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Pokhrel GR, Wang K, Ying K, Wu Y, Wang Z, Zhu X, Qu C, Li H, Fu F, Yang G. Effect of inorganic arsenic in paddy soil on the migration and transformation of selenium species in rice plants. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 143:35-46. [PMID: 38644022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) in paddy rice is one of the significant sources of human Se nutrition. However, the effect of arsenic (As) pollution in soil on the translocation of Se species in rice plants is unclear. In this research, a pot experiment was designed to examine the effect of the addition of 50 mg As/kg soil as arsenite or arsenate on the migration of Se species from soil to indica Minghui 63 and Luyoumingzhan. The results showed that the antagonism between inorganic As and Se was closely related to the rice cultivar and Se oxidation state in soil. Relative to the standalone selenate treatment, arsenite significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the accumulation of selenocystine, selenomethionine and selenate in the roots, stems, sheaths, leaves, brans and kernels of both cultivars by 21.4%-100.0%, 40.0%-100.0%, 41.0%-100%, 5.4%-96.3%, 11.3%-100.0% and 26.2%-39.7% respectively, except for selenocystine in the kernels of indica Minghui 63 and selenomethionine in the leaves of indica Minghui 63 and the stems of indica Luyoumingzhan. Arsenate also decreased (p < 0.05) the accumulation of selenocystine, selenomethionine and selenate in the roots, stems, brans and kernels of both cultivars by 34.9%-100.0%, 30.2%-100.0%, 11.3%-100.0% and 5.6%-39.6% respectively, except for selenate in the stems of indica Minghui 63. However, relative to the standalone selenite treatment, arsenite and arsenate decreased (p < 0.05) the accumulation of selenocystine, selenomethionine and selenite only in the roots of indica Minghui 63 by 45.5%-100.0%. Our results suggested that arsenite and arsenate had better antagonism toward Se species in selenate-added soil than that in selenite-added soil; moreover, arsenite had a higher inhibiting effect on the accumulation of Se species than arsenate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganga Raj Pokhrel
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Key Laboratory for Medicinal Plant Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of JunCao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Department of Chemistry, Birendra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Chitwan 00977-44200, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Kaiteng Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Key Laboratory for Medicinal Plant Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of JunCao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Kaiyang Ying
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Key Laboratory for Medicinal Plant Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of JunCao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yongchen Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Key Laboratory for Medicinal Plant Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of JunCao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ze Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Key Laboratory for Medicinal Plant Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of JunCao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Key Laboratory for Medicinal Plant Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of JunCao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Can Qu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Key Laboratory for Medicinal Plant Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of JunCao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hong Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Key Laboratory for Medicinal Plant Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of JunCao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fengfu Fu
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Guidi Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Key Laboratory for Medicinal Plant Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of JunCao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Chen J, Zhou L, Din IU, Arafat Y, Li Q, Wang J, Wu T, Wu L, Wu H, Qin X, Pokhrel GR, Lin S, Lin W. Antagonistic Activity of Trichoderma spp. Against Fusarium oxysporum in Rhizosphere of Radix pseudostellariae Triggers the Expression of Host Defense Genes and Improves Its Growth Under Long-Term Monoculture System. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:579920. [PMID: 33790872 PMCID: PMC8005620 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.579920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under consecutive monoculture, the abundance of pathogenic fungi, such as Fusarium oxysporum in the rhizosphere of Radix pseudostellariae, negatively affects the yield and quality of the plant. Therefore, it is pertinent to explore the role of antagonistic fungi for the management of fungal pathogens such as F. oxysporum. Our PCR-denatured gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) results revealed that the diversity of Trichoderma spp. was significantly declined due to extended monoculture. Similarly, quantitative PCR analysis showed a decline in Trichoderma spp., whereas a significant increase was observed in F. oxysporum. Furthermore, seven Trichoderma isolates from the R. pseudostellariae rhizosphere were identified and evaluated in vitro for their potentiality to antagonize F. oxysporum. The highest and lowest percentage of inhibition (PI) observed among these isolates were 47.91 and 16.67%, respectively. In in vivo assays, the R. pseudostellariae treated with four Trichoderma isolates, having PI > 30%, was used to evaluate the biocontrol efficiency against F. oxysporum in which T. harzianum ZC51 enhanced the growth of the plant without displaying any disease symptoms. Furthermore, the expression of eight defense-related genes of R. pseudostellariae in response to a combination of F. oxysporum and T. harzianum ZC51 treatment was checked, and most of these defense genes were found to be upregulated. In conclusion, this study reveals that the extended monoculture of R. pseudostellariae could alter the Trichoderma communities in the plant rhizosphere leading to relatively low level of antagonistic microorganisms. However, T. harzianum ZC51 could inhibit the pathogenic F. oxysporum and induce the expression of R. pseudostellariae defense genes. Hence, T. harzianum ZC51 improves the plant resistance and reduces the growth inhibitory effect of consecutive monoculture problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liuting Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Israr Ud Din
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Arafat
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Qian Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Juanying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Technology Center of Emission Storage and Management, Fujian, China
