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Cairns G, Burté F, Price R, O'Connor E, Toms M, Mishra R, Moosajee M, Pyle A, Sayer JA, Yu-Wai-Man P. A mutant wfs1 zebrafish model of Wolfram syndrome manifesting visual dysfunction and developmental delay. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20491. [PMID: 34650143 PMCID: PMC8516871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolfram syndrome (WS) is an ultra-rare progressive neurodegenerative disorder defined by early-onset diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy. The majority of patients harbour recessive mutations in the WFS1 gene, which encodes for Wolframin, a transmembrane endoplasmic reticulum protein. There is limited availability of human ocular and brain tissues, and there are few animal models for WS that replicate the neuropathology and clinical phenotype seen in this disorder. We, therefore, characterised two wfs1 zebrafish knockout models harbouring nonsense wfs1a and wfs1b mutations. Both homozygous mutant wfs1a-/- and wfs1b-/- embryos showed significant morphological abnormalities in early development. The wfs1b-/- zebrafish exhibited a more pronounced neurodegenerative phenotype with delayed neuronal development, progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells and clear evidence of visual dysfunction on functional testing. At 12 months of age, wfs1b-/- zebrafish had a significantly lower RGC density per 100 μm2 (mean ± standard deviation; 19 ± 1.7) compared with wild-type (WT) zebrafish (25 ± 2.3, p < 0.001). The optokinetic response for wfs1b-/- zebrafish was significantly reduced at 8 and 16 rpm testing speeds at both 4 and 12 months of age compared with WT zebrafish. An upregulation of the unfolded protein response was observed in mutant zebrafish indicative of increased endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mutant wfs1b-/- zebrafish exhibit some of the key features seen in patients with WS, providing a versatile and cost-effective in vivo model that can be used to further investigate the underlying pathophysiology of WS and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cairns
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - F Burté
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R Price
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - E O'Connor
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - M Toms
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - R Mishra
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation, Trust, London, UK
| | - A Pyle
- The Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J A Sayer
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Renal Medicine, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P Yu-Wai-Man
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK.
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Cairns G, Belshaw A. 675 ICA Ligation and Malignant MCA Syndrome Secondary to A Gunshot Wound: A Case Presentation. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab259.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Penetrating carotid injuries occur infrequently in the UK. Without surgical intervention, mortality rates are close to 100%. Whilst vessel repair is the optimal surgical choice, zone III neck injuries or haemodynamic instability in particular often require vessel ligation, which carries higher mortality rates, increased risk of stroke and poorer outcomes overall.
We present a young patient who sustained a gunshot wound to the neck. Emergency exploration revealed a penetrating injury to zone III of the left side of the neck and a complete transection of the left internal carotid artery. Due to haemodynamic instability, damage control surgery was mandated, and the internal carotid artery was ligated. The patient was admitted to ITU but had a severe acute neurological deterioration post-operation. CT head imaging revealed a large left frontal-parietal infarct with rightward midline shift, in keeping with malignant MCA syndrome. He underwent an emergency decompressive craniectomy, with resolution of the midline shift seen on subsequent imaging. At 3 months, the patient walked independently out of hospital, with a reduction in his modified Rankin Scale score from 5 to 2 following intensive therapies input.
