1
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Bannon SM, Geise GM. Application of the Born Model to Describe Salt Partitioning in Hydrated Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2024:515-520. [PMID: 38626397 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The classic Born model can be used to predict salt partitioning properties observed in hydrated polymers, but there are often significant quantitative discrepancies between these predictions and the experimental data. Here, we use an updated version of the Born model, reformulated to account for the local environment and mesh size of a hydrated polymer, to describe previously published NaCl, KCl, and LiCl partitioning properties of model cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate polymers. This reformulated Born model describes the influence of polymer structure (i.e., network mesh size and its relationship with water content) and external salt concentration on salt partitioning in the polymers with a significant improvement relative to the classic Born model. The updated model most effectively describes NaCl partitioning properties and provides an additional fundamental understanding of salt partitioning processes, for NaCl, KCl, and LiCl, in hydrated polymers that are of interest for a variety of environmental and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Bannon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 385 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Geoffrey M Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 385 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
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2
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Woolf MS, Dignan LM, Karas SM, Lewis HM, Kim SN, Geise GM, DeMers HL, Hau D, Gates-Hollingsworth MA, AuCoin DP, Landers JP. Digital image analysis for biothreat detection via rapid centrifugal microfluidic orthogonal flow immunocapture. Anal Methods 2023; 15:1870-1880. [PMID: 36975002 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00073g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report clear proof-of-principle for centrifugally-driven, multiplexed, paper-based orthogonal flow sandwich-style immunocapture (cOFI) and colorimetric detection of Zaire Ebola virus-like particles. Capture antibodies are immobilized onto nanoporous nitrocellulose membranes that are then laminated into polymeric microfluidic discs to yield ready-to-use analytical devices. Fluid flow is controlled solely by rotational speed, obviating the need for complex pneumatic pumping systems, and providing more precise flow control than with the capillary-driven flow used in traditional lateral flow immunoassays (LFIs). Samples containing the antigen of interest and gold nanoparticle-labeled detection antibodies are pumped centrifugally through the embedded, prefunctionalized membrane where they are subsequently captured to generate a positive, colorimetric signal. When compared to the equivalent LFI counterparts, this cOFI approach generated immunochromatographic colorimetric responses that are objectively darker (saturation), more intense (grayscale), and less variable regarding total area of the color response. We also describe an image analysis approach that enables access to rich color data and area statistics without the need for a commercial 'strip reader' or custom-written image analysis algorithms. Instead, our analytical method exploits inexpensive equipment (e.g., smart phone, flatbed scanner, etc.) and freely available software (Fiji distribution of ImageJ) to permit characterization of immunochromatographic responses that includes multiple color metrics, offering insights beyond typical grayscale analysis. The findings reported here stand as clear proof-of-principle for the feasibility of disc-based, centrifugally driven orthogonal flow through a membrane with immunocapture (cOFI) and colorimetric readout of a sandwich-type immunoassay in less than 15 minutes. Once fully developed, this cOFI platform could render a faster, more accurate diagnosis, while processing multiple samples simul-taneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shane Woolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Leah M Dignan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Scott M Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, USA
| | | | - Sabrina N Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, USA
| | | | - Haley L DeMers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Derrick Hau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | | | - David P AuCoin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - James P Landers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Virginia, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, USA
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3
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Geise GM. Bridging membrane transport models. Science 2022; 377:152. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abn5485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of transport processes in swollen polymer networks bridges two classical models
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M. Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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4
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Woolf MS, Dignan LM, Karas SM, Lewis HM, Hadley KC, Nauman AQ, Gates-Hollingsworth MA, AuCoin DP, Green HR, Geise GM, Landers JP. Characterization of a Centrifugal Microfluidic Orthogonal Flow Platform. Micromachines 2022; 13:mi13030487. [PMID: 35334778 PMCID: PMC8950265 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To bring to bear the power of centrifugal microfluidics on vertical flow immunoassays, control of flow orthogonally through nanoporous membranes is essential. The on-disc approach described here leverages the rapid print-cut-laminate (PCL) disc fabrication and prototyping method to create a permanent seal between disc materials and embedded nanoporous membranes. Rotational forces drive fluid flow, replacing capillary action, and complex pneumatic pumping systems. Adjacent microfluidic features form a flow path that directs fluid orthogonally (vertically) through these embedded membranes during assay execution. This method for membrane incorporation circumvents the need for solvents (e.g., acetone) to create the membrane-disc bond and sidesteps issues related to undesirable bypass flow. In other recently published work, we described an orthogonal flow (OF) platform that exploited embedded membranes for automation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Here, we more fully characterize flow patterns and cellulosic membrane behavior within the centrifugal orthogonal flow (cOF) format. Specifically, high-speed videography studies demonstrate that sample volume, membrane pore size, and ionic composition of the sample matrix significantly impact membrane behavior, and consequently fluid drainage profiles, especially when cellulosic membranes are used. Finally, prototype discs are used to demonstrate proof-of-principle for sandwich-type antigen capture and immunodetection within the cOF system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Shane Woolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (L.M.D.); (S.M.K.); (H.M.L.); (K.C.H.); (A.Q.N.); (J.P.