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Kho S, Siregar NC, Qotrunnada L, Fricot A, Sissoko A, Shanti PAI, Candrawati F, Kambuaya NN, Rini H, Andries B, Hardy D, Margyaningsih NI, Fadllan F, Rahmayenti DA, Puspitasari AM, Aisah AR, Leonardo L, Yayang BTG, Margayani DS, Prayoga P, Trianty L, Kenangalem E, Price RN, Yeo TW, Minigo G, Noviyanti R, Poespoprodjo JR, Anstey NM, Buffet PA. Retention of uninfected red blood cells causing congestive splenomegaly is the major mechanism of anemia in malaria. Am J Hematol 2024; 99:223-235. [PMID: 38009287 PMCID: PMC10952982 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Splenomegaly frequently occurs in patients with Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) or P. vivax (Pv) malarial anemia, but mechanisms underlying this co-occurrence are unclear. In malaria-endemic Papua, Indonesia, we prospectively analyzed red blood cell (RBC) concentrations in the spleen and spleen-mimetic retention in 37 subjects splenectomized for trauma or hyperreactive splenomegaly, most of whom were infected with Plasmodium. Splenomegaly (median 357 g [range: 80-1918 g]) was correlated positively with the proportion of red-pulp on histological sections (median 88.1% [range: 74%-99.4%]; r = .59, p = .0003) and correlated negatively with the proportion of white-pulp (median 8.3% [range: 0.4%-22.9%]; r = -.50, p = .002). The number of RBC per microscopic field (>95% uninfected) was correlated positively with spleen weight in both Pf-infected (r = .73; p = .017) and Pv-infected spleens (r = .94; p = .006). The median estimated proportion of total-body RBCs retained in Pf-infected spleens was 8.2% (range: 1.0%-33.6%), significantly higher than in Pv-infected (2.6% [range: 0.6%-23.8%]; p = .015) and PCR-negative subjects (2.5% [range: 1.0%-3.3%]; p = .006). Retained RBCs accounted for over half of circulating RBC loss seen in Pf infections. The proportion of total-body RBC retained in Pf- and Pv-infected spleens correlated negatively with hemoglobin concentrations (r = -.56, p = .0003), hematocrit (r = -.58, p = .0002), and circulating RBC counts (r = -.56, p = .0003). Splenic CD71-positive reticulocyte concentrations correlated with spleen weight in Pf (r = 1.0; p = .003). Retention rates of peripheral and splenic RBCs were correlated negatively with circulating RBC counts (r = -.69, p = .07 and r = -.83, p = .008, respectively). In conclusion, retention of mostly uninfected RBC in the spleen, leading to marked congestion of the red-pulp, was associated with splenomegaly and is the major mechanism of anemia in subjects infected with Plasmodium, particularly Pf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kho
- Global and Tropical Health DivisionMenzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNorthern TerritoryAustralia
- Timika Malaria Research ProgramPapuan Health and Community Development FoundationTimikaIndonesia
| | - Nurjati C. Siregar
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular BiologyJakartaIndonesia
- Department of Anatomical PathologyRumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo and Universitas IndonesiaJakartaIndonesia
| | | | | | | | | | - Freis Candrawati
- Timika Malaria Research ProgramPapuan Health and Community Development FoundationTimikaIndonesia
| | - Noy N. Kambuaya
- Timika Malaria Research ProgramPapuan Health and Community Development FoundationTimikaIndonesia
| | - Hasrini Rini
- Timika Malaria Research ProgramPapuan Health and Community Development FoundationTimikaIndonesia
| | - Benediktus Andries
- Timika Malaria Research ProgramPapuan Health and Community Development FoundationTimikaIndonesia
| | - David Hardy
- Institut PasteurExperimental Neuropathology UnitParisFrance
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leo Leonardo
- Timika Malaria Research ProgramPapuan Health and Community Development FoundationTimikaIndonesia
| | - Bagus T. G. Yayang
- Timika Malaria Research ProgramPapuan Health and Community Development FoundationTimikaIndonesia
| | - Dewi S. Margayani
- Timika Malaria Research ProgramPapuan Health and Community Development FoundationTimikaIndonesia
| | - Pak Prayoga
- Timika Malaria Research ProgramPapuan Health and Community Development FoundationTimikaIndonesia
| | - Leily Trianty
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular BiologyJakartaIndonesia
| | - Enny Kenangalem
- Timika Malaria Research ProgramPapuan Health and Community Development FoundationTimikaIndonesia
- Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten MimikaTimikaIndonesia
| | - Ric N. Price
- Global and Tropical Health DivisionMenzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Tsin W. Yeo
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technology UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Gabriela Minigo
- Global and Tropical Health DivisionMenzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | | | - Jeanne R. Poespoprodjo
- Timika Malaria Research ProgramPapuan Health and Community Development FoundationTimikaIndonesia
- Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten MimikaTimikaIndonesia
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Gadjah MadaYogyakartaIndonesia
| | - Nicholas M. Anstey
- Global and Tropical Health DivisionMenzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNorthern TerritoryAustralia
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Kambuaya NN, Rini H, Shanti PAI, Alexander K, Candrawati F, Prayoga P, Leonardo L, Margayani DS, Yayang BTG, Kenangalem E, Buffet PA, Anstey NM, Poespoprodjo JR, Kho S. Case Report: Severe Plasmodium vivax Malaria after Splenectomy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:284-287. [PMID: 37339765 PMCID: PMC10397454 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe malaria after splenectomy has been reported with infections with Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium knowlesi, and Plasmodium malariae, but is less well-characterized with Plasmodium vivax. We describe a case of severe P. vivax malaria with hypotension, prostration, and acute kidney injury occurring 2 months after splenectomy in Papua, Indonesia. The patient was treated successfully with intravenous artesunate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noy Norman Kambuaya
- Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Hasrini Rini
- Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | | | - King Alexander
- Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Mimika, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Freis Candrawati
- Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Pak Prayoga
- Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Leo Leonardo
- Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Sri Margayani
- Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Bagus Tesa Gina Yayang
- Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Enny Kenangalem
- Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
- Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Mimika, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | | | - Nicholas M. Anstey
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Jeanne Rini Poespoprodjo
- Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
- Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Mimika, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Pediatrics, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Steven Kho
- Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
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Poespoprodjo JR, Burdam FH, Candrawati F, Ley B, Meagher N, Kenangalem E, Indrawanti R, Trianty L, Thriemer K, Price DJ, Simpson JA, Price RN. Supervised versus unsupervised primaquine radical cure for the treatment of falciparum and vivax malaria in Papua, Indonesia: a cluster-randomised, controlled, open-label superiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2022; 22:367-376. [PMID: 34710363 PMCID: PMC8866132 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a high risk of Plasmodium vivax recurrence in patients treated for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in co-endemic areas. Primaquine radical cure has the potential to reduce P vivax recurrences in patients presenting with P falciparum as well as P vivax malaria but is undermined by poor adherence to the currently recommended 14-day regimen. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of supervised versus unsupervised primaquine radical cure in patients presenting with uncomplicated malaria. METHODS We did a cluster-randomised, controlled, open-label superiority trial in Papua, Indonesia. 21 clusters of village health posts, matched by annual parasite index, were randomly assigned (1:1) to treat patients (age >12 months and body weight >5 kg) presenting with confirmed uncomplicated P falciparum or P vivax malaria with oral dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine plus either a supervised or unsupervised 14-day course of oral primaquine (0·5 mg/kg per day). Patients in the supervised group were supervised taking their primaquine dose on alternate days. Patients were followed-up for 6 months and those who presented again with malaria were retreated with the same drug regimen. Masking was not possible due to the nature of the study. The primary outcome was the incidence risk of P vivax malaria over 6 months, assessed in the modified intention-to-treat population (all patients who were assigned to a treatment group, excluding patients who were lost to follow-up after their first visit). This trial is now complete, and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02787070. FINDINGS Between Sept 14, 2016, and July 31, 2018, 436 patients were screened for eligibility and 419 were enrolled; 223 (53%) patients in 11 clusters were assigned to supervised primaquine treatment and 196 (47%) in ten clusters to unsupervised primaquine treatment. 161 (72%) of 223 patients in the supervised group and 151 (77%) of 196 in the unsupervised group completed 6 months of follow-up. At 6 months, the incidence risk of P vivax recurrence in the supervised group was 29·7% (95% CI 16·4-49·9) versus 55·8% (32·3-81·8) in the unsupervised group (hazard ratio 0·23 [95% CI 0·07-0·76]; p=0·016). The incidence rate for P vivax recurrence was 539 (95% CI 390-747) infections per 1000 person-years in the supervised group versus 859 (673-1096) in the unsupervised group (incidence rate ratio 0·63 [95% CI 0·42-0·94]; p=0·025). The corresponding rates in the 224 patients who presented with P falciparum malaria were 346 (95% CI 213-563) and 660 (446-977; incidence rate ratio 0·52 [95% CI 0·28-0·98]; p=0·043). Seven serious adverse events were reported (three in the supervised group, four in the unsupervised group), none of which were deemed treatment-related, and there were no deaths. INTERPRETATION In this area of moderate malaria transmission, supervision of primaquine radical cure treatment reduced the risk of P vivax recurrence. This finding was apparent for patients presenting with either P falciparum or P vivax malaria. Further studies are warranted to investigate the safety and efficacy of radical cure for patients presenting with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in other co-endemic areas. FUNDING The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Australian Government. TRANSLATION For the Indonesian translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Rini Poespoprodjo
- Centre for Child Health and Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia; Mimika District Hospital and District Health Authority, Timika, Papua, Indonesia.
| | - Faustina Helena Burdam
- Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia; Mimika District Hospital and District Health Authority, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Freis Candrawati
- Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Benedikt Ley
- Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Niamh Meagher
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory Epidemiology Unit at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia
| | - Enny Kenangalem
- Timika Malaria Research Facility, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia; Mimika District Hospital and District Health Authority, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Ratni Indrawanti
- Centre for Child Health and Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Leily Trianty
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kamala Thriemer
- Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - David J Price
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory Epidemiology Unit at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie A Simpson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ric N Price
- Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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