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Mannello F, Tonti GA, Medda V, Simone P, Darbre PD. Analysis of aluminium content and iron homeostasis in nipple aspirate fluids from healthy women and breast cancer-affected patients. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 31:262-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Unit of Cell Biology; University ‘Carlo Bo’; via O. Ubaldini 7; 61029; Urbino; Italy
| | - Gaetana A. Tonti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Unit of Cell Biology; University ‘Carlo Bo’; via O. Ubaldini 7; 61029; Urbino; Italy
| | - Virginia Medda
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Unit of Cell Biology; University ‘Carlo Bo’; via O. Ubaldini 7; 61029; Urbino; Italy
| | - Patrizia Simone
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Unit of Cell Biology; University ‘Carlo Bo’; via O. Ubaldini 7; 61029; Urbino; Italy
| | - Philippa D. Darbre
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Reading; Whiteknights; Reading; RG6 6UB; UK
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Mannello F, Medda V, Tonti GA. Hypoxia and neural stem cells: from invertebrates to brain cancer stem cells. Int J Dev Biol 2011; 55:569-81. [DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.103186fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mannello F, Tonti GA, Simone P, Ligi D, Medda V. Iron-binding proteins and C-reactive protein in Nipple Aspirate Fluids: role of Iron-driven inflammation in breast cancer microenvironment? Am J Transl Res 2010; 3:100-13. [PMID: 21139810 PMCID: PMC2981430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer, a worldwide disease with increasing incidence, develops from ductal/lobular epithelium. Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF), secreted from the breast ducts and lobules, can be analyzed to assess metabolic activity in breast microenvironment. Premalignant and malignant cell alterations may produce biochemical signals that deliver inflammatory proteins to the site. C-reactive protein (CRP), acute-phase protein considered a prognostic marker of inflammation, is frequently over-expressed in invasive breast carcinomas. Starting from the evidence that soluble and cell-bound iron binding protein Ferritin (FTN) and Transferrin (TRF) are crucially involved in breast inflammation and cancer, the aim of the present study is to analyze in NAF (a ductal fluid mirroring the breast microenvironment noninvasively collected from healthy and proven breast cancer affected women, n=38), the concentrations of CRP, FTN and TRF through high sensitive immunoassays. We analysed also serum (n=35) and milk samples (n=20) from healthy subjects. The mean level of CRP in Cancer NAF was significantly higher than in NoCancer NAF (P < 0.0001), especially in postmenopausal patients. Moreover, in Cancer NAF we detected higher levels of TRF and FTN respect to NoCancer NAF (P<0.001). A highly significant positive correlation between FTN and CRP content (Y= 2322x + 6.196, r(2) = 0.651, P<0.0001) was found. These data may support the involvement of inflammation and deregulation of iron homeostasis in breast cancer etio-pathogenesis. The significant accumulation of CRP in NAF in conjunction to the disruption of iron homeostasis may help to identify women at higher breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Unit of Cell Biology, University "Carlo Bo" Urbino, Italy
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Mannello F, Tonti GA, Pederzoli A, Simone P, Smaniotto A, Medda V. Detection of Superoxide Dismutase-1 in Nipple Aspirate Fluids: A Reactive Oxygen Species—Regulating Enzyme in the Breast Cancer Microenvironment. Clin Breast Cancer 2010; 10:238-245. [DOI: 10.3816/cbc.2010.n.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Mannello F, Tonti GA, Medda V. Protein oxidation in breast microenvironment: Nipple aspirate fluid collected from breast cancer women contains increased protein carbonyl concentration. Cell Oncol 2009; 31:383-92. [PMID: 19759418 PMCID: PMC4619038 DOI: 10.3233/clo-2009-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Protein carbonyl levels are the most frequently used biomarker of protein oxidation in several human diseases, including cancer. Breast cancer, a worldwide disease with increasing incidence, develops from ductal/lobular epithelium from which nipple aspirate fluid can be collected and analysed to assess tissue metabolic activity. Our aims were to perform an exploratory investigation on the protein carbonyl accumulation in breast secretions from healthy and cancer patients and its correlation with lipid peroxidation markers. Methods: Protein carbonyls were determined by ELISA in 288 Nipple Aspirate Fluids (NAF) from Control, Pre-malignant and Cancer patients. Results: Significantly higher protein carbonyl concentration was found in NAF from breast cancer (BC) patients compared to Control subjects. Cancer patients accumulated in NAF significantly higher levels of carbonyls in post-menopausal condition. A significant inverse relationship between carbonyls and 8-F2α-isoprostanes in NAF was found in Cancer patients. NAF levels of protein carbonyls are significantly higher in women with pre-malignant conditions than in healthy subjects. Conclusions: Our results support the hypothesis that oxidative stress in breast microenvironment plays a role in breast cancer; measurement of protein and lipid oxidative products in NAF may improve the identification of women at increased breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy.
