Female reproductive factors and the risk of dementia: a nationwide cohort study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The aim was to investigate whether female reproductive factors are associated with dementia.

METHODS

In all, 4 696 633 post-menopausal women without dementia were identified using the Korean National Health Insurance System database. Data on reproductive factors were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Dementia was determined using dementia diagnosis codes and anti-dementia drug prescription. Cox proportional hazards regression was conducted to assess the hazard ratio (HR) for dementia according to reproductive factors.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 5.74 years, there were 212 227 new cases of all-cause dementia (4.5%), 162 901 cases of Alzheimer's disease (3.5%) and 24 029 cases of vascular dementia (0.5%). The HR of dementia was 1.15 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.16] for menarcheal age ≥17 years compared with menarcheal age 13-14 years, 0.79 (0.77-0.81) for menopausal age ≥55 years compared with menopausal age <40 years, and 0.81 (0.79-0.82) for fertility duration ≥40 years compared with fertility duration <30 years. Whilst being of parity one (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.85-0.94) and breastfeeding <6 months (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.88-0.95) was associated with lower risk of dementia, being of parity two or more (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.99-1.05) and breastfeeding ≥12 months (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.01-1.07) was associated with a higher risk of dementia than women without parity or breastfeeding history. Use of hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives independently reduced the dementia risk by 15% and 10%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Female reproductive factors are independent risk factors for dementia incidence, with higher risk associated with shorter lifetime endogenous estrogen exposure.

Lower urinary cotinine level is associated with a trend toward more myopic refractive errors in Korean adolescents

PurposeTo investigate the association between urinary cotinine levels as an objective biological marker for exposure to nicotine and refractive status.Patients and methodsThis cross-sectional study analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2008 and 2011. A total of 1139 Korean adolescents aged 12-18 years were enrolled. Urinary cotinine concentrations and other potential risk factors for myopia were examined. Correlation analyses and multivariate regression analysis were performed to investigate the association between urinary cotinine level and refractive error.ResultsSpherical equivalent correlated significantly with urinary cotinine concentration (r=0.104, P=0.011). Lower urinary cotinine level was associated with a trend toward more myopic refractive errors (P for trend=0.003). After adjusting for age, sex, area of residence, physical activity, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, parental income level, and receipt of basic livelihood security, subjects with a low urinary cotinine level had a significantly increased risk of myopia <-0.5 D (odds ratio (OR) 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18-3.21), <-3.0 D (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.29-3.2), and <-6.0 D (OR 2.2, 95% CI, 1.15-4.23) when compared with subjects with a high urinary cotinine level. As urinary cotinine level decreased, the risks of myopia <-0.5 D, <-3.0 D, and <-6.0 D increased significantly (P for trend <0.05).ConclusionA trend toward less myopic refractive error was observed among Korean adolescents with higher urinary cotinine levels. This result provides the epidemiologic evidence implying nicotine as a potential modulator related with refractive development. Further studies with full consideration for myopia-associated risk factors are required to yield clear answers on the direct effect of smoking to the refractive status.

Relationship between Serum Ferritin Levels and Dyslipidemia in Korean Adolescents

Background

Ferritin is associated with various cardiometabolic risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance in adults. We aimed to study the association between serum ferritin levels and dyslipidemia in adolescents, because dyslipidemia is considered an important modifiable cardiovascular risk factor in the young.

Methods

We analyzed 1,879 subjects (1,026 boys and 853 girls) from the 2009–2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV. Subjects were categorized into quartiles according to their lipid parameters, which were classified according to age and gender. Those in the highest quartile groups for total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride concentrations were diagnosed as having dyslipidemia. Those in the lowest quartile for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) values were diagnosed with abnormal levels.

Results

In boys, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglyceride concentrations were significantly correlated with serum ferritin levels. In both boys and girls, serum ferritin levels were negatively associated with HDL-C values, even after adjusting for all covariates. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between serum ferritin levels and total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride concentrations in girls.

Conclusion

Serum ferritin levels were significantly associated with major dyslipidemia parameters, more prominently in boys than in girls, and this association represents a cardiometabolic risk factor.