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Leah M. Dignan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (L.M.D.); (S.M.K.); (H.M.L.); (K.C.H.); (A.Q.N.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Scott M. Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (L.M.D.); (S.M.K.); (H.M.L.); (K.C.H.); (A.Q.N.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Hannah M. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (L.M.D.); (S.M.K.); (H.M.L.); (K.C.H.); (A.Q.N.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Kevyn C. Hadley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (L.M.D.); (S.M.K.); (H.M.L.); (K.C.H.); (A.Q.N.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Aeren Q. Nauman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (L.M.D.); (S.M.K.); (H.M.L.); (K.C.H.); (A.Q.N.); (J.P.L.)
- TeGrex Technologies, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | | | - David P. AuCoin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (M.A.G.-H.); (D.P.A.); (H.R.G.)
| | - Heather R. Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (M.A.G.-H.); (D.P.A.); (H.R.G.)
| | - Geoffrey M. Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA;
| | - James P. Landers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (L.M.D.); (S.M.K.); (H.M.L.); (K.C.H.); (A.Q.N.); (J.P.L.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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5
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Qian X, Ostwal M, Asatekin A, Geise GM, Smith ZP, Phillip WA, Lively RP, McCutcheon JR. A critical review and commentary on recent progress of additive manufacturing and its impact on membrane technology. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Korovich
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Kevin Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Geoffrey M. Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Louis A. Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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7
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Agata WS, Thompson J, Geise GM. Layer‐by‐layer
approach to enable polyamide formation on microporous supports for
thin‐film
composite membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Thompson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Geoffrey M. Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
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8
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McCormack PM, Koenig GM, Geise GM. Thermodynamic Interactions as a Descriptor of Cross-Over in Nonaqueous Redox Flow Battery Membranes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:49331-49339. [PMID: 34609838 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Grid-scale energy storage is increasingly needed as wind, solar, and other intermittent renewable energy sources become more prevalent. Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are well suited to this application because of the advantages in scalability and modularity over competing technologies. Commercial aqueous flow batteries often have low energy density, but nonaqueous RFBs can offer higher energy density. Nonaqueous RFBs have not been studied as extensively as aqueous RFBs, and the use of organic solvents and organic active materials in nonaqueous RFBs presents unique membrane separator challenges compared to aqueous systems. Specifically, organic active material cross-over, which degrades battery performance, may be affected by membrane/active material thermodynamic interactions in a fundamentally different way than ionic active material cross-over in aqueous RFB membranes. Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) were used to quantify these interactions and explain differences in organic active material permeability properties. Probe molecules with a more unfavorable HSP-determined enthalpy of mixing with the membrane polymer exhibited lower permeability or cross-over properties. The HSP approach, which accounts for the uncharged polymer backbone and the charged side chain, revealed that interactions between the uncharged organic probe molecule and the hydrophobic polymer backbone were more important for determining permeability or cross-over properties than interactions between the probe molecule and the hydrophilic side chain. This result is significant for nonaqueous RFBs because it suggests a decoupling of ionic conduction expected to predominantly occur in charged polymer regions and cross-over of organic molecules via hydrophobic or uncharged polymer regions. Such decoupling is not expected in aqueous systems where active materials are often polar or ionic and both cross-over and conduction occur predominantly in charged polymer regions. For nonaqueous RFBs, or other membrane applications where selective organic molecule transport is important, HSP analysis can guide the co-design of the polymer separator materials and soluble organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M McCormack
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers' Way, P.O. Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Gary M Koenig
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers' Way, P.O. Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Geoffrey M Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers' Way, P.O. Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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9
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Chang K, Luo H, Bannon SM, Lin SY, Agata WAS, Geise GM. Methoxy groups increase water and decrease salt permeability properties of sulfonated polysulfone desalination membranes. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way, P.O.
Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Hongxi Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way, P.O.
Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Geoffrey M. Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way, P.O.
Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M. Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxi Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way, P.O.
Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Wendy-Angela Saringi Agata
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way, P.O.
Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Geoffrey M. Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way, P.O.
Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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13
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Ji Y, Luo H, Geise GM. Effects of fixed charge group physicochemistry on anion exchange membrane permselectivity and ion transport. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:7283-7293. [PMID: 32208480 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00018c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of polymer chemistry on membrane ion transport properties is critical for enabling efforts to design advanced highly permselective ion exchange membranes for water purification and energy applications. Here, the effects of fixed charge group type on anion exchange membrane (AEM) apparent permselectivity and ion transport properties were investigated using two crosslinked AEMs. The two AEMs, containing a similar acrylonitrile, styrene and divinyl benzene-based polymer backbone, had either trimethyl ammonium or 1,4-dimethyl imidazolium fixed charge groups. Membrane deswelling, apparent permselectivity and ion transport properties of the two AEMs were characterized using aqueous solutions of lithium chloride, sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, sodium bromide and sodium nitrate. Apparent permselectivity measurements revealed a minor influence of the fixed charge group type on apparent permselectivity. Further analysis of membrane swelling and ion sorption, however, suggests that less hydrophilic fixed charge groups more effectively exclude co-ions compared to more hydrophilic fixed charge groups. Analysis of ion diffusion properties suggest that ion and fixed charge group enthalpy of hydration properties influence ion transport, likely through a counter-ion condensation, ion pairing or binding mechanism. Interactions between fixed charge groups and counter-ions may be stronger if the enthalpy of hydration properties of the ion and fixed charge group are similar, and suppressed counter-ion diffusion was observed in this situation. In general, the hydration properties of the fixed charge group may be important for understanding how fixed charge group chemistry influences ion transport properties in anion exchange membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers' Way, P. O. Box 400741, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Hongxi Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers' Way, P. O. Box 400741, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Geoffrey M Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers' Way, P. O. Box 400741, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way, P.O.
Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Geoffrey M. Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way, P.O.
Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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15
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Capparelli C, Fernandez Pulido CR, Lopez-Hallman R, Geise GM, Hickner MA. Anion Exchange Membranes with Dynamic Redox-Responsive Properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:29187-29194. [PMID: 31271286 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Redox-responsive anion exchange membranes were developed using photoinitiated free-radical polymerization and reversible oxidation and reduction of viologen. The membranes were formulated using poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) and diurethane dimethacrylate oligomers, dipentaerythritol penta-/hexa-acrylate cross-linker, photoinitiators, and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride as precursors for functionalization. In the membrane, 4,4'-bipyridine reacted with the 4-vinylbenzyl chloride residues, and subsequently, unreacted amines were methylated with iodomethane to obtain viologen as both the ion carrier and redox-responsive group. Upon oxidation, viologen supports two cations, where the reduced form only contains one cation. Thus, the redox responsiveness changed the membrane ionicity by a factor of 2. The area-specific resistance of the membranes in the oxidized, +2, state was lower than in the reduced, +1, state. The resistance increased between 40.6 ± 0.1 and 111.6 ± 0.1%, depending on membrane thickness, with the most significant increment being a resistance change from 4.88 × 10-4 Ω m2 in the oxidized state to 1.03 × 10-3 Ω m2 in the reduced state. Membrane permselectivity in the reduced, +1, state was between 15.9 ± 0.1 and 26.5 ± 0.01% lower than in the oxidized, +2, state, with no change in water uptake, spanning an average of 0.87 ± 0.02 in the oxidized state to an average of 0.7 ± 0.01 in the reduced state. Upon reduction, membrane ion-exchange capacity decreases, increasing ionic resistance and decreasing membrane permselectivity due to a reduction in fixed charge concentration without a measurable change in water uptake. This trend is not generally observed for ion-exchange membranes and explains that the changes in transport properties result from changes in ionicity, not water uptake or domain size. The reversibility and stability of the stimuli responsiveness were confirmed by the absence of transport property changes after redox cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Geoffrey M Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
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16
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Zhang Q, Deng YX, Luo HX, Shi CY, Geise GM, Feringa BL, Tian H, Qu DH. Assembling a Natural Small Molecule into a Supramolecular Network with High Structural Order and Dynamic Functions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12804-12814. [PMID: 31348651 PMCID: PMC6696886 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Programming the hierarchical self-assembly
of small molecules has
been a fundamental topic of great significance in biological systems
and artificial supramolecular systems. Precise and highly programmed
self-assembly can produce supramolecular architectures with distinct
structural features. However, it still remains a challenge how to
precisely control the self-assembly pathway in a desirable way by
introducing abundant structural information into a limited molecular
backbone. Here we disclose a strategy that directs the hierarchical
self-assembly of sodium thioctate, a small molecule of biological
origin, into a highly ordered supramolecular layered network. By combining
the unique dynamic covalent ring-opening-polymerization of sodium
thioctate and an evaporation-induced interfacial confinement effect,
we precisely direct the dynamic supramolecular self-assembly of this
simple small molecule in a scheduled hierarchical pathway, resulting
in a layered structure with long-range order at both macroscopic and
molecular scales, which is revealed by small-angle and wide-angle
X-ray scattering technologies. The resulting supramolecular layers
are found to be able to bind water molecules as structural water,
which works as an interlayer lubricant to modulate the material properties,
such as mechanical performance, self-healing capability, and actuating
function. Analogous to many reversibly self-assembled biological systems,
the highly dynamic polymeric network can be degraded into monomers
and reformed by a water-mediated route, exhibiting full recyclability
in a facile, mild, and environmentally friendly way. This approach
for assembling commercial small molecules into structurally complex
materials paves the way for low-cost functional supramolecular materials
based on synthetically simple procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yuan-Xin Deng
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Hong-Xi Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Virginia , 102 Engineers' Way , P.O. Box 400741, Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Chen-Yu Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Geoffrey M Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Virginia , 102 Engineers' Way , P.O. Box 400741, Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China.,Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
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17
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18
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Chang K, Korovich A, Xue T, Morris WA, Madsen LA, Geise GM. Influence of Rubbery versus Glassy Backbone Dynamics on Multiscale Transport in Polymer Membranes. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Andrew Korovich
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Tianyi Xue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - William A. Morris
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Louis A. Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Geoffrey M. Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
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20
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Luo H, Aboki J, Ji Y, Guo R, Geise GM. Water and Salt Transport Properties of Triptycene-Containing Sulfonated Polysulfone Materials for Desalination Membrane Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:4102-4112. [PMID: 29314818 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of triptycene-containing sulfonated polysulfone (TRP-BP) materials was prepared via condensation polymerization, and the desalination membrane-relevant fundamental water and salt transport properties (i.e., sorption, diffusion, and permeability coefficients) of the polymers were characterized. Incorporating triptycene into sulfonated polysulfone increased the water content of the material compared to sulfonated polysulfone materials that do not contain triptycene. No significant difference in salt sorption was observed between TRP-BP membranes and other sulfonated polysulfone membranes, suggesting that the presence of triptycene in the polymer did not dramatically affect thermodynamic interactions between salt and the polymer. Both water and salt diffusion coefficients in the TRP-BP membranes were suppressed relative to other sulfonated polysulfone materials with comparable water content, and these phenomena may result from the influence of triptycene on polymer chain packing and/or free-volume distribution, which could increase the tortuosity of the transport pathways in the polymers. Enhanced water/salt diffusivity selectivity was observed for some of the TRP-BP membranes relative to those materials that did not contain triptycene, and correspondingly, incorporation of triptycene into sulfonated