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Mannello F, Medda V, Smaniotto A, Tonti GA. Intracrinology of breast microenvironment: hormonal status in nipple aspirate fluid and its relationship to breast cancer. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2009; 4:493-505. [PMID: 30736188 DOI: 10.1586/eem.09.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer, a complex and multifactorial disease, is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy affecting women. Methods currently available for breast cancer detection have well-described limitations; in this respect, the intraductal approaches directly assess the microenvironment of the breast. Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) can be noninvasively obtained from the breast in most women and represents a promising biological tool to assess metabolic, hormonal and molecular changes occurring in the cells lining the ducts, from which breast cancer arises. The aim of this review is to highlight the application of NAF studies in the field of biomarker discovery, which provide results useful for early detection and prevention of breast cancer risk; in fact, the analysis of NAF (mirroring the ductal-lobular microenvironment) is a reliable method for assessment of metabolic/hormonal pathways within the mammary gland, identifying biomolecular mechanisms of breast cancer initiation and progression. The intracrinology of breast microenvironment (i.e., hormonal status in NAF) may provide independent diagnostic/prognostic factors, highlighting the importance of early altered hormonal metabolism (e.g., aromatase, estrogen sulfotransferase and steroid sulfatase pathway) in relation to breast cancer initiation. The possible application of targeted therapies through the inhibition of intratumoral enzymes involved in steroid metabolism is also discussed. The intraductal approach to hormone analyses may provide a further panel of biomarkers providing clinical benefits and strengthening the armory against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Mannello
- a Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University 'Carlo Bo', Via O. Ubaldini 7, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy.
| | - Virginia Medda
- b Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University "Carlo Bo", Via O. Ubaldini 7, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Alessandra Smaniotto
- b Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University "Carlo Bo", Via O. Ubaldini 7, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Gaetana A Tonti
- b Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University "Carlo Bo", Via O. Ubaldini 7, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
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Abstract
Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors), cholesterol-lowering agents widely prescribed for cardiovascular health, have been shown to exert several pleiotropic effects. Although some studies reported that statins have no effects on malignancies of any kind, results of several epidemiologic and in vitro studies highlighted that statins exert anticancer activity in various cell types, showing that long-term therapy inhibits the incidence and/or progression of some human tumours. In particular, in the present overview we focused the attention on a neglected aspect of the pleiotropic functions of some lipophilic statins, suggesting that the possible mechanism of matrix metalloproteinase downregulation arises from prolonged lowering of circulating cholesterol. Our hypothesis may explain the literary findings about the phenomenon of switching of breast cancer phenotypes by statins, shedding the basis of future epidemiologic and basic science studies about the role of circulating and/or tumor-resident cholesterol in the initiation and progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.
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Mannello F, Medda V, Tonti GA. Protein profile ana lysis of the breast microenvironment to differentiate healthy women from breast cancer patients. Expert Rev Proteomics 2009; 6:43-60. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.6.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Mannello F, Tonti GA, Darbre PD. Concentration of aluminium in breast cyst fluids collected from women affected by gross cystic breast disease. J Appl Toxicol 2009; 29:1-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tonti GA, Mannello F, Cacci E, Biagioni S. Neural stem cells at the crossroads: MMPs may tell the way. Int J Dev Biol 2009; 53:1-17. [DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.082573gt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mannello F, Jung K, Tonti GA, Canestrari F. Heparin affects matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases circulating in peripheral blood. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:1466-73. [PMID: 18926810 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Blood sampling/handling alters matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) expression. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of high molecular weight heparin on MMP and TIMP expression in blood. DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed by gelatin zymography and ELISA assays the effects of different heparin salts, dose- and time-dependence of MMP and TIMP concentrations in plasma and sera collected with and without clot-accelerator in plastic tubes from 50 healthy donors. RESULTS The levels and zymography of MMP-2 did not show significant changes among all samples, and during time- and dose-dependent heparin treatments. MMP-9 and TIMP-2 expression were strongly affected by heparin, with significant increase of their content and gelatinolytic activity both in time- and in dose-dependent fashion. Addition of heparin allowed also the displacement of MMP-2 prodomain, favouring zymogen activation. CONCLUSIONS Heparin has direct and indirect effects, altering MMP/TIMP complexes circulating in blood, and increasing the release of TIMP-2. To avoid misinterpretations due to MMP/TIMP complex alteration and MMP prodomain displacement, heparin should be cautiously used in blood collection procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.
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Tonti GA, Mannello F. From bone marrow to therapeutic applications: different behaviour and genetic/epigenetic stability during mesenchymal stem cell expansion in autologous and foetal bovine sera? Int J Dev Biol 2008; 52:1023-32. [DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.082725gt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mannello F, Tonti GA, Tanus-Santos JE, Gerlach RF. Silicate increases the release of MMP-9 forms in peripheral blood: why gelatin zymography differs significantly in citrate plasma and serum obtained with or without clot activators. Clin Chem 2007; 53:1981-2. [PMID: 17954502 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.090548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mannello F, Tanus-Santos JE, Meschiari CA, Tonti GA. Differences in both matrix metalloproteinase 9 concentration and zymographic profile between plasma and serum with clot activators are due to the presence of amorphous silica or silicate salts in blood collection devices. Anal Biochem 2007; 374:56-63. [PMID: 18082127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are promising diagnostic tools, and blood sampling/handling alters MMP concentrations between plasma and serum and between serum with and without clot activators. To explain the higher MMP-9 expression in serum collected with clot accelerators relative to serum with no additives and to plasma, we analyzed the effects of increasing amounts of silica and silicates (components of clot activators) in citrate plasma, serum, and buffy coats collected in both plastic and glass tubes from 50 healthy donors, and we analyzed the effects of silica and silicate on cultured leukemia cells. The levels of MMP-2 did not show significant changes between glass and plastic tubes, between serum and plasma, between serum with and without clot accelerators, or between silica and silicate treatments. No modification of MMP-9 expression was obtained by the addition of silica or silicate to previously separated plasma and serum. Increasing the amounts of nonsoluble silica and soluble silicate added to citrate and empty tubes prior to blood collection resulted in increasing levels of MMP-9 relative to citrate plasma and serum. Silica and silicate added to buffy coats and leukemia cells significantly induced MMP-9 release/secretion, demonstrating that both silica and silicate induce the release of pro- and complexed MMP-9 forms. We recommend limiting the misuse of serum and avoiding the interfering effects of clot activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Mannello
- Institute of Histology and Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
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Mannello F, Qin W, Zhu W, Fabbri L, Tonti GA, Sauter ER. Nipple aspirate fluids from women with breast cancer contain increased levels of group IIa secretory phospholipase A2. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 111:209-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Anelli T, Mannello F, Salani M, Tonti GA, Poiana G, Biagioni S. Acetylcholine induces neurite outgrowth and modulates matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 362:269-74. [PMID: 17707768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, may regulate brain cellular functions. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) transfected murine neuroblastoma cell line N18TG2, that synthesize acetylcholine and show enhancement of several neurospecific markers (i.e., sinapsin I, voltage gated Na(+) channels, high affinity choline uptake) and fiber outgrowth, were studied for the MMP regulation during neuronal differentiation. Zymography of N18TG2 culture medium revealed no gelatinolytic activity, whereas after carbachol treatment of cells both MMP-9 and activated MMP-2 forms were detected. ChAT-transfected clone culture medium contains three MMP forms at 230, 92, and 66kDa. Carbachol treatment increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene expression in N18TG2 cells and higher levels for both genes were also observed in ChAT transfected cells. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that acetylcholine brings about the activation of an autocrine loop modulating MMP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonino Anelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Mannello F, Tonti GA. Concise Review: No Breakthroughs for Human Mesenchymal and Embryonic Stem Cell Culture: Conditioned Medium, Feeder Layer, or Feeder-Free; Medium with Fetal Calf Serum, Human Serum, or Enriched Plasma; Serum-Free, Serum Replacement Nonconditioned Medium, or Ad Hoc Formula? All That Glitters Is Not Gold! Stem Cells 2007; 25:1603-9. [PMID: 17395775 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The choice of an optimal strategy of stem cell culture is at the moment an impossible task, and the elaboration of a culture medium adapted to the production of embryonic and adult mesenchymal stem cells for the clinical application of cell therapy remains a crucial matter. To make an informed choice, it is crucial to not underestimate the theoretical health risk of using xenogenic compounds, to limit the immunological reactions once stem cells are transplanted, to not overestimate the controversial results obtained with human serum, plasma, and blood derivatives, as well as to carefully examine the pros and cons of serum-free and ad hoc formulation strategies; besides that, to also maintain multipotentiality, self-renewal, and transplantability. The extent to which we are able to achieve effective cell therapies will depend on assimilating a rapidly developing base of scientific knowledge with the practical considerations of design, delivery, and host response. Although clinical studies have already started, many questions remain unsolved, and concomitantly even more evidence on suitable and safe off-the-shelf products (mainly xeno-free) for embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells is cropping up, even though there should be no rush to enter the clinical stage while the underlying basic research is still not so solid; this solely will lead to high-quality translational research, without making blunders stemming from the assumption that all that glitters is not gold. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Mannello
- Institute of Histology and Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via O. Ubaldini 7, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy.
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Mannello F, Tonti GA. Gelatinase concentrations and zymographic profiles in human breast cancer: Matrix metalloproteinases circulating in plasma are better markers for the subclassification and early prediction of cancer: The coagulation/fibrinolysis pathways alter the release, activation and recovery of different gelatinases in serum. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:216-8; author reply 219-23. [PMID: 17315186 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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