Bacterial Biotransformation and Anticancer Activities of Betulin against A549, HepG2 and 5RP7 Cancer Cell Lines

BACKGROUND

A pentacyclic lupenane-type natural triterpenoid, betulin, has attracted attention in the field of medicinal chemistry since it exhibited a variety of biological activities, including anticancer activity.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this present work was to obtain derivatives of betulin through bacterial biotransformation and investigate its anticancer activity against A549, HepG2 and 5RP7 cancer cell lines.

METHODS

Bacterial biotransformation studies were continued in an MBH broth medium for 7 days at 35oC. Anticancer activities of betulin against A549, HepG2 and 5RP7 cell lines were carried out using XTT assay, and their selectivity was determined using a healthy cell line of NIH/3T3. Cell proliferation ELISA, BRDU (colorimetric) assay was used for measuring proliferation in replicative cells in which DNA synthesis occurs. Flow cytometric analysis was used for measuring apoptotic cell percentages, caspase 3 activation and mitochondrial membrane potential.

RESULTS

Bacterial biotransformation studies with 7 bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Proteus vulgaris NRRL B-123, Bacillus subtilis NRRL B-4378, Streptomyces griseolus NRRL B-1062, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 and Bacillus velezensis NRRL B-14580 produced no metabolite. In in vitro anticancer activity studies, betulin was found to exert anticancer activity against A549, HepG2 and 5RP7 cell lines with IC50 values of 207.7, 125.0 and 28.3 μg/mL, whereas SI values were found to be 30, 50 and 223, respectively. Early and late apoptotic percentages of betulin were found as 9.6, 12.1 and 85.4% on A549, HepG2 and 5RP7, respectively, while caspase 3 positive cell percentages were 2.3, 28.7 and 13.3% for IC50 concentrations. In addition, betulin caused G1 cell cycle arrest (49.5%) on 5RP7 cell line.

CONCLUSION

The results have been shown that betulin activities against A549 and HepG2 cell lines were nonselective and limited its cytotoxic activity against healthy cells, but it is possible to say that it exerted selective activity against 5RP7 cell (28.33±1.53 μg/mL). Betulin effects on apoptosis were found to be dosedependent, while its effect on caspase 3 activation, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell cycle arrest on G0/G1 phase was not dependent on doses. Therefore, betulin could be a good candidate for the treatment of H-ras active cancer types.

Some Thiazole Derivatives Combined with Different Heterocycles: Cytotoxicity Evaluation and Apoptosis Inducing Studies

BACKGROUND

Thiazole ring is an outstanding structure found in many biologically active compounds and clinically available drugs. Because of synthesis simplicity of its derivatives and having a wide range of biological aspects along with high effectiveness, new thiazole derivatives have been studied by medicinal chemists since many years.

OBJECTIVE

Some thiazole compounds combined with different heterocyclic rings were acquired in this study. Novel 5-(4-substituted benzylidene)-2-[(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)amino]thiazol-4(5H)-one derivatives (4a-g) and 2-(heteroaryl-2/3/5-yl)thio-N-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)acetamide (4h-p) derivatives were synthesized starting from 2-amino-4,5-dimethylthiazole. The obtained compounds were evaluated to determine their antiproliferative activity.

METHOD

Final compounds (4a-g) were obtained with a ring closure reaction; other final compounds (4h-p) were acquired via the reaction of mercapto heterocycles with Hantzsch thiazole synthesis intermediate. To evaluate antiproliferative activity of them, the compounds were tested on A549 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells line, C6 rat glioma cell line and NIH/3T3 mouse embryo fibroblast cell line according to the conventional MTT method. Besides, the selected compounds were studied to find out which pathway cell deaths caused via Annexin V/PI staining.

RESULTS

Compounds 4f, 4j and 4p exhibited the highest cytotoxicity on A549 with a non-toxic profile. Also, 4f, 4h, 4j and 4p were determined as the most antiproliferative compounds on C6 cell line. Furthermore, compound 4p induced apoptosis of A549 cell with a level of 23.5% and compound 4h induced C6 cell with a level of 37.5%.

CONCLUSION

Considering the structure of the compounds, although thiazolidine containing compounds 4a-g exhibited higher activity in general, compounds 4p containing 5-chlorobenzothiazole moiety showed the highest cytotoxicity. It could be expressed with the conspicuous antitumor efficiency of benzothiazole ring.

New Quinoline Based Sulfonamide Derivatives: Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Activity Evaluation Against Pancreatic Cancer Cells

BACKGROUND

Quinoline is a privileged scaffold especially known with antimalarial and antibacterial drugs before, presently followed anticancer efficiency with a new group of protein kinase inhibitors.

OBJECTIVE

In this work, combining quinoline ring, hydrazone and sulphonamide groups, we have synthesized N'-arylidene-2-[4-(quinolin-8-ylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl]acetohydrazide derivatives (3a-o) and evaluated their in vitro anticancer activity against cancerous cell lines PANC-1, CAPAN-1, and healthy cell line hTERT-HPNE.

METHOD

Fifteen compounds were synthesized a simple, well-known three-step synthetic procedure starting from 8-quinolinesulfonylchloride. Cytotoxicity studies were performed according to the conventional MTT method. As a second stage, flow cytometric analysis was done to the nine most cytotoxic compounds for determining the mechanism of action which could be apoptosis and/or necrosis.

