1
|
Faggio G, Politano GG, Lisi N, Capasso A, Messina G. The structure of chemical vapor deposited graphene substrates for graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J Phys Condens Matter 2024; 36:195303. [PMID: 38286012 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Defects and nanocrystalline grain structures play a critical role in graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (GERS). In this study, we selected three types of few-layer, polycrystalline graphene films produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and we tested them as GERS substrates. The graphene structure was controlled by decreasing the CVD temperature, thus obtaining (i) polycrystalline with negligible defect density, (ii) polycrystalline with high defect density, (iii) nanocrystalline. We applied rhodamine 6G as a probe molecule to investigate the Raman enhancement. Our results show that nanocrystalline graphene is the most sensitive GERS substrate, indicating that the GERS effect is primarily connected to the nanocrystalline structure, rather than to the presence of defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Faggio
- Department of Information Engineering, Infrastructures and Sustainable Energy (DIIES), University 'Mediterranea' of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio, Calabria, Italy
| | - G G Politano
- Department of Information Engineering, Infrastructures and Sustainable Energy (DIIES), University 'Mediterranea' of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio, Calabria, Italy
| | - N Lisi
- Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, Roma 00123, Italy
| | - A Capasso
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga 4715-330, Portugal
| | - G Messina
- Department of Information Engineering, Infrastructures and Sustainable Energy (DIIES), University 'Mediterranea' of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio, Calabria, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Romano D, Caridi F, Di Bella M, Italiano F, Magazù S, Caccamo MT, Tripodo A, Faggio G, Grillo R, Triolo C, Messina G, Gattuso A, Sabatino G. Natural Radioactivity of the Crystalline Basement Rocks of the Peloritani Mountains (North-Eastern Sicily, Italy): Measurements and Radiological Hazard. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2020; 191:ncaa178. [PMID: 33207370 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncaa178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline rocks can produce dangerous radiation levels on the basis of their content in radioisotopes. Here, we report radiological data from 10 metamorphic and igneous rock samples collected from the crystalline basement of the Peloritani Mountains (southern Italy). In order to evaluate the radiological properties of these rocks, the gamma radiation and the radon emanation have been measured. Moreover, since some of these rocks are employed as building materials, we assess the potential hazard for population connected to their use. Gamma spectroscopy was used to measure the 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activity concentration, whereas the radon emanation was investigated by using a RAD 7 detector. The results show 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activity concentration values ranging from (17 ± 4) to (56 ± 8) Bq kg-1, (14 ± 3) to (77 ± 14) Bq kg-1 and (167 ± 84) to (1760 ± 242) Bq kg-1, respectively. Values of the annual effective dose equivalent outdoor range from 0.035 to 0.152 mSv y-1, whereas the gamma index is in the range of 0.22-0.98. The 222Rn emanation coefficient and the 222Rn surface exhalation rate vary from (0.63 ± 0.3) to (8.27 ± 1.6)% and from (0.12 ± 0.03) to (2.75 ± 0.17) Bq m-2 h-1, respectively. The indoor radon derived from the building use of these rocks induces an approximate contribution to the annual effective dose ranging from 8 to 176 μSv y-1. All the obtained results suggest that the crystalline rocks from the Peloritani Mountains are not harmful for the residential population, even though they induce annual effective doses due to terrestrial gamma radiation above the worldwide average values. Moreover, their use as building materials does not produce significant health hazards connected to the indoor radon exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Romano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra (MIFT), Università di Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - F Caridi
- Dipartimento di Reggio Calabria, Agenzia Regionale per la protezione dell'Ambiente della Calabria, Italy (ARPACal), Via Troncovito SNC, 89135 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - M Di Bella
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - F Italiano
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - S Magazù
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra (MIFT), Università di Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - M T Caccamo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra (MIFT), Università di Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - A Tripodo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra (MIFT), Università di Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - G Faggio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, delle Infrastrutture e dell'Energia Sostenibile (DIIES), Università "Mediterranea", 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - R Grillo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, delle Infrastrutture e dell'Energia Sostenibile (DIIES), Università "Mediterranea", 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - C Triolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, dell'Energia, dell'Ambiente e dei Materiali (DICEAM), Università "Mediterranea", 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - G Messina
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, delle Infrastrutture e dell'Energia Sostenibile (DIIES), Università "Mediterranea", 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - A Gattuso
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - G Sabatino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra (MIFT), Università di Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ounally C, Essid M, Bruno G, Abid S, Faggio G, Aloui Z. Synthesis, crystal structure, vibrational and optical properties of a new Bi(III) halide complex: (C9H13N2O2)2Bi2Cl8. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
4
|
Santangelo S, Milone C, Lanza M, Pistone A, Messina G, Faggio G. Scaling laws for multi-walled carbon nanotube growth by catalyzed chemical vapor deposition. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2010; 10:1286-1295. [PMID: 20352790 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2010.1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of C nanotubes by catalyzed chemical vapor deposition at 600 degrees C is investigated, using yield and purity degree of C deposits to monitor the reaction outcome. From the reaction, carried out in C4H10-H2-He environment over Al2O3 supported Fe catalysts, multi-walled C nanotubes are attained, which, after purification, are analyzed by routinely-used diagnostics techniques. In order to clarify the role of the growth parameters, various experiments are performed changing flow rates of reactive gases, as well as, amount, metal load and reduction temperature of Fe/Al2O3 catalysts in the ranges 15-90 cc/min, 0.25-2.00 g, 10-40 wt% and 500-700 degrees C, respectively. Correspondingly, carbon yield varies between 47 wt% and 913 wt%, while purity degree between 56 wt% and 93 wt%. Owing to the lack of any correlation between these changes, it is initially quite difficult to envisage the effect, produced by any change of the growth conditions, on the final reaction outcome. The problem is solved by applying a semi-empirical approach, through which the "original" growth variables are combined to give dimensionless arguments (scaling laws for the reaction parameters), able to account for all the variation of yield and purity in the ranges considered. As final result, the growth issue can be easily predicted because carbon yield and purity degree can be approximated through very simple functions of the "new" process variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Santangelo
- Dip. di Meccanica e Materiali, Univ "Mediterranea", 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brescia R, De Sio A, Donato MG, Faggio G, Messina G, Pace E, Pucella G, Santangelo S, Sternschulte H, Verona Rinati G. Photoconductive properties of single-crystal CVD diamond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pssa.200303812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|