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Hu F, Luan Y, Fei Z, Palubski IZ, Goldflam MD, Dai S, Wu JS, Post KW, Janssen GCAM, Fogler MM, Basov DN. Imaging the Localized Plasmon Resonance Modes in Graphene Nanoribbons. Nano Lett 2017; 17:5423-5428. [PMID: 28806525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report a nanoinfrared (IR) imaging study of the localized plasmon resonance modes of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) using a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM). By comparing the imaging data of GNRs that are aligned parallel and perpendicular to the in-plane component of the excitation laser field, we observed symmetric and asymmetric plasmonic interference fringes, respectively. Theoretical analysis indicates that the asymmetric fringes are formed due to the interplay between the localized surface plasmon resonance (SPR) mode excited by the GNRs and the propagative surface plasmon polariton (SPP) mode launched by the s-SNOM tip. With rigorous simulations, we reproduce the observed fringe patterns and address quantitatively the role of the s-SNOM tip on both the SPR and SPP modes. Furthermore, we have seen real-space signatures of both the dipole and higher-order SPR modes by varying the ribbon width.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Y Luan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Z Fei
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - I Z Palubski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - M D Goldflam
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - S Dai
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - J-S Wu
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - K W Post
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - G C A M Janssen
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, Netherland
| | - M M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Physics, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
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Fei Z, Goldflam MD, Wu JS, Dai S, Wagner M, McLeod AS, Liu MK, Post KW, Zhu S, Janssen GCAM, Fogler MM, Basov DN. Edge and Surface Plasmons in Graphene Nanoribbons. Nano Lett 2015; 15:8271-8276. [PMID: 26571096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on nano-infrared (IR) imaging studies of confined plasmon modes inside patterned graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) fabricated with high-quality chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) graphene on Al2O3 substrates. The confined geometry of these ribbons leads to distinct mode patterns and strong field enhancement, both of which evolve systematically with the ribbon width. In addition, spectroscopic nanoimaging in the mid-infrared range 850-1450 cm(-1) allowed us to evaluate the effect of the substrate phonons on the plasmon damping. Furthermore, we observed edge plasmons: peculiar one-dimensional modes propagating strictly along the edges of our patterned graphene nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Fei
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - M D Goldflam
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - J-S Wu
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - S Dai
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - M Wagner
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - A S McLeod
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - M K Liu
- Department of Physics, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - K W Post
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - S Zhu
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, Netherlands
| | - G C A M Janssen
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, Netherlands
| | - M M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Dai S, Ma Q, Liu MK, Andersen T, Fei Z, Goldflam MD, Wagner M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Thiemens M, Keilmann F, Janssen GCAM, Zhu SE, Jarillo-Herrero P, Fogler MM, Basov DN. Graphene on hexagonal boron nitride as a tunable hyperbolic metamaterial. Nat Nanotechnol 2015; 10:682-6. [PMID: 26098228 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a natural hyperbolic material, in which the dielectric constants are the same in the basal plane (ε(t) ≡ ε(x) = ε(y)) but have opposite signs (ε(t)ε(z) < 0) in the normal plane (ε(z)). Owing to this property, finite-thickness slabs of h-BN act as multimode waveguides for the propagation of hyperbolic phonon polaritons--collective modes that originate from the coupling between photons and electric dipoles in phonons. However, control of these hyperbolic phonon polaritons modes has remained challenging, mostly because their electrodynamic properties are dictated by the crystal lattice of h-BN. Here we show, by direct nano-infrared imaging, that these hyperbolic polaritons can be effectively modulated in a van der Waals heterostructure composed of monolayer graphene on h-BN. Tunability originates from the hybridization of surface plasmon polaritons in graphene with hyperbolic phonon polaritons in h-BN, so that the eigenmodes of the graphene/h-BN heterostructure are hyperbolic plasmon-phonon polaritons. The hyperbolic plasmon-phonon polaritons in graphene/h-BN suffer little from ohmic losses, making their propagation length 1.5-2.0 times greater than that of hyperbolic phonon polaritons in h-BN. The hyperbolic plasmon-phonon polaritons possess the combined virtues of surface plasmon polaritons in graphene and hyperbolic phonon polaritons in h-BN. Therefore, graphene/h-BN can be classified as an electromagnetic metamaterial as the resulting properties of these devices are not present in its constituent elements alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dai
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Q Ma
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - M K Liu
- 1] Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA [2] Department of Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - T Andersen
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Z Fei
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - M D Goldflam
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - M Wagner
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - K Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - M Thiemens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - F Keilmann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität and Center for Nanoscience, 80539 München, Germany
| | - G C A M Janssen
- Micro and Nano Engineering Lab, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, TU Delft, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - S-E Zhu
- Micro and Nano Engineering Lab, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, TU Delft, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - P Jarillo-Herrero
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - M M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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