their local environment, to ecologically complex synchronous community-wide response, accompanied by an increase in rates of origination. Subsequently, reef and archaeocyath body size are reduced in association with increased rates of extinction due to inferred expanded marine anoxia (~519-516.5 Ma). A later oxic pulse at ~515 Ma shows further reef habitat expansion, increased archaeocyath body size and diversity, but weaker community-wide environmental responses. These metrics confirm that oxygenation events created temporary pulses of evolutionary diversification and enhanced ecosystem complexity, potentially via the expansion of habitable space, and increased archaeocyath individual and reef longevity in turn leading to niche differentiation. Most notably, we show that progression towards increasing biodiversity and ecosystem complexity was episodic and discontinuous, rather than linear, during the Cambrian Radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Yu. Zhuravlev
- grid.14476.300000 0001 2342 9668Department of Biological Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory 1(12), Moscow, 119234 Russia
| | - Emily G. Mitchell
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Museum of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ UK
| | - Fred Bowyer
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE UK
| | - Rachel Wood
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE UK
| | - Amelia Penny
- grid.11914.3c0000 0001 0721 1626Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Greenside Place, St Andrews, KY16 9TH UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Farrell ÚC, Samawi R, Anjanappa S, Klykov R, Adeboye OO, Agic H, Ahm AC, Boag TH, Bowyer F, Brocks JJ, Brunoir TN, Canfield DE, Chen X, Cheng M, Clarkson MO, Cole DB, Cordie DR, Crockford PW, Cui H, Dahl TW, Mouro LD, Dewing K, Dornbos SQ, Drabon N, Dumoulin JA, Emmings JF, Endriga CR, Fraser TA, Gaines RR, Gaschnig RM, Gibson TM, Gilleaudeau GJ, Gill BC, Goldberg K, Guilbaud R, Halverson GP, Hammarlund EU, Hantsoo KG, Henderson MA, Hodgskiss MS, Horner TJ, Husson JM, Johnson B, Kabanov P, Brenhin Keller C, Kimmig J, Kipp MA, Knoll AH, Kreitsmann T, Kunzmann M, Kurzweil F, LeRoy MA, Li C, Lipp AG, Loydell DK, Lu X, Macdonald FA, Magnall JM, Mänd K, Mehra A, Melchin MJ, Miller AJ, Mills NT, Mwinde CN, O'Connell B, Och LM, Ossa Ossa F, Pagès A, Paiste K, Partin CA, Peters SE, Petrov P, Playter TL, Plaza‐Torres S, Porter SM, Poulton SW, Pruss SB, Richoz S, Ritzer SR, Rooney AD, Sahoo SK, Schoepfer SD, Sclafani JA, Shen Y, Shorttle O, Slotznick SP, Smith EF, Spinks S, Stockey RG, Strauss JV, Stüeken EE, Tecklenburg S, Thomson D, Tosca NJ, Uhlein GJ, Vizcaíno MN, Wang H, White T, Wilby PR, Woltz CR, Wood RA, Xiang L, Yurchenko IA, Zhang T, Planavsky NJ, Lau KV, Johnston DT, Sperling EA. The Sedimentary Geochemistry and Paleoenvironments Project. Geobiology 2021; 19:545-556. [PMID: 34219351 PMCID: PMC9291056 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
|
3
|
Bowyer F, Wood RA, Poulton SW. Controls on the evolution of Ediacaran metazoan ecosystems: A redox perspective. Geobiology 2017; 15:516-551. [PMID: 28387043 PMCID: PMC5485040 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of detailed geochemical studies of Ediacaran (635-541 Ma) marine successions have provided snapshots into the redox environments that played host to the earliest known metazoans. Whilst previous compilations have focused on the global evolution of Ediacaran water column redox chemistry, the inherent heterogeneity evident in palaeogeographically distinct environments demands a more dissected approach to better understand the nature, interactions and evolution of extrinsic controls on the development of early macrobenthic ecosystems. Here, we review available data of local-scale redox conditions within a palaeogeographic and sequence stratigraphic framework, to explore the mechanisms controlling water column redox conditions and their potential impact on the record of metazoans. The openly connected Laurentian margin, North America (632-540 Ma) and Nama basin, Namibia (550-538 Ma), and the variably restricted Yangtze Block, South China (635-520 Ma), show continued redox instability after the first fossil evidence for metazoans. This may support opportunistic benthic colonisation during periods of transient oxygenation amidst episodic upwelling of anoxic waters beneath a very shallow, fluctuating chemocline. The first skeletal metazoans appeared under conditions of continued redox stratification, such as those which characterise the Dengying Formation of the Yangtze Block and the Kuibis Subgroup of the Nama basin. Current data, however, suggests that successful metazoan reef-building demanded more persistent oxia. We propose that cratonic positioning and migration throughout the Ediacaran Period, in combination with gradually increasing dissolved oxygen loading, may have provided a first-order control on redox evolution through regulating circulation mechanisms in the Mirovian Ocean. Some unrestricted lower slope environments from mid-high latitudes benefited from sustained oxygenation via downwelling, whilst transit of isolated cratons towards more equatorial positions stifled pervasive ventilation either through ineffective surface ocean mixing, Ekman-induced upwelling, elevated surface ocean productivity or a combination of these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Bowyer
