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Tang KN, Adkesson MJ, Cárdenas-Alayza S, Adamovicz L, Deming AC, Wellehan JFX, Childress A, Cortes-Hinojosa G, Colegrove K, Langan JN, Allender MC. Otariid gammaherpesvirus 1 in South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) and a novel related herpesvirus in free-ranging South American sea lions (Otaria byronia): Prevalence and effects of age, sex, and sample type. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299404. [PMID: 38446776 PMCID: PMC10917305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Otariid gammaherpesvirus 1 (OtGHV1) is associated with high rates of urogenital carcinoma in free-ranging California sea lions (Zalophus californianus; CSL), and until recently was reported only in the Northern Hemisphere. The objective of this study was to survey free-ranging South American sea lions (Otaria byronia; SASL) and South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis: SAFS) in Punta San Juan, Peru for OtGHV1 and to determine prevalence characteristics. Twenty-one percent (14/67) of urogenital swabs collected over three years (2011, 2014, 2015) from live pinnipeds of both species tested positive with a pan-herpesvirus conventional PCR. Sequencing of SAFS amplicons revealed 100% homology to OtGHV1 at the DNA polymerase, glycoprotein B, and viral bcl2-like genes. Sequencing of SASL amplicons revealed a novel related virus, herein called Otariid gammaherpesvirus 8 (OtGHV8). For comparison of sample sites, urogenital, conjunctival, and oropharyngeal swabs collected from 136 live pinnipeds of both species at Punta San Juan between 2011-2018 were then assayed using quantitative PCR for a segment of the OtGHV1/8 DNA polymerase gene using a qPCR assay now determined to cross-react between the two viruses. In total, across both species, 38.6% (51/132) of urogenital swabs, 5.6% (4/71) of conjunctival swabs, and 1.1% (1/90) of oropharyngeal swabs were positive for OtGHV1/8, with SASL only positive on urogenital swabs. Results from SASL were complicated by the finding of OtGHV8, necessitating further study to determine prevalence of OtGHV1 versus OtGHV8 using an alternate assay. Results from SAFS suggest a potential relationship between OtGHV1 in SAFS and CSL. Though necropsy surveillance in SAFS is very limited, geographic patterns of OtGHV1-associated urogenital carcinoma in CSL and the tendency of herpesviruses to cause more detrimental disease in aberrant hosts suggests that it is possible that SAFS may be the definitive host of OtGHV1, which gives further insight into the diversity and phyogeography of this clade of related gammaherpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karisa N. Tang
- Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL, United States of America
- Illinois Zoological and Aquatic Animal Residency, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- A. Watson Armour III Center for Animal Health and Welfare, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Adkesson
- Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL, United States of America
| | - Susana Cárdenas-Alayza
- Centro para la Sostenibilidad Ambiental, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Laura Adamovicz
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Alissa C. Deming
- Pacific Marine Mammal Center, Laguna Beach, CA, United States of America
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - James F. X. Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - April Childress
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Galaxia Cortes-Hinojosa
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kathleen Colegrove
- Zoological Pathology Program, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Brookfield, IL, United States of America
| | - Jennifer N. Langan
- Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Allender
- Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL, United States of America
- Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, United States of America
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Cascio MJ, Whitley EM, Sahay B, Cortes-Hinojosa G, Chang LJ, Cowart J, Salute M, Sayour E, Dark M, Sandoval Z, Mitchell DA, Milner RJ. Canine osteosarcoma checkpoint expression correlates with metastasis and T-cell infiltrate. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 232:110169. [PMID: 33387703 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-targeted therapies are being successfully implemented into cancer clinical practice. In particular checkpoint inhibitors are employed to modulate the immune microenvironment of solid tumors. We sought to determine the expression of PD-L1, HVEM, and B7H3 in human and canine osteosarcoma, and correlate expression with clinical features and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in naturally-occurring canine osteosarcoma. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to measure ligand surface expression of five human and three canine cell lines. Immunohistochemistry was utilized for expression of ligands and lymphocyte markers in thirty-seven treatment-naïve canine osteosarcoma patients. RESULTS All cell lines expressed all three ligands at variable levels in both species. Metastatic lesions were associated with higher expression of all three ligands in patient tumor samples. PD-L1 expression strongly correlated with B7H3 and HVEM expression, while HVEM and B7H3 were weakly correlated. Whereas peritumoral T-cell expression positively correlated with PD-L1 and HVEM tumor expression, the presence of T-cells intratumorally were rare. Furthermore, intratumor penetration by T-cells was greatest in metastatic lesions, despite log-fold increases in peritumoral T-cells. In summary, PD-L1, HVEM, and B7H3 are expressed in osteosarcoma, with metastatic disease lesions expressing higher levels. We show for the first time that these ligands expressed on osteosarcoma cells positively correlate with each other and the presence of peritumoral T cell infiltration. Furthermore, osteosarcoma appears to be an intratumoral immune desert with significant resistance to effector T cells. Multiple agents targeting checkpoints are in clinical practice, and may have immune modulating benefit in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Cascio
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, RMHD204, PO Box 100298, Gainesville, FL, 32610, United States.