Whilst rare, the importance of timely recognition and intervention of an infrequent complication of carotid ligation is paramount. Decompressive craniectomy is the mainstay of treatment for malignant MCA syndrome, yet outcomes remain poor in all ages, highlighting the patient’s noteworthy recovery. Though emerging evidence suggests novel endovascular repair techniques may provide favourable outcomes and reduced complications in carotid injuries, open surgery remains the treatment of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cairns
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Belshaw
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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O’Connor E, Phan V, Cairns G, Cordts I, Hettwer S, Roos A, Lochmuller H. Testing a novel therapy in a MYO9A-related Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome zebrafish model. Neuromuscul Disord 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(18)30371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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O’Donoghue PG, Hughes MG, Rudkin S, Bloomfield J, Cairns G, Powell S. Work-rate analysis using the POWER (Periods of Work Efforts and Recoveries) System. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2005.11868311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. O’Donoghue
- School of Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff, Wales, CF 23 6XD, UK
| | - Michael G. Hughes
- School of Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff, Wales, CF 23 6XD, UK
| | - S. Rudkin
- School of Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff, Wales, CF 23 6XD, UK
| | - J. Bloomfield
- Department of Sport Science, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - G. Cairns
- School of Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff, Wales, CF 23 6XD, UK
| | - S. Powell
- School of Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff, Wales, CF 23 6XD, UK
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Simmons R, Kall M, Collins S, Cairns G, Taylor S, Nelson M, Fidler S, Porter K, Fox J. A global survey of HIV-positive people's attitudes towards cure research. HIV Med 2016; 18:73-79. [PMID: 27167600 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Involvement of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in the design of HIV cure studies is important, given the potential risks to participants. We present results of an international survey of PLHIV to define these issues and inform cure research. METHODS PLHIV were recruited in June-November 2014 through HIV websites, advocacy forums, social media and 12 UK HIV clinics. The survey included questions concerning demographics, HIV disease history, the desirability of types of cure and the patient's willingness to accept potential toxicity and treatment interruption (TI). We examined factors associated with TI and willingness to accept substantial risks. RESULTS A total of 982 PLHIV completed the survey; 87% were male, 79% white and 81% men who have sex with men (MSM). Fifty-one per cent were aged 25-44 years and 69% were UK residents. The median time since diagnosis was 7 years [interquartile range (IQR) 2-17 years]. Eighty-eight per cent were receiving antiretrovirals (91% reported undetectable viral load). Health/wellbeing improvements (96%) and an inability to transmit HIV (90%) were more desirable cure characteristics than testing HIV-negative (69%). Ninety-five per cent were interested in participating in cure studies, and 59% were willing to accept substantial risks. PLHIV with a low CD4 count [201-350 cells/μL vs. ≥ 350 cells/μL; odds ratio (OR) 2.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-4.00] were more likely to accept risks, whereas those with limited knowledge of HIV treatments vs. excellent/good knowledge and those aged ≥ 65 years vs. 45-64 years were less likely to accept risks [OR 0.58 (95% CI 0.37-0.90) and OR 0.18 (95% CI 0.07-0.45), respectively]. TI was acceptable for 62% of participants, with the main concerns being becoming unwell (82%), becoming infectious (76%) and HIV spreading through the body (76%). CONCLUSIONS Cure research was highly acceptable to the PLHIV surveyed. Most individuals would accept risks, including TI, even in the absence of personal benefit. An optimal cure would improve health and minimize onward transmission risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Simmons
- MRC, Clinical Trials Unit University College, London, UK
| | - M Kall
- Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | | | - S Taylor
- Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Nelson
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - K Porter
- MRC, Clinical Trials Unit University College, London, UK
| | - J Fox
- Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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Fidler S, Anderson J, Azad Y, Delpech V, Evans C, Fisher M, Gazzard B, Gill N, Lazarus L, Lowbury R, Orton K, Osoro B, Radcliffe K, Smith B, Churchill D, Rogstad K, Cairns G. Position statement on the use of antiretroviral therapy to reduce HIV transmission, January 2013: the British HIV Association (BHIVA) and the Expert Advisory Group on AIDS (EAGA). HIV Med 2013; 14:259-62. [PMID: 23489936 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Fidler
- Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Cairns G, Alcorn K. O421 When to start therapy? The patient's viewpoint. J Int AIDS Soc 2008. [DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-11-s1-o43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
Computerised videokeratography is increasing in sophistication and accuracy. The Orbscan II Videokeratographer combines the advantages of Placido derived and slit-scanning derived topography, to acquire shape information on the posterior surface of the cornea. The purpose of this paper is to construct a model of slit-scanning elevation topography and highlight potential sources of variation in this methodology. Ray tracing calculations were performed on a defined, theoretical, spherical model to obtain a pachymetric measurement. These calculations were tested by comparing the pachymetry measurement derived from the model, over a refractive index shift from 1.376 to 1.400 with the pachymetry measurement obtained by Orbscan II, of a human eye, with an identical alteration in refractive index. The two methods of measurement differed by only 0.157 microm, suggesting that the model is a good representation of slit-scanning elevation topography, and that refractive index variations have only a minimal effect on Orbscan II pachymetry measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cairns