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R A Wood
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S W Poulton
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Penny AM, Wood RA, Zhuravlev AY, Curtis A, Bowyer F, Tostevin R. Intraspecific variation in an Ediacaran skeletal metazoan: Namacalathus from the Nama Group, Namibia. Geobiology 2017; 15:81-93. [PMID: 27677524 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Namacalathus hermanastes is one of the oldest known skeletal metazoans, found in carbonate settings of the terminal Ediacaran (~550-541 million years ago [Ma]). The palaeoecology of this widespread, goblet-shaped, benthic organism is poorly constrained yet critical for understanding the dynamics of the earliest metazoan communities. Analysis of in situ assemblages from the Nama Group, Namibia (~548-541 Ma), shows that Namacalathus exhibited size variation in response to differing water depths, hydrodynamic conditions and substrate types. In low-energy, inner ramp environments, Namacalathus attains the largest average sizes but grew in transient, loosely aggregating, monospecific aggregations attached to microbial mats. In high-energy mid-ramp reefs, Namacalathus spatially segregated into different palaeoecological habitats with distinct size distributions. In outer ramp environments, individuals were small and formed patchy, dense, monospecific aggregations attached to thin microbial mats. Asexual budding is common in all settings. We infer that variations in size distribution in Namacalathus reflect differences in habitat heterogeneity and stability, including the longevity of mechanically stable substrates and oxic conditions. In the Nama Group, long-lived skeletal metazoan communities developed within topographically heterogeneous mid-ramp reefs, which provided diverse mechanically stable microbial substrates in persistently oxic waters, while inner and outer ramp communities were often ephemeral, developing during fleeting episodes of either oxia and/or substrate stability. We conclude that Namacalathus, which forms a component of these communities in the Nama Group, was a generalist that adapted to various palaeoecological habitats within a heterogeneous ecosystem landscape where favourable conditions persisted, and was also able to opportunistically colonise transiently hospitable environments. These early skeletal metazoans colonised previously unoccupied substrates in thrombolitic reefs and other microbial carbonate settings, and while they experienced relatively low levels of interspecific competition, they were nonetheless adapted to the diverse environments and highly dynamic redox conditions present in the terminal Ediacaran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Penny
- School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R A Wood
- School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Yu Zhuravlev
- Department of Biological Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Curtis
- School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - F Bowyer
- School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R Tostevin
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clarkson MO, Wood RA, Poulton SW, Richoz S, Newton RJ, Kasemann SA, Bowyer F, Krystyn L. Dynamic anoxic ferruginous conditions during the end-Permian mass extinction and recovery. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12236. [PMID: 27433855 PMCID: PMC4960316 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The end-Permian mass extinction, ∼252 million years ago, is notable for a complex recovery period of ∼5 Myr. Widespread euxinic (anoxic and sulfidic) oceanic conditions have been proposed as both extinction mechanism and explanation for the protracted recovery period, yet the vertical distribution of anoxia in the water column and its temporal dynamics through this time period are poorly constrained. Here we utilize Fe–S–C systematics integrated with palaeontological observations to reconstruct a complete ocean redox history for the Late Permian to Early Triassic, using multiple sections across a shelf-to-basin transect on the Arabian Margin (Neo-Tethyan Ocean). In contrast to elsewhere, we show that anoxic non-sulfidic (ferruginous), rather than euxinic, conditions were prevalent in the Neo-Tethys. The Arabian Margin record demonstrates the repeated expansion of ferruginous conditions with the distal slope being the focus of anoxia at these times, as well as short-lived episodes of oxia that supported diverse biota. Oceanic anoxia is invoked for driving the Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction, but the timing, distribution and chemical state are poorly understood. Here, the authors show that fluctuations of anoxic, non-sulfidic (ferruginous) conditions were important for the delayed biotic recovery in the Neo-Tethys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M O Clarkson