| | - Elizabeth M Whitley
- Pathologist Pathogenesis, LLC PO Box 140164, Gainesville, FL, 32614, United States
| | - Bikash Sahay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary, Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100880, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, United States
| | - Galaxia Cortes-Hinojosa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul-Santiago, 7820436, Chile
| | - Lung-Ji Chang
- Professor of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100266, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0266, United States
| | - Jonathan Cowart
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, United States
| | - Marc Salute
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, United States
| | - Elias Sayour
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, RMHD204, PO Box 100298, Gainesville, FL, 32610, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100265, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0265, United States
| | - Michael Dark
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100123, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0123, United States
| | - Zachary Sandoval
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32608, United States
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100265, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0265, United States
| | - Rowan J Milner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, United States
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Jackson K, Milner RJ, Doty A, Hutchison S, Cortes-Hinojosa G, Riva A, Sahay B, Lejeune A, Bechtel S. Analysis of canine myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) utilizing fluorescence-activated cell sorting, RNA protection mediums to yield quality RNA for single-cell RNA sequencing. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 231:110144. [PMID: 33278779 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a branch of flow cytometry that allows for the isolation of specific cell populations that can then be further analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). When utilizing FACS for population isolation prior to sequencing, it is essential to consider the protection of RNA from RNase activity, environmental conditions, and the sorting efficiency to ensure optimum sample quality. This study aimed to optimize a previously published MDSC flow cytometry strategy to FACS sort canine Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC) with various permutations of RNAlater ™ and RiboLock™ before and after FACS sorting. Concentrations of RNAlater™ greater than 2 % applied before flow analysis affected cell survival and fluorescence, whereas concentrations ≤ 2 % and time ≤ 4 h had little to no effect on cells. To shorten the procedural time and to enhance the sorting of rare populations, we used a primary PE-conjugated CD11b antibody and magnetic column. The combination of RiboLock™ pre- and post-sorting for FACS provided the best quality RNA as determined by the RNA integrity number (RIN ≥ 7) for scRNA-seq in a normal and dog and a dog with untreated oral melanoma dog. As proof of principle, we sequenced two samples, one from a normal dog another from a dog with untreated oral melanoma. Applying scRNA-Seq analysis using the 10X Genomic platform, we identified 6 clusters in the Seurat paired analysis of MDSC sorted samples. Two clusters, with the majority of the cells coming from the melanoma sample, had genes that were upregulated (> log2); these included MMP9, MMP1, HPGD, CPA3, and GATA3 and CYBB, CSTB, COX2, ATP6, and COX 17 for cluster 5 and 6 respectively. All genes have known associations with MDSCs. Further characterization using pathway analysis tools was not attempted due to the lower number of cells sequenced in the normal sample. The benefit deriving from the results of the study helped to gain data consistency when working with cells prone to RNase activity, and the scRNA-seq provided data showing transcriptional heterogeneity in MDSC populations and potentially identifying previously unreported or rare cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jackson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, United States
| | - R J Milner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, United States.
| | - A Doty
- Flow Cytometry and Imaging Core Lab, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, United States
| | - S Hutchison
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, United States
| | - G Cortes-Hinojosa
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, United States
| | - A Riva
- Bioinformatics Core, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, United States
| | - B Sahay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, United States
| | - A Lejeune
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, United States
| | - S Bechtel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, United States
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