RESULTS/CONCLUSION

According to anticancer activity evaluation, compound 3b bearing 4-methyl phenyl moiety exhibited significant cytotoxicity which has an IC50 value nearly four-fold lower than cisplatin displayed, whereas compound 3f bearing 4-trifluoromethyl phenyl moiety showed two-fold potency of the standard drug against PANC-1 cell line. Compounds 3h, 3k and 3n against CAPAN-1 also showed significant cytotoxicity, selectively. The most active compounds 3b, 3c, 3d, 3f, 3g, 3h, 3k and 3n against PANC-1 and compounds 3f, 3g, 3h, 3k and 3n against CAPAN-1 were selected to be studied in flow cytometry. Compound 3b induced apoptosis of PANC-1 cells with a percentage of 16.0%, whereas compound 3h induced apoptosis of CAPAN-1 cells with a value of 20.6%.

Synthesis and Evaluation of a New Series of Arylidene Indanones as Potential Anticancer Agents

Background:

Arylidene indanones have attracted a great deal of interest due to their outstanding therapeutic applications. In particular, considerable research has pointed out the importance of arylidene indanones in the field of cancer research.

Objective:

The aim of the current work was to design and synthesize arylidene indanone-based anticancer agents.

Method:

New arylidene indanones were obtained via the Claisen-Schmidt condensation of 5-chloro-6-methoxy- 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one with p-substituted benzaldehyde derivatives. MTT assay was performed to evaluate their cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma, HeLa human cervix carcinoma and NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines. The most effective derivatives were evaluated for their DNA synthesis inhibitory and apoptotic effects. The most apoptotic compounds were also investigated for their effects on caspase-3 activation in HeLa cells. The binding interactions of the most effective caspase-3 activator at the active site of caspase-3 were confirmed through molecular docking studies using Schrodinger’s Maestro molecular modeling package.

Results and Conclusion:

Compounds 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 exhibited selective anticancer activity against HeLa cells, whilst compounds 7 and 10 showed selective anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells. Compound 10 caused significant DNA synthesis inhibition on MCF-7 cells, whereas compound 3 caused significant DNA synthesis inhibition on HeLa cells. Compounds 2 and 3 were determined as the most apoptotic agents against HeLa cells, whereas compounds 7 and 10 showed apoptotic activity against MCF-7 cells. Besides, compound 2 was identified as the most effective compound on caspase-3 activation in HeLa cells. Docking studies showed that compound 2 interacted with the residues His121 and Tyr204 forming π-π stacking interactions.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles as Potential Anticancer Agents and Enzyme Inhibitors

Background:

1,3,4-Oxadiazoles have been known with a wide variety of pharmacological activities including anticancer activity.

Objective:

In this study, novel 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for determining their anticancer, anticholinesterase and lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory activity.

Methods:

All compounds were tested against C6 rat glioma, A549 human lung carcinoma and NIH/3T3 mouse embryo fibroblast cell lines to define cytotoxic concentrations and apoptosis induction levels which they cause.

Results:

Many of the compounds exhibited remarkable potency that compounds 2a, 2b, 2e, 2h and 2j against C6 cells and compounds 2a, 2b, 2d, 2g, 2i, 2j against A549 cells were found more active than cisplatin. Compound 2d namely, 2-[(5-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio]-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethan-1-one induced apoptosis of A549 cells with 74.9% whereas cisplatin caused 70.9% percentage.

Conclusion:

Among them, compounds 2d and 2j against A549 cell line, compounds 2b and 2e against both tumor cell lines showed selective cytotoxicity evaluating the inhibition concentration against NIH/3T3 cell line. None of the compounds showed significant acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities.

Cytotoxic, Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Effects of Perillyl Alcohol and Its Biotransformation Metabolite on A549 and HepG2 Cancer Cell Lines

BACKGROUND

A monoterpene, perillyl alcohol, has attracted attention in medicinal chemistry since it exhibited chemo-preventive and therapeutic properties against a variety of cancers.

OBJECTIVE

In the present work, it was aimed to obtain derivatives of perillyl alcohol through microbial biotransformation and investigate their anticancer activities against A549 and HepG2 cancer cell lines.

METHOD

Biotransformation studies were carried out in a α-medium for 7 days at 25oC. XTT assay was performed to investigate the anticancer activities of perillyl alcohol and its biotransformation metabolite, dehydroperillic acid, against A549 and HepG2 cell lines and their selectivity using healthy cell line, NIH/3T3. Cell proliferation ELISA, BRDU (colorimetric) assay was used for measurement of proliferation in replicative cells in which DNA synthesis occurs. Flow cytometric analyses were also carried out for measuring apoptotic cell percentages, caspase 3 activation and mitochondrial membrane potential.

RESULTS

Biotransformation of perillyl alcohol with Fusarium culmorum yielded dehydroperillic acid in a yield of 20.4 %. In in vitro anticancer studies, perillyl alcohol was found to exert cytotoxicity against HepG2 cell line with an IC50 value of 409.2 μg/mL. However, this effect was not found to be selective because of its higher IC50 (250 μg/mL) value against NIH/3T3 cell line. On the other hand, dehydroperillic acid was found to be effective and also selective against A549 cell line with an IC50 value of 125 μg/mL and a selectivity index (SI) value of 400. Apoptosis inducing effects of dehydroperillic acid was better in A549 cell line.

CONCLUSION

Dehydroperillic acid may be a good candidate for therapy of lung adenocarcinoma and may show this anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis.