1
|
Donato KZ, Tan HL, Marangoni VS, Martins MVS, Ng PR, Costa MCF, Jain P, Lee SJ, Koon GKW, Donato RK, Castro Neto AH. Graphene oxide classification and standardization. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6064. [PMID: 37055491 PMCID: PMC10102077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need to classify and standardize graphene-related materials giving the growing use of this materials industrially. One of the most used and more difficult to classify is graphene oxide (GO). Inconsistent definitions of GO, closely relating it to graphene, are found in the literature and industrial brochures. Hence, although they have very different physicochemical properties and industrial applications, commonly used classifications of graphene and GO definitions are not substantial. Consequently, the lack of regulation and standardization create trust issues among sellers and buyers that impede industrial development and progress. With that in mind, this study offers a critical assessment of 34 commercially available GOs, characterized using a systematic and reliable protocol for accessing their quality. We establish correlations between GO physicochemical properties and its applications leading to rationale for its classification.
Collapse
Grants
- Medium-Sized Centre Programme - Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) National Research Foundation, Prime Minister's Office
- Medium-Sized Centre Programme - Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) National Research Foundation, Prime Minister's Office
- Medium-Sized Centre Programme - Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) National Research Foundation, Prime Minister's Office
- Medium-Sized Centre Programme - Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) National Research Foundation, Prime Minister's Office
- Medium-Sized Centre Programme - Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) National Research Foundation, Prime Minister's Office
- Medium-Sized Centre Programme - Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) National Research Foundation, Prime Minister's Office
- Medium-Sized Centre Programme - Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) National Research Foundation, Prime Minister's Office
- Medium-Sized Centre Programme - Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) National Research Foundation, Prime Minister's Office
- Medium-Sized Centre Programme - Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) National Research Foundation, Prime Minister's Office
- Medium-Sized Centre Programme - Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) National Research Foundation, Prime Minister's Office
- Medium-Sized Centre Programme - Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) National Research Foundation, Prime Minister's Office
- EDUNC-33-18-279-V12 Ministry of Education - Singapore
- EDUNC-33-18-279-V12 Ministry of Education - Singapore
- EDUNC-33-18-279-V12 Ministry of Education - Singapore
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Z Donato
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
| | - Hui Li Tan
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
| | - Valeria S Marangoni
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- Ilum School of Science, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marcos V S Martins
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Pei Rou Ng
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Mariana C F Costa
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Purvi Jain
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sarah J Lee
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
| | - Gavin K W Koon
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
| | - Ricardo K Donato
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore.
| | - A H Castro Neto
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore.
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
O'Farrell ECT, Tan JY, Yeo Y, Koon GKW, Özyilmaz B, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T. Rashba Interaction and Local Magnetic Moments in a Graphene-BN Heterostructure Intercalated with Au. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:076603. [PMID: 27563982 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.076603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We intercalate a van der Waals heterostructure of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride with Au, by encapsulation, and show that the Au at the interface is two dimensional. Charge transfer upon current annealing indicates the redistribution of the Au and induces splitting of the graphene band structure. The effect of an in-plane magnetic field confirms that the splitting is due to spin splitting and that the spin polarization is in the plane, characteristic of a Rashba interaction with a magnitude of approximately 25 meV. Consistent with the presence of an intrinsic interfacial electric field we show that the splitting can be enhanced by an applied displacement field in dual gated samples. A giant negative magnetoresistance, up to 75%, and a field induced anomalous Hall effect at magnetic fields <1 T are observed. These demonstrate that the hybridized Au has a magnetic moment and suggests the proximity to the formation of a collective magnetic phase. These effects persist close to room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C T O'Farrell
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore and Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - J Y Tan
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore and Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Y Yeo
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore and Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - G K W Koon
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore and Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - B Özyilmaz
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore and Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - K Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| |
Collapse
|