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Whatling GM, Biggs PR, Wilson C, Holt CA. Assessing functional recovery following total knee replacement surgery using objective classification of level gait data and patient-reported outcome measures. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2022; 95:105625. [PMID: 35429691 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2022.105625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient recovery can be quantified objectively, via gait analysis, or subjectively, using patient reported outcome measures. Association between these measures would explain the level of disability reported in patient reported outcome measures and could assist with therapeutic decisions. METHODS Total knee replacement outcome was assessed using objective classification and patient-reported outcome measures (Knee Outcome Survey and Oxford Knee Scores). A classifier was trained to distinguish between healthy and osteoarthritic characteristics using knee kinematics, ground reaction force and temporal gait data, combined with anthropometric data from 32 healthy and 32 osteoarthritis knees. For the osteoarthritic cohort, classification of 20 subjects quantified changes at up to 3 timepoints post-surgery. FINDINGS Osteoarthritic classification was reduced for 17 subjects when comparing pre- to post-operative assessments, however only 6 participants achieved non-pathological classification and only 4 of these were classified as non-pathological at 12 months. In 15 cases, the level of osteoarthritic classification did not decrease between every post-operative assessment. For an individual's recovery, classification outputs correlated (r > 0.5) with knee outcome survey for 75% of patients and oxford knee score for 78% of patients (based on 20 and 9 subjects respectively). Classifier outputs from all visits of the combined total knee replacement sample correlated moderately with knee outcome survey (r > 0.4) and strongly with oxford knee score (r > 0.6). INTERPRETATION Biomechanical deficits existed in most subjects despite improvements in Patient Reported Outcome Measures, with larger changes reported subjectively as compared to measured objectively. Objective Classification provides additional insight alongside Patient Reported Outcomes when reporting recovered outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Whatling
- Cardiff School of Engineering, College of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Biomechanics and Bioengineering Research Centre Versus Arthritis, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - P R Biggs
- Cardiff School of Engineering, College of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Biomechanics and Bioengineering Research Centre Versus Arthritis, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - C Wilson
- Biomechanics and Bioengineering Research Centre Versus Arthritis, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - C A Holt
- Cardiff School of Engineering, College of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Biomechanics and Bioengineering Research Centre Versus Arthritis, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Biggs PR, Whatling GM, Wilson C, Holt CA. Correlations between patient-perceived outcome and objectively-measured biomechanical change following Total Knee Replacement. Gait Posture 2019; 70:65-70. [PMID: 30826689 PMCID: PMC7374408 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total Knee Replacement (TKR) surgery is being utilised in a younger, more active population with greater functional expectations. Understanding whether patient-perceived measures of function reflect objective biomechanical measures is critical in understanding whether functional limitations can be adequately captured within a clinical setting. RESEARCH QUESTION Do changes in objective gait biomechanics measures reflect patient-reported outcome measures at approximately 12 months following TKR surgery? METHODS Three-dimensional gait analysis was performed on 41 patients with OA who were scheduled for TKR surgery, 22 of which have returned for a (9-24 month) follow-up assessment. Principal Component Analysis was used to define features of variation between OA subjects and an additional 31 non-pathological control subjects. These were used to train the Cardiff Classifier, an objective classification technique, and subsequently quantify changes following TKR surgery. Patient-perceived changes were also assessed using the Oxford Knee Score (OKS), Knee Outcome Survey (KOS), and Pain Audit Collection System scores (PACS). Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to establish the relationship between changes in objectively-measured and perceived outcome. RESULTS Objective measures of biomechanical change were strongly correlated to changes in OKS(r=-0.695, p < 0.001) and KOS(r=-.810, p < 0.001) assessed outcomes. Pain (PACS) was only related to biomechanical function post-operatively (r=-.623, p = 0.003). SIGNIFICANCE In this biomechanics study, the relationship between changes in objective function and patient-reported measures pre to post TKR surgery is stronger than in studies which did not include biomechanics metrics. Quality of movement may hold more significance for a patient's perception of improvement than functional measures which consider only the time taken or distance travelled during functional activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Biggs
- Cardiff School of Engineering, College of Physical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Arthritis Research UK Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - G M Whatling
- Cardiff School of Engineering, College of Physical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Arthritis Research UK Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - C Wilson
- Arthritis Research UK Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - C A Holt
- Cardiff School of Engineering, College of Physical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Arthritis Research UK Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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Metcalfe AJ, Stewart CJ, Postans NJ, Biggs PR, Whatling GM, Holt CA, Roberts AP. Abnormal loading and functional deficits are present in both limbs before and after unilateral knee arthroplasty. Gait Posture 2017; 55:109-115. [PMID: 28437757 PMCID: PMC5450932 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Unilateral knee replacement is often followed by a contralateral replacement in time and the biomechanics of the other knee before and after knee replacement remains poorly understood. The aim of this paper is to distinguish the features of arthritic gait in the affected and unaffected legs relative to a normal population and to assess the objective recovery of gait function post-operatively, with the aim of defining patients at risk of poor post-operative function. Twenty patients with severe knee OA but no pain or deformity in any other lower limb joint were compared to twenty healthy subjects of the same age. Gait analysis was performed and quadriceps and hamstrings co-contraction was measured. Fifteen subjects returned 1year following knee arthroplasty. Moments and impulses were calculated, principal component analysis was used to analyse the waveforms and a classification technique (the Cardiff Classifier) was used to select the most discriminant data and define functional performance. Comparing pre-operative function to healthy function, classification accuracies for the affected and unaffected knees were 95% and 92.5% respectively. Post-operatively, the affected limb returned to the normal half of the classifier in 8 patients, and 7 of those patients returned to normal function in the unaffected limb. Recovery of normal gait could be correctly predicted 13 out of 15 times at the affected knee, and 12 out of 15 times at the unaffected knee based on pre-operative gait function. Focused rehabilitation prior to surgery may be beneficial to optimise outcomes and protect the other joints following knee arthroplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Metcalfe
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, United Kingdom.
| | - C J Stewart
- The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom; The Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, United Kingdom
| | - N J Postans
- The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - P R Biggs
- The Arthritis Research UK Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre, Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - G M Whatling
- The Arthritis Research UK Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre, Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - C A Holt
- The Arthritis Research UK Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre, Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - A P Roberts
- The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
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Abstract
This study investigates the differences in hip biomechanics for subjects following a total hip arthroplasty (THA), through the lateral approach (LA) and posterior approach (PA), to those with no pathology (NP). The principal component analysis was performed on two kinematic and two kinetic waveforms (subject-based characteristics) from level gait to identify salient portions of the waveforms for comparison between the subject cohorts. These were classified to identify the differences between post-THA and non-pathological cohorts. The primary technique exposited in the THA analysis is classification and ranking belief simplex (CaRBS). Within the analysis, from the configuration of a CaRBS model, there is discussion on the model fit and contribution of the subject-based characteristics. Where appropriate, comparisons to the CaRBS model are made with the results from a logistic regression (LR) analysis. In terms of model fit, using CaRBS, 24 out of 27 LA/PA subjects (88.89%) and 13 out of 16 NP subjects (81.25%) were correctly classified as exhibiting either post-THA or NP hip functional characteristics during level gait, combining to 86.05% classification accuracy, compared with 81.40% classification accuracy when using LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Whatling
- Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Wales, UK.
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Abstract
Stair gait is a useful activity for the assessment of knee function. The aim of this study was to determine whether knee joint kinematics and moments are affected by the choice of stair gait cycle (SGC) and the step used to measure ground reaction forces (GRFs). This was investigated through motion analysis of ten non-pathological subjects as they ascended and descended a four-step staircase. The SGCs compared for ascent were, first, step 1 (measuring GRFs) to step 3 and, second, step 2 (measuring GRFs) to step 4, and vice versa for stair descent. Knee joint kinematics were not significantly influenced by the choice of SGC. For ascent, significantly larger peak adduction moments were measured for SGCs beginning on step 1 (0.30 ± 0.08 N m/kg) than for SGCs beginning on step 2 (0.23 ± 0.09 N m/kg). For descent, the second flexion moment peak was found to be significantly larger for SGCs ending on step 2 (1.17 ± 0.25 N m/kg) than for SGCs ending on step 1 (0.97 ± 0.19 N m/kg), and the first adduction moment peak was found to be significantly larger for SGCs ending on step 2 (0.28 ± 0.15 N m/kg) than for SGCs ending on step 1 (0.21 ± 0.18 N m/kg). This study highlights important considerations when planning stair gait measurement protocols and comparing results from studies made by other laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Whatling
- Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - C A Holt
- Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Whatling GM, Evans SL, Holt CA. Comparing different data collection and analysis techniques for quantifying healthy knee joint function during stair ascent and descent. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2010; 223:981-90. [PMID: 20092095 DOI: 10.1243/09544119jeim648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no standard data collection or analysis method for the assessment of stair gait using motion analysis. This makes the comparison of results from different studies difficult. It is important to gain an appreciation of the discrepancies in kinematic and kinetic information generated by employing different computational approaches, as these differences may be critical in cases where methodologies were to change over a long-term study. This study explores the effect of using different methodologies for the assessment of non-pathological knee function of ten subjects during stair ascent and descent. Two methods of computing knee kinematics were compared: (a) using in-house software and a pointer method of anatomical calibration and (b) using commercial software, Visual3D (C-motion, Inc.) and skin-mounted markers. Significant differences were found between the two methods when calculating a frontal plane range of motion (p < 0.05). Three methods of computing knee moments were compared. Knee moments computed using the inverse dynamic analysis (IDA) approach of Visual3D (C-motion, Inc.) were significantly different (p < 0.05) to those calculated using in-house IDA software that ignores the foot and ankle and to those computed using a vector cross-product approach. This study highlights the implications of comparing data generated from different collection and analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Whatling
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen's Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK.
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Whatling GM, Dabke HV, Holt CA, Jones L, Madete J, Alderman PM, Roberts P. Objective functional assessment of total hip arthroplasty following two common surgical approaches: the posterior and direct lateral approaches. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2008; 222:897-905. [PMID: 18935806 DOI: 10.1243/09544119jeim396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high number of total hip arthroplasty (THA) procedures performed each year, there is no common consensus on the best surgical approach. Gait is known to improve following THA although it does not return to what is typically quantified as normal, and surgical approach is believed to be a contributing factor. The current study evaluates postoperative hip function and provides an objective assessment following two common surgical approaches: the McFarland-Osborne direct lateral and the southern posterior. Faced with the common problem of providing an objective comparison from the wealth of data collected using motion analysis techniques, the current study investigates the application of an objective classification tool to provide information on the effectiveness of each surgery and to differentiate between the characteristics of hip function following the two approaches. Seven inputs for the classifier were determined through statistical analysis of the biomechanical data. The posterior approach group exhibited greater characteristics of non-pathological gait and displayed a greater range of functional ability as compared with the lateral approach cohort. The classification tool has proved to be successful in characterizing non-pathological and THA function but was insufficient in distinguishing between the two surgical cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Whatling
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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Whatling GM, Nokes LDM. Literature review of current techniques for the insertion of distal screws into intramedullary locking nails. Injury 2006; 37:109-19. [PMID: 16310192 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The procedure for distal interlocking of intramedullary nails can be difficult and time consuming. Following nail insertion, the problems associated with the location of the distal holes and correct screw placements are well known. Numerous techniques and devices have been proposed to aid distal targeting, in attempts to overcome some of the associated problems. The development of the techniques and devices continues. A review of the literature is therefore timely, in order to provide awareness of the current situation. An overview is presented of the various distal targeting methods reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Whatling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Medical Physics, Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queens Building, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 OYF, South Wales, UK.
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