- Discipline of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Cairns G, Kerr KG, Beggs CB, Sleigh PA, Mooney L, Keig P, Donnelly JK. Susceptibility of Burkholderia cepacia and other pathogens of importance in cystic fibrosis to u.v. light. Lett Appl Microbiol 2001; 32:135-8. [PMID: 11264740 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.00874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the potential usefulness of u.v. germicidal irradiation (UVGI) in preventing the spread of Burkholderia cepacia, an important pathogen in cystic fibrosis (CF), the in-vitro susceptibility of B. cepacia to UVGI was determined. Five strains were exposed to UVGI from a 7.2-W source. Burkholderia cepacia was less susceptible to UVGI than other important CF-related pathogens, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but was more susceptible than Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. No strain of B. cepacia survived longer than an 8 s exposure to UVGI, with doses required to achieve 1 log reduction in bacterial numbers ranging from 28.3 to 57.5 J m(-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cairns
- Department of Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Kerr KG, Beggs CB, Sleigh PA, Cairns G, Donnelly JK. Transmission of tuberculosis. J Hosp Infect 2000; 46:77-8. [PMID: 11023728 DOI: 10.1053/jhin.2000.0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Beggs CB, Kerr KG, Donnelly JK, Sleigh PA, Mara DD, Cairns G. The resurgence of tuberculosis in the tropics. An engineering approach to the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other airborne pathogens: a UK hospital based pilot study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000; 94:141-6. [PMID: 10897350 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(00)90250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The world-wide occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) is very high, and in many parts of the world prevalence has reached epidemic proportions. While the WHO's global 'directly observed therapy short-course' (DOTS) programme has yielded some notable successes, it has reached only 12% of the world's TB cases (1996 data). This suggests that the use of drug therapy alone is not enough to solve the global TB problem and that prevention using public health engineering techniques may provide a complementary solution. There are a number of engineering control strategies, such as the use of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) and advanced ventilation techniques, which can be used to combat the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other airborne pathogens. This paper describes a pilot study currently being undertaken at the Leeds General Infirmary in the UK, which is investigating the use of UVGI to disinfect air in ward spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Beggs
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, UK
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Cairns G, Kerr K, Beggs C, Sleigh P, Mooney L, Keig P, Donnelly J. Susceptibility of Burkholderia cepacia and other pathogens of importance in cystic fibrosis to ultraviolet light. J Infect 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0163-4453(00)80051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Results from simulations of weight perturbation as an on-chip learning scheme for analogue VLSI neural networks are presented. The limitations of analogue hardware are modelled as realistically as possible. Thus synaptic weight precision is defined according to the smallest change in the weight setting voltage which gives a measurable change at the output of the corresponding neuron. Tests are carried out on a hard classification problem constructed from mobile robot navigation data. The simulations show that the degradation in classification performance on a 500-pattern test set caused by the introduction of realistic hardware constraints is acceptable: with 8-bit weights, updated probabilistically and with a simplified output error criterion, the error rate increases by no more than 7% when compared with weight perturbation implemented with full 32-bit precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tarassenko
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Mira M, Cairns G. Intervention in the interaction of a mother and child with nonorganic failure to thrive. Pediatr Nurs 1981; 7:41-5. [PMID: 6907836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Roberts M, Bondy A, Mira M, Cairns G. Continuous tracking of behavioral development in infants. J Genet Psychol 1978; 132:225-60. [PMID: 670954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infant development scales provide a one time measure of the number of scale items an infant performs and his standing relative to his age group. Repeated assessment indicates how many more items he can perform and whether his relative status has altered but does not measure actual changes in the same behaviors as development progresses. This paper discusses the importance of continuously measuring the same behavior over time as an alternative strategy. The developmental information is exemplified by the behavioral records of two infants observed over a 25-week period for changes in frequency and duration of three prone position motor responses.
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Cairns G. Veterinarians and Horse Racing. Can Vet J 1961; 2:274. [PMID: 17421381 PMCID: PMC1585734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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Cairns G. Tranquillizers and Race Horses. Can Vet J 1960; 1:514. [PMID: 17421269 PMCID: PMC1585603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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Cairns G. Letter to the Editor. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 1956; 20:405. [PMID: 17648921 PMCID: PMC1614309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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