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Carro MDLM, Gonorazky G, Soto D, Mamone L, Bagnato C, Pagnussat LA, Beligni MV. Expression of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast diacylglycerol acyltransferase 3 is induced by light in concert with triacylglycerol accumulation. Plant J 2022; 110:262-276. [PMID: 35043497 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made towards the understanding of triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in algae. One key aspect is finding conditions that trigger TAG production without reducing cell division. Previously, we identified a soluble diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), related to plant DGAT3, with heterologous DGAT activity. In this work, we demonstrate that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii DGAT3 localizes to the chloroplast and that its expression is induced by light, in correspondence with TAG accumulation. Dgat3 mRNAs and TAGs increase in both wild-type and starch-deficient cells grown with acetate upon transferring them from dark or low light to higher light levels, albeit affected by the particularities of each strain. The response of dgat3 mRNAs and TAGs to light depends on the pre-existing levels of TAGs, suggesting the existence of a negative regulatory loop in the synthesis pathway, although an effect of TAG turnover cannot be ruled out. Altogether, these results hint towards a possible role of DGAT3 in light-dependent TAG accumulation in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Las Mercedes Carro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7608FBY, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Gonorazky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7608FBY, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Débora Soto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7608FBY, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Leandro Mamone
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7608FBY, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Carolina Bagnato
- Instituto de Energía y Desarrollo Sustentable (IEDS), Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Centro Atómico Bariloche, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Luciana A Pagnussat
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7620EMA, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - María Verónica Beligni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, B7608FBY, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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D'Ambrosio JM, Gonorazky G, Sueldo DJ, Moraga J, Di Palma AA, Lamattina L, Collado IG, Laxalt AM. The sesquiterpene botrydial from Botrytis cinerea induces phosphatidic acid production in tomato cell suspensions. Planta 2018; 247:1001-1009. [PMID: 29340795 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The phytotoxin botrydial triggers PA production in tomato cell suspensions via PLD and PLC/DGK activation. PLC/DGK-derived PA is partially required for botrydial-induced ROS generation. Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a phospholipid second messenger involved in the induction of plant defense responses. It is generated via two distinct enzymatic pathways, either via phospholipase D (PLD) or by the sequential action of phospholipase C and diacylglycerol kinase (PLC/DGK). Botrydial is a phytotoxic sesquiterpene generated by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea that induces diverse plant defense responses, such as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we analyzed PA and ROS production and their interplay upon botrydial treatments, employing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cell suspensions as a model system. Botrydial induces PA production within minutes via PLD and PLC/DGK. Either inhibition of PLC or DGK diminishes ROS generation triggered by botrydial. This indicates that PLC/DGK is upstream of ROS production. In tomato, PLC is encoded by a multigene family constituted by SlPLC1-SlPLC6 and the pseudogene SlPLC7. We have shown that SlPLC2-silenced plants have reduced susceptibility to B. cinerea. In this work, we studied the role of SlPLC2 on botrydial-induced PA production by silencing the expression of SlPLC2 via a specific artificial microRNA. Upon botrydial treatments, SlPLC2-silenced-cell suspensions produce PA levels similar to wild-type cells. It can be concluded that PA is a novel component of the plant responses triggered by botrydial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Martin D'Ambrosio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC. 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Gonorazky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC. 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Javier Moraga
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Cádiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Andrés Arruebarrena Di Palma
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC. 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC. 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Ana Maria Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC. 1245, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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Gonorazky G, Guzzo MC, Abd‐El‐Haliem AM, Joosten MH, Laxalt AM. Silencing of the tomato phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C2 (SlPLC2) reduces plant susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea. Mol Plant Pathol 2016; 17:1354-1363. [PMID: 26868615 PMCID: PMC6638316 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The tomato [Solanum lycopersicum (Sl)] phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) gene family is composed of six members, named SlPLC1 to SlPLC6, differentially regulated on pathogen attack. We have previously shown that the fungal elicitor xylanase induces a raise of SlPLC2 and SlPLC5 transcripts and that SlPLC2, but not SlPLC5, is required for xylanase-induced expression of defense-related genes. In this work we studied the role of SlPLC2 in the interaction between tomato and the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Inoculation of tomato leaves with B. cinerea increases SlPLC2 transcript levels. We knocked-down the expression of SlPLC2 by virus-induced gene silencing and plant defense responses were analyzed upon B. cinerea inoculation. SlPLC2 silenced plants developed smaller necrotic lesions concomitantly with less proliferation of the fungus. Silencing of SlPLC2 resulted as well in a reduced production of reactive oxygen species. Upon B. cinerea inoculation, transcript levels of the salicylic acid (SA)-defense pathway marker gene SlPR1a were diminished in SlPLC2 silenced plants compared to non-silenced infected plants, while transcripts of the jasmonic acid (JA)-defense gene markers Proteinase Inhibitor I and II (SlPI-I and SlPI-II) were increased. This implies that SlPLC2 participates in plant susceptibility to B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gonorazky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET‐Universidad Nacional de Mar del PlataCC. 12457600Mar del PlataArgentina
| | - María Carla Guzzo
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos VegetalesCIAP, INTA, CórdobaArgentina
| | - Ahmed M. Abd‐El‐Haliem
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB WageningenThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamScience Park 904, 1098 XH AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Matthieu H.A.J. Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ana María Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET‐Universidad Nacional de Mar del PlataCC. 12457600Mar del PlataArgentina
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Gonorazky G, Ramirez L, Abd-El-Haliem A, Vossen JH, Lamattina L, ten Have A, Joosten MHAJ, Laxalt AM. The tomato phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C2 (SlPLC2) is required for defense gene induction by the fungal elicitor xylanase. J Plant Physiol 2014; 171:959-65. [PMID: 24913053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The tomato [Solanum lycopersicum (Sl)] phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) gene family is composed of six members, named SlPLC1 to SlPLC6, differentially regulated upon pathogen attack. We have previously shown that the fungal elicitor xylanase rapidly induces nitric oxide (NO), which is required for PI-PLCs activity and downstream defense responses in tomato cell suspensions. Here, we show that all six SlPLC genes are expressed in tomato cell suspensions. Treatment of the cells with xylanase induces an early increase in SlPLC5 transcript levels, followed by a raise of the amount of SlPLC2 transcripts. The production of NO is required to augment SlPLC5 transcript levels in xylanase-treated tomato cells. Xylanase also induces SlPLC2 and SlPLC5 transcript levels in planta. We knocked-down the expression of SlPLC2 and SlPLC5 by virus-induced gene silencing. We found that SlPLC2 is required for xylanase-induced expression of the defense-related genes PR1 and HSR203J.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gonorazky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas - CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, CP 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Leonor Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas - CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, CP 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Ahmed Abd-El-Haliem
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack H Vossen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas - CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, CP 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Arjen ten Have
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas - CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, CP 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana M Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas - CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, CP 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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Gonorazky G, Distéfano AM, García-Mata C, Lamattina L, Laxalt AM. Phospholipases in Nitric Oxide-Mediated Plant Signaling. Signaling and Communication in Plants 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-42011-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Gonorazky G, Laxalt AM, Dekker HL, Rep M, Munnik T, Testerink C, de la Canal L. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate is associated to extracellular lipoproteic fractions and is detected in tomato apoplastic fluids. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2012; 14:41-9. [PMID: 21972816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We have recently detected phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) in the extracellular medium of tomato cell suspensions. Extracellular PI4P was shown to trigger the activation of defence responses induced by the fungal elicitor xylanase. In this study, by applying a differential centrifugation technique, we found that extracellular PI4P is associated with fractions composed of diverse phospholipids and proteins, which were pelleted from the extracellular medium of tomato cell suspensions grown under basal conditions. Using mass spectrometry, we identified the proteins present in these pelleted fractions. Most of these proteins have previously been characterised as having a role in defence responses. Next, we evaluated whether PI4P could also be detected in an entire plant system. For this, apoplastic fluids of tomato plants grown under basal conditions were analysed using a lipid overlay assay. Interestingly, PI4P could be detected in intercellular fluids obtained from tomato leaflets and xylem sap of tomato plants. By employing electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), other phospholipids were also found in intercellular fluids of tomato plants. These had a markedly different profile from the phospholipid pattern identified in entire leaflets. Based on these results, the potential role of extracellular phospholipids in plant intercellular communication is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gonorazky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Raho N, Ramirez L, Lanteri ML, Gonorazky G, Lamattina L, ten Have A, Laxalt AM. Phosphatidic acid production in chitosan-elicited tomato cells, via both phospholipase D and phospholipase C/diacylglycerol kinase, requires nitric oxide. J Plant Physiol 2011; 168:534-9. [PMID: 20951469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA) are involved in plant defense responses during plant-pathogen interactions. NO has been shown to be involved in the induction of PA production in response to the pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) xylanase in tomato cells. It was shown that NO is critical for PA production induced via phospholipase C (PLC) in concerted action with diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) but not for the xylanase-induced PA via phospholipase D (PLD). In order to study whether this is a general phenomenon during PAMP perception or if it is particular for xylanase, we studied the effect of the PAMP chitosan in tomato cell suspensions. We observed a rapid NO production in tomato cells treated with chitosan. Chitosan induced the formation of PA by activating both PLD and PLC/DGK. The activation of either phospholipase-mediated signaling pathway was inhibited in cells treated with the NO scavenger cPTIO. This indicates that NO is required for PA generation via both the PLD and PLC/DGK pathway during plant defense response in chitosan elicited cells. Responses downstream PA were studied. PLC inhibitors neomycin and U73122 inhibited chitosan-induced ROS production. Differences between xylanase and chitosan-induced phospholipid signaling pathways are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Raho
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Gonorazky G, Laxalt AM, de la Canal L. Involvement of phospholipase C in the responses triggered by extracellular phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate. J Plant Physiol 2010; 167:411-415. [PMID: 19889473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) is a minor phospholipid signal molecule involved in diverse biological processes. It is also the main precursor of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P(2)], which is well described as the substrate of the phospholipase C (PLC)-diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) signalling pathway. Recently, we have demonstrated that PI4P plays a role as an extracellular signalling molecule involved in the activation of xylanase-induced defence responses in tomato cell suspensions. Here we make an approach to the possible mode of action of extracellular PI4P by analysing the involvement of PLC/DGK signalling pathway. We show that extracellular PI4P can be incorporated into tomato cells and further metabolized to PI, although its conversion to PI(4,5)P(2) could not be detected. In addition, treatment of tomato cells with the PLC inhibitor U73122 inhibited the oxidative burst triggered by PI4P treatment, suggesting the involvement of PLC in the induction of this response. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that PI4P treatment does not induce DGK activity. These results indicate that PLC but not DKG activation would be triggered by extracellular PI4P. In this sense, a possible mode of action of extracellular PI4P as a direct substrate of PLC to induce this signalling pathway is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gonorazky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, CP 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Gonorazky G, Laxalt AM, Testerink C, Munnik T, de la Canal L. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate accumulates extracellularly upon xylanase treatment in tomato cell suspensions. Plant Cell Environ 2008; 31:1051-1062. [PMID: 18419735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Various phosphoinositides have been implicated in plant defence signalling. Until now, such molecules have been exclusively related to intracellular signalling. Here, evidence is provided for the detection of extracellular phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) in tomato cell suspensions. We have analysed and compared the intracellular and extracellular phospholipid profiles of [(32)P(i)]-prelabelled tomato cells, challenged with the fungal elicitor xylanase. These phospholipid patterns were found to be different, being phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) the most abundant phospholipid in the extracellular medium. Moreover, while cells responded with a typical increase in phosphatidic acid and a decrease in intracellular PIP upon xylanase treatment, extracellular PIP level increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Using two experimental approaches, the extracellular PIP isoform was identified as PI4P. Addition of PI4P to tomato cell suspensions triggered the same defence responses as those induced by xylanase treatment. These include production of reactive oxygen species, accumulation of defence-related gene transcripts and induction of cell death. We demonstrate that extracellular PI4P is accumulated in xylanase-elicited cells and that exogenous application of PI4P mimics xylanase effects, suggesting its putative role as an intercellular signalling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gonorazky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata CC (1245), CP (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina
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