| | - Linkun Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongmiao Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianjin Qin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Sheng Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Pokhrel GR, Wang KT, Zhuang H, Wu Y, Chen W, Lan Y, Zhu X, Li Z, Fu F, Yang G. Effect of selenium in soil on the toxicity and uptake of arsenic in rice plant. Chemosphere 2020; 239:124712. [PMID: 31499310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Selenium can regulate arsenic toxicity by strengthening antioxidant potential, but the antagonism between selenite or selenate nutrient and the translocation of arsenic species from paddy soil to different rice organs are poorly understood. In this study, a pot experiment was designed to investigate the effect of selenite or selenate on arsenite or arsenate toxicity to two indica rice cultivars (namely Ming Hui 63 and Lu You Ming Zhan), and the uptake and transportation of arsenic species from paddy soil to different rice organs. The results showed that selenite or selenate could significantly decrease the arsenate concentration in pore water of soils, and thus inhibited arsenate uptake by rice roots. However, the existence of selenite or selenate didn't decrease arsenate concentration in rhizosphere pore water of two indica rice cultivars. There existed good antagonistic effect between selenite or selenate and the uptake of arsenite and arsenate in rice plant in the case of low arsenic paddy soil. However, this antagonism depended on rice cultivars, arsenic species and arsenic level in soil. There existed both synergistic and inhibiting effects between the addition of selenite or selenate and the uptake of trimethylarsinoxide and dimethylarsinic acid by two indica rice cultivars, but the mechanism was unclear. Both selenite and selenate are all effective to decrease the translocation of inorganic arsenic from the roots to their above-ground rice organs in arsenite/arsenate-spiked paddy soil, but selenate had stronger inhibiting effect on their transfer factors than selenite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganga Raj Pokhrel
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Kai Teng Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - HongMao Zhuang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - YongChen Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yan Lan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - FengFu Fu
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China.
| | - GuiDi Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Zhou L, Li J, Pokhrel GR, Chen J, Zhao Y, Bai Y, Zhang C, Lin W, Wu Z, Wu C. nifH Gene Sequencing Reveals the Effects of Successive Monoculture on the Soil Diazotrophic Microbial Community in Casuarina equisetifolia Plantations. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:578812. [PMID: 33569067 PMCID: PMC7869410 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.578812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The growth and productivity of Casuarina equisetifolia is negatively impacted by planting sickness under long-term monoculture regimes. In this study, Illumina MiSeq sequencing targeting nifH genes was used to assess variations in the rhizospheric soil diazotrophic community under long-term monoculture rotations. Principal component analysis and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) clustering demonstrated distinct differences in diazotrophic community structure between uncultivated soil (CK), the first rotation plantation (FCP), the second rotation plantation (SCP), and the third rotation plantation (TCP). Taxonomic analysis showed that the phyla Proteobacteria increased while Verrucomicrobia decreased under the consecutive monoculture (SCP and TCP). The relative abundance of Paraburkholderia, Rhodopseudomonas, Bradyrhizobium, Geobacter, Pseudodesulfovibrio, and Frankia increased significantly while Burkholderia, Rubrivivax, and Chlorobaculum declined significantly at the genus level under consecutive monoculture (SCP and TCP). Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that Burkholderia, Rubrivivax, and Chlorobaculum were positively correlated with total nitrogen and available nitrogen. In conclusion, continuous C. equisetifolia monoculture could change the structure of diazotrophic microbes in the rhizosphere, resulting in the imbalance of the diazotrophic bacteria population, which might be a crucial factor related to replanting disease in this cultivated tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuting Zhou
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianjuan Li
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ganga Raj Pokhrel
- Department of Chemistry, Birendra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Jun Chen
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanlin Zhao
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zeyan Wu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zeyan Wu,
| | - Chengzhen Wu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Li X, Chen Y, Ye J, Fu F, Pokhrel GR, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Yang G. Determination of different arsenic species in food-grade spirulina powder by ion chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3655-3661. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou China
| | - Yuxi Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou China
| | - Jun Ye
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health; Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen China
| | - Fengfu Fu
- Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University; Fuzhou China
| | - Ganga Raj Pokhrel
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou China
| | - Huang Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou China
| | - Yongguan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health; Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen China
| | - Guidi Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou China
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Shuai PY, Yang XJ, Qiu ZQ, Wu XH, Zhu X, Pokhrel GR, Fu YY, Ye HM, Lin WX, Yang GD. Determination of arsenic species inSolanum Lyratum Thunbusing capillary electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3239-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Shuai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Zong-Qing Qiu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Hui Wu
- Computer Engineering College; Jimei University; Xiamen Fujian P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Ganga Raj Pokhrel
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ying Fu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Hui-Min Ye
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Wen-Xiong Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
| | - Gui-Di Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian P. R. China
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