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
| | - R A Wood
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
| | - S W Poulton
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - S Richoz
- Institute of Earth Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 26, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - R J Newton
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - S A Kasemann
- Department of Geosciences and MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - F Bowyer
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
| | - L Krystyn
- Institute for Palaeontology, Vienna University, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Reef-building in metazoans represents an important ecological innovation whereby individuals collectively enhance feeding efficiency and gain protection from competitors and predation. The appearance of metazoan reefs in the fossil record therefore indicates an adaptive response to complex ecological pressures. In the Nama Group, Namibia, we found evidence of reef-building by the earliest known skeletal metazoan, the globally distributed Cloudina, ~548 million years ago. These Cloudina reefs formed open frameworks without a microbial component but with mutual attachment and cementation between individuals. Orientated growth implies a passive suspension-feeding habit into nutrient-rich currents. The characteristics of Cloudina support the view that metazoan reef-building was promoted by the rise of substrate competitors and predators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Penny
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK.
| | - R Wood
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK
| | - A Curtis
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK
| | - F Bowyer
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK
| | - R Tostevin
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - K-H Hoffman
- Geological Survey of Namibia, Private Bag 13297, Windhoek, Namibia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Increased urinary excretion of xanthine, hypoxanthine, sulphite, thiosulphate and decreased serum uric acid were observed in an infant with profound failure to thrive. Other clinical findings included refractory seizures, spastic quadriplegia and profound psychomotor retardation. The patient died at 20 months of age. There were no detectable activities for xanthine oxidase and sulphite oxidase in the postmortem liver. Urothione, which is the metabolic excretory product of the molybdenum cofactor for molybdoenzymes was not present in the urine. A deficiency of the molybdenum cofactor which is common to both xanthine and sulphite oxidase is presumed to be the metabolic defect responsible for the absent activities of both enzymes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hommes FA, Campbell R, Steinhart C, Roesel RA, Bowyer F. Biochemical observations on a case of hepatic fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 1985; 8:169-73. [PMID: 3023747 DOI: 10.1007/bf01805428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A case of hepatic fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency is described. She presented with congenital bilateral cataracts, failure to thrive, hypoglycaemia and hyperlactacidaemia. A liver biopsy revealed normal levels of gluconeogenic enzymes except fructose-1,6-diphosphatase which was present at 30% of the level of the lower control values. The residual activity had a normal affinity for fructose-1,6-diphosphate, a decreased sensitivity for inhibition by fructose-2,6-diphosphate and an increased resistance toward conversion to the AMP-insensitive form of the enzyme. As a result of this mutation, the residual FDPase will always be maintained in the AMP-inhibited form.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Forty-six patients with histologically confirmed lung cancer received treatment with the cytotoxic drug VP-16-213 in a dose of 100 mg twice daily, given orally for five days. The overall objective response rate was 11 out of 46 (24%) or 11 of the 33 (33%) who survived to receive two cycles. The drug was effective in all histological types. Only one patient developed leucopenia. This demonstration of the safety of VP-16-213 and its effectiveness suggested that this drug might be used in combination chemotherapy. A series of pilot studies showed unexplained marrow toxicity when VP-16-123 combined with vincristine was given with either methotrexate of adriamycin.
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Algan B, Vitte G, Bowyer F, Fau A. [Evaluation of 4 years of cryo-extraction of the crystalline lens]. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr 1970; 70:737-41. [PMID: 5499228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
12
|
Antoine F, Bowyer F, Mirguet R. [Apropos of a case of plastic uveitis as a manifestion of ankylosing spondylarthritis]. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr 1967; 67:541-6. [PMID: 5598074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|