Glomerular Filtration Rate and Urine Albumin to Creatinine Ratio Associated With Hearing Impairment Among Korean Adults With Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

The objective of this study was to examine the association of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) with hearing impairment among diabetic adults in Korea. The study was based on data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 to 2012. Participants were 1206 diabetic adults, aged over 19 years, who completed audiometric testing supervised by nationally certified clinicians. Hearing impairment was defined in three grades: no hearing impairment (pure-tone average 0-25 dB), slight hearing impairment (26-40 dB), and disabling hearing impairment (>40 dB) in the better ear at frequencies 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 kHz. Using logistic regression, risk of hearing impairment was assessed after having controlled for confounding factors. Higher levels of ACR and lower levels of eGFR correlated with an increase in percentage of disabling hearing impairment both unilaterally and bilaterally (P < 0.001). Controlling for possible confounding covariates, odds ratios for hearing impairment showed tendency to increase in higher ACR groups (P for trend = 0.029). Similar pattern was examined between eGFR and hearing impairment (P for trend = 0.006). Odds ratios were 1.981 (1.146, 3.424) for ACR Q4 and 2.773 (1.286, 5.983) for eGFR < 60 mL/min. Fall in eGFR and rise in ACR correlated with severity of hearing impairment. The association existed independently of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking, drinking, exercise, new onset of diabetes, education, income, mental stress, noise exposure, and metabolic syndrome.

Relationship Between Dyslipidemia and Albuminuria in Hypertensive Adults: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

This study aimed to estimate the relationship between various lipid abnormalities and albuminuria in hypertensive Korean adults. Data obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2011 to 2012 were analyzed. The study included 2330 hypertensive participants. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured. Dyslipidemia parameters were defined as high TG ≥200 mg/dL, low HDL-C as HDL-C <40 mg/dL, high TC/HDL-C as TC/HDL-C ratio ≥4, high TG/HDL-C as TG/HDL-C ratio ≥3.8, and high LDL-C/HDL-C as LDL-C/HDL-C ratio ≥2.5. Albuminuria was defined as a urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥30 mg/g. Women with albuminuria showed significantly higher levels of TG, TC/HDL-C, and TG/HDL-C and a lower level of HDL-C than women without albuminuria (all P < 0.05). LogTG, TC/HDL-C, and logTG/HDL-C were positively correlated with ACR in both men and women; however, HDL-C was negatively correlated with ACR in women and non-HDL-C was positively correlated with ACR in men. In men, there was no association between ACR and lipid parameters. However, in women, higher values for logTG, TC/HDL-C, and logTG/HDL-C were associated with an increased odds ratio (OR) for albuminuria (OR [95% confidence interval]: 1.53 [1.06-2.21], 1.21 [1.02-1.45], and 1.78 [1.21-2.63], respectively) and HDL-C with a decreased OR for albuminuria (0.78 [0.67-0.92]) after adjusting for all covariates. LogTG, TC/HDL-C, and logTG/HDL-C were associated with an increased prevalence of albuminuria in hypertensive women. Screening and treatment for dyslipidemia may be necessary for hypertensive women to address potential albuminuria.

Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Menstrual Irregularity in Middle-Aged Korean Women

Background

Menstrual irregularity is a common major complaint in women of reproductive age. It is also a known marker for underlying insulin resistance. We investigated the association between menstrual irregularity and metabolic syndrome in the general population of middle-aged women in Korea.

Methods

This cross-sectional study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2012. A total of 2,742 subjects were included in the analysis. Participants were divided into two categories based on their menstrual cycle regularity and the relationship between metabolic syndrome and its variables was investigated by multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results

Adjusted analyses revealed significantly higher odds ratios for metabolic syndrome, high waist circumference, high triglyceride levels, and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with the presence of menstrual irregularity.

Conclusion

Metabolic syndrome and its components (high waist circumference, high triglyceride levels, and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels) were significantly associated with menstrual irregularity in women of reproductive age.

Suicidal ideation among postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V) from 2010 to 2012

BACKGROUND

Suicide is a major public health problem around the world. Some studies have found that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with depression in postmenopausal women. Depression is a well-known risk factor for suicide; therefore, we investigated the relationship between HRT and suicidal ideation in postmenopausal Korean women.

METHODS

We included 2286 postmenopausal women with or without HRT from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2012. The use and duration of HRT and mental health status, including stress, depressive mood, and suicidal ideation and attempts, were assessed by self-report questionnaires.

