Inhibitor-immunology-study. Evaluation of inhibitor development in haemophilia B

The development of inhibitors in haemophilia B is one of the most important complications of replacement therapy, affecting mortality and morbidity. Inhibitor development is based on complex immunological factors, and to date, only little is known about its underlying mechanisms. Here, we present first results of the haemophilia B group of our Inhibitor-Immunology study.

PATIENTS, METHODS

So far we have analysed 15 patients with haemophilia B. Four of them developed a high titre inhibitor; the remaining 11 had no inhibitor. We evaluated 9 SNPs in 8 genes (CD40, CTLA-4 , IL-1β, IL-10, TLR2 , TLR4, TLR9, TNF-α). We compared the distribution of these alleles between inhibitor and non-inhibitor haemophilia B patients and between haemophilia B patients and a normal male control population. HLA typing was performed in all patients. Results, discussion: There appears to be a trend towards a skewed distribution of TLR 9, IL-10 and CTLA4 alleles in haemophilia B patients. Due to the limited number these differences are, however, not statistically significant. The t-test of all patients with inhibitor versus without inhibitor was significant for HLA-A*03 and DPB1*0401 and borderline for DRB1*0201.

The effect of valproate therapy on thrombin generation determined by calibrated automated thrombography

BACKGROUND

There is some evidence for coagulation disorders, e.g. decreased coagulation factor activity or thrombocytopenia, related to the use of antiepileptic drugs, mainly associated with valproate. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of valproate on thrombin generation.

METHOD

Patients with epilepsy receiving multiple anticonvulsant medications either with, or without, valproate were compared. The study group included 90 samples from patients with epilepsy, aged 1.3-20.1 years. Antiepileptic combination therapy without valproate was administered in 50 cases and therapy including valproate in 40 cases. The reference group consisted of 50 non-epileptic patients. Thrombin generation in platelet poor plasma was measured by calibrated automated thrombography.

RESULTS

No differences were measured for thrombin generation parameters between controls and patients without valproate therapy. In epileptic patients with valproate therapy, peak height and lag time were significantly lower in comparison to non-epileptic patients. In comparison to epileptic patients without valproate therapy, significant differences were found for lag time and peak time. Patients with valproate therapy had a significantly lower fibrinogen concentration. Platelet counts were decreased in a dose dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

No major differences in thrombin generation were found between children on antiepileptic therapy with and without valproate. The decreased fibrinogen levels result in shorter lag time and peak time.

Inhibitor-Immunology-Study

The development of inhibitors in haemophilia B is one of the most important complications of replacement therapy, affecting mortality and morbidity. Inhibitor development is based on complex immunological factors, and to date, only little is known about its underlying mechanisms. Here, we present first results of the haemophilia B group of our Inhibitor-Immunology study.

Patients, methods So far we have analysed 15 patients with haemophilia B. Four of them developed a high titre inhibitor; the remaining 11 had no inhibitor. We evaluated 9 SNPs in 8 genes (CD40, CTLA-4, IL-1β, IL-10, TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, TNF-α). We compared the distribution of these alleles between inhibitor and non-inhibitor haemophilia B patients and between haemophilia B patients and a normal male control population. HLA typing was performed in all patients.

Results, discussion There appears to be a trend towards a skewed distribution of TLR 9, IL-10 and CTLA4 alleles in haemophilia B patients. Due to the limited number these differences are, however, not statistically significant.The t-test of all patients with inhibitor versus without inhibitor was significant for HLA-A*03 and DPB1*0401 and borderline for DRB1*0201.

Nociceptor activation and protein extravasation induced by inflammatory mediators in human skin

Protein extravasation (PE) is known to play an important role in inflammatory conditions. In this study we used dermal microdialysis to apply inflammatory mediators (histamine, bradykinin, serotonin) to human skin. Locally induced PE was compared to pain ratings and axon reflex erythema measured simultaneously. Linear microdialysis capillaries (outer diameter 0.4 mm; cut-off 3000 kDa) were inserted intracutaneously at a length of 1.5 cm in the volar forearm of healthy volunteers. The capillaries were perfused with Ringer's solution at a constant flow rate of 4 microl/min. The perfusate was sampled at 15-min intervals and was analysed for total protein concentration. After a baseline of 60 min, the perfusion was switched to inflammatory mediators for 30 min and then back to vehicle again. Sensations evoked by the stimulation were assessed on a visual analogue scale and visible axon reflex erythema was measured planimetrically.Dose-dependent increases in PE could be assessed for all inflammatory mediators tested. Bradykinin (10(-7)M) induced a significant PE, whereas serotonin was effective only at a concentration of 10(-3)M. While serotonin in lower concentrations induced moderate burning pain and an axon reflex flare but no PE, bradykinin provoked PE without pain or axon reflex flare at a concentration of 10(-7)M. Application of histamine similarly evoked PE at lower concentrations as compared to the induction of itch sensation and axon reflex flare. It is concluded that there is no link between nociceptor activation and protein extravasation induced by inflammatory mediators in healthy human skin.

Acute effects of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in human skin--a microdialysis study

Upon activation nociceptors release neuropeptides in the skin provoking vasodilation and plasma protein extravasation in rodents, but only vasodilation in humans. Pivotal peptides in the induction of neurogenic inflammation comprise calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P, the latter being suggested to act partly via degranulation of mast cells. In this study substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced vasodilation, protein extravasation, histamine release, and sensory effects were investigated simultaneously in human skin by dermal microdialysis. The vasodilatory prostaglandin E(2) and the mast cell activator codeine served as positive controls. Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide applied intradermally via large cut-off plasmapheresis capillaries induced dose-dependent local vasodilation, but only SP provoked protein extravasation in concentrations greater than 10(-9) M. Substance P-induced (10(-8)-10(-6) M) protein extravasation was not accompanied by histamine release and was unaffected by cetirizine (histamine H1 blocker, 200 microg per ml). Only the highest concentration of substance P (10(-5) M) induced significant histamine release. Neither neuropeptide caused any axon reflex erythema or any itch or pain sensation, whereas mast cell degranulation by codeine dose dependently provoked itch, flare, protein extravasation, and histamine release. In human skin calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P induce vasodilation by a mechanism not involving histamine. No evidence for neuropeptide-induced activation of nociceptors was obtained. Our results suggest that endogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P have no acute sensory function in human skin. The lack of neurogenic protein extravasation in humans can most probably be attributed to low local concentrations of this neuropeptide still sufficient to exert trophic and immunomodulatory effects (10(-11) M), but too low to induce protein extravasation (10(-8) M) or even mast cell degranulation (10(-5) M). J Invest Dermatol 115:1015-1020 2000

Mast cell mediators other than histamine induce pruritus in atopic dermatitis patients: a dermal microdialysis study

While histamine is the crucial mediator of pruritus in type 1 allergic reactions, its role in atopic dermatitis (AD) is unclear. In this study, the role of mast cell mediators in protein extravasation and pruritus was evaluated using intradermal microdialysis. The microdialysis capillaries were used to apply the mast cell degranulating substance compound 48/80 (C48/80; 0.05%) or histamine (0.01%) and also to deliver H1-blockers (cetirizine, 200 microg mL-1) in nine AD patients and nine controls. Large pore size membranes (3000 kDa) enabled simultaneous analysis of protein extravasation. Itch sensation was measured psychophysically and weal and flare reaction were evaluated planimetrically. Protein extravasation induced by histamine and C48/80 was significantly reduced in AD patients. Blockade of H1-receptors by cetirizine significantly reduced C48/80-induced protein extravasation in AD patients and controls to an identical level. C48/80-induced pruritus was abolished by cetirizine in controls, whereas pruritus in AD patients was unchanged after H1 blockade. We conclude that mast cell mediators others than histamine are involved in C48/80-induced pruritus in AD patients. Whether the reduced capacity of AD patients to induce protein extravasation is of pathophysiological relevance for pruritus remains to be established.