RESULTS

The proportion of participants with depressive mood and suicidal ideation was higher in the HRT group than the non-HRT group (all p values<0.05). As the duration of HRT increased, the percentage of participants with suicidal ideation increased (p for trend=0.006). After adjusting for all covariates, the odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) for suicidal ideation was 1.742 (1.223-2.482) in the women with HRT, compared to women without HRT. HRT duration longer than 10 years was associated with suicidal ideation (odds ratio=2.089 and 95% confidence intervals=1.069-4.084).

LIMITATIONS

The cross-sectional design, a possibility of incorrect answer about menopausal status, and no assessment of the type of HRT are the main limitations of this study.

CONCLUSION

Postmenopausal women receiving HRT, especially for more than 10 years, showed increased suicidal ideation compared with postmenopausal women without HRT. Physicians should pay attention to mood symptoms and suicidal ideation in postmenopausal women with HRT.

Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Levels are Associated With Concomitant Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Korean Hypertensive Patients: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

Previous studies suggested that serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels were associated with the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors including hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the general population. We aimed to investigate the relationship between serum GGT levels and CVD risk factors in Korean hypertensive patients. This cross-sectional study was based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2011 to 2012. The analysis included 1541 hypertensive participants. Study participants were divided into groups according to tertiles of serum GGT with cutoff points of 20 and 35 U/L. Serum GGT levels were positively associated with the components of MetS (P value < 0.05, except for systolic blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). After adjusting for possible confounders, serum GGT levels were associated with an increased risk of MetS, high waist circumference, high triglyceride level, fasting plasma glucose, DM, and the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (P = 0.001). In hypertensive patients, serum GGT levels are positively associated with major cardiovascular risk factors such as MetS, DM, and urinary albumin excretion.

Serum Ferritin Levels Are Positively Associated With Metabolically Obese Normal Weight: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between serum ferritin levels and metabolically obese normal weight (MONW) and to determine the appropriate cut-off value of serum ferritin for the prediction of clinical metabolic status in nonobese Korean adults. Data from 9411 participants in the fourth (2008) and fifth (2010) annual Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were used in this study. MONW was determined by combining National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, Wildman criteria, and homeostatic model assessment criteria for metabolic healthy obesity. The mean serum ferritin level was 103.5 ± 1.2 ng/mL in men and 45.5 ± 0.6 ng/mL in women. The estimated cutoff value of serum ferritin for the prediction of MONW was 127.03 ng/mL in men and 46.87 ng/mL in women. Both men and women who had higher serum ferritin levels than the cutoff value had a higher prevalence of MONW than those individuals who had lower serum ferritin levels than the cutoff value. In the final multivariable adjusted logistic regression model, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of MONW in the subjects who had higher serum ferritin levels than the cutoff value was 1.631 (1.312-2.028) in men and 1.298 (1-1.685) in women. In this study, serum ferritin levels were positively associated with MONW, and those subjects who had higher serum ferritin levels than the cutoff value had a higher prevalence and a higher adjusted odds ratio for MONW despite being nonobese.

Prevalence and control of hypertension and albuminuria in South Korea: focus on obesity and abdominal obesity in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2012

BACKGROUND

Albuminuria is associated with cardiovascular disease, and the relationship between albuminuria and hypertension is well established in many studies. So the control of hypertension is critical for decreasing cardiovascular events and albuminuria. Obesity and abdominal obesity are also associated with hypertension and albuminuria. Therefore, we analyzed the relationship between albuminuria and the prevalence and control of hypertension in the general Korean population according to obesity status.

METHODS

We analyzed data from the 2011-2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and 9,519 subjects were included. Subjects were divided into four groups: non-obese/normal waist circumference, non-obese/high waist circumference, obese/normal waist circumference, and obese/high waist circumference.

RESULTS

Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were positively associated with albumin-creatinine ratio in all groups (all p values <0.005). Non-obese/normal waist circumference group were more likely to have hypertension (odds ratios [95% confidential intervals (CIs)] were 3.20 [2.21-4.63] in microalbuminuria level and 3.09 [1.05-9.14] in macroalbuminuria level), and less likely to have controlled hypertension (odds ratios <1 for both albuminuria levels) after adjusting for all covariates. Obese/normal waist circumference group were also more likely to have hypertension (odds ratio [95% CI] were 3.10 [1.56-6.15] in microalbuminuria level and 21.75 [3.66-129.04] in macroalbuminuria level), and less likely to have controlled hypertension in macroalbuminuria level (odds ratio [95% CI], 0.04 [0.01-0.15]).

CONCLUSIONS

Non-obese and normal waist circumference subjects have an increased prevalence and decreased control of hypertension in microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria levels. Screening for albuminuria may provide helpful information about hypertension and blood pressure control, particularly in the non-obese and normal waist circumference subjects.

Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity and their association with dyslipidemia in Korean elderly men: the 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BACKGROUND

Recently, aging has been shown to be associated with sarcopenic obesity (SO), of which decreased muscle mass and increased fat mass are features. Sarcopenia and obesity alone are known to be associated with abnormal lipid metabolism. However, it remains unclear whether SO has greater adverse effects on dyslipidemia than on sarcopenia or obesity alone.

AIM

We aimed to investigate the association between SO and dyslipidemia in elderly Koreans.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

This study was based on data collected during the 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We included 1,466 men and 2,017 women aged 65 years and over. Sarcopenia was indicated in participants with height- or weight-adjusted appendicular skeletal muscle that was 1 standard deviation below the sex-specific mean for the young reference group, and obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m(2). Dyslipidemia was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III.

RESULTS

After adjusting for confounding factors, the SO group had a higher risk for dyslipidemia [odds ratio (OR) 2.82 (95 % confidence interval 1.76-4.51)] than the obese group [2.12 (1.11-4.07)] and sarcopenic group [1.46 (1.01-2.11)] (p < 0.001) only in men. Furthermore, the SO group in men had the highest OR for hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypo-high-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia, hyper-low-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia, and a high ratio of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol even after further adjustments.

CONCLUSIONS

In Korean elderly men, SO was associated with an increased risk for dyslipidemia compared with sarcopenia or obesity alone.

Relationship between socioeconomic status and anemia prevalence in adolescent girls based on the fourth and fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

We studied the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES), represented by household income, and the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) among adolescent girls in Korea.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

The samples were based on the data from a four-year (2008-2011) collection for the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1312 girls, age 10-18 years). The survey included demographic, anthropometric, biochemical and nutritional parameters. A multiple regression analysis after adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), red blood cell count, white blood cell count and red meat intake was performed. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin level lower than 11.5 g/dl for ages 10-11 years and 12.0 g/dl for ages 12-14 years. Iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin level below 15 μg/l.

RESULTS

The prevalences of anemia and IDA in Korean girls were 5.3 and 4.2%, respectively. Girls with anemia were older, taller, weighed more, had higher BMI, had higher portion of menarche experience and consumed less red meat than girls without anemia. Girls with higher income had lower anemia prevalence and consumed more iron and vitamins. Logistic regression analysis showed a decreasing trend in anemia prevalence as household income increased. Correlation analysis demonstrated that there is a relationship between household income and serum hemoglobin and ferritin levels (P=0.003 and P=0.026, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Higher SES leads to lower prevalence of anemia and IDA in Korean adolescent girls. This may be due to the fact that higher SES individuals consume more iron and vitamin C.

Oral health behaviors and metabolic syndrome: the 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

OBJECTIVES

This study examined whether oral health behaviors are associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korean adults involved in the 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 18,742 subjects (8,034 men and 10,708 women) were included. MetS was defined according to the criteria of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement for Asians. Oral health behavior was assessed using a questionnaire included in the KNHANES.

RESULTS

Subjects with MetS brushed their teeth less frequently and used fewer secondary oral products than subjects without MetS (p < 0.01). As frequency of toothbrushing and number of secondary oral products increased, body mass index, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, and white blood cell count decreased, but high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol increased (all p for trend <0.01). In the multivariable logistic regression models, as frequency of toothbrushing increased, the odds ratios (ORs) for MetS, abdominal obesity, and hyperglycemia are more than one after adjusting for age, gender, education, income, alcohol and tobacco use, physical activity, and the components of MetS. The ORs for MetS, abdominal obesity, and high blood pressure were more than one in subjects who do not use dental floss after adjusting for all covariates.

CONCLUSION

MetS is associated with infrequent daily toothbrushing and disuse of dental floss in South Korean.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Dentists may recommend evaluation for MetS in the patients with infrequent daily toothbrushing and disuse of dental floss.

Eating rate is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in Korean adults

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Eating slowly is a crucial concept in behavioural nutrition and is recommended for weight management as it is believed to have an important effect on satiety control. This study aimed to determine whether or not eating rate is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This was a cross-sectional study involving 8775 Korean adults, who visited the Center for Health Promotion of Korea University Anam Hospital in Seoul, Korea. In male study participants, weight and body mass index (BMI) were found to depend on eating rate after adjusting for age, alcohol consumption, smoking, exercise and total energy intake. When adjusted for age, alcohol consumption, smoking, exercise and BMI, differences were found between the eating rate groups with respect to high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) values, white blood cell (WBC) count and total energy intake. Female participants were found to be different from males in that diastolic blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- and HDL-cholesterol values were significantly different between each eating rate group, while ALT and ALP values, WBC count and total energy intake were not. Compared with the slow eating rate group (>15 min), the fastest eating rate group (<5 min) had significantly increased odds ratios for cardiometabolic risk factors such as high glucose and low HDL-cholesterol levels in males, even after adjusting for BMI.

CONCLUSION

Fast eating rates are associated with obesity and other cardiometabolic risk factors, particularly in men. Thus, eating slowly is recommended for weight reduction and to decrease cardiovascular risk factors.

Low bone mineral density is associated with metabolic syndrome in South Korean men but not in women: The 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

We examined the relationships between bone mineral density (BMD) and metabolic syndrome in 6,659 men and 7,826 women from South Korean. After adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), tobacco and alcohol use, and regular exercise, low BMD is especially associated with metabolic syndrome in South Korean men.

PURPOSE

This study examined the relationships between BMD and metabolic syndrome (MS) in South Korean adults.

METHODS

A total of 14,485 adults (6,659 men and 7,826 women) in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2008 to 2010 were analyzed. We used multivariable regression models to examine the relationship between low BMD and MS. We calculated homeostasis model assessment and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). MS was defined according to AHA/NHLBI criteria for Asians. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine (LS), femur neck (FN), total hip (TH), trochanter, and intertrochanter.

RESULTS

After adjustment for age, BMI, tobacco and alcohol use, and regular exercise, the TH and FN BMD were significantly lower in men with MS than in men without MS (p < 0.05). However, there were no differences in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. In men, BMD was positively correlated with BMI, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, but was negatively correlated with insulin, HOMA-IR, and triglyceride at all three sites (p < 0.05). Along with an increase of BMD (0.1 g/cm²), the odds ratios (ORs) for obesity and abdominal obesity were all greater than 1 at all sites in both genders. The ORs for hypertension and MS were 0.937 (0.879-0.998) and 0.899 (0.840-0.962), respectively at FN, and the OR for diabetes mellitus was 1.103 (1.017-1.196) at LS in men. In postmenopausal women, the OR for hypertension was 1.133 (1.029-1.246) at LS.

CONCLUSIONS

Low BMD was especially associated with MS in South Korean men.

Low bone mineral density is associated with dyslipidemia in South Korean men: the 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

This study examined the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and dyslipidemia in South Korean men. Data from 6,300 men who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008 to 2010 were analyzed, including serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) after 8 hours of fasting and mean BMD measured at the lumbar spine (LS), total hip (TH), and femoral neck (FN). Dyslipidemia was defined according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Other parameters of dyslipidemia were also calculated, such as TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, non-HDL-C (NHDL-C), and LDL-C/HDL-C. Men with dyslipidemia and high levels of TG, TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, NHDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C had lower BMD than men without dyslipidemia at the LS, TH, and FN after adjustment for age and body mass index (all p<0.01). On multivariable regression analysis, all odds ratios for high levels of TG, TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, NHDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C with an increase in BMD (per standard deviation) were <1 at all 3 sites after adjustment for age and body mass index (model 1). After adjustment for all covariates, only odds ratios for high levels of TG, TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, and NHDL-C were <1 at all 3 sites (model 2), but an increase in BMD was not associated with high LDL-C levels in models 1 and 2. In conclusion, BMD was inversely correlated with parameters of atherogenic dyslipidemia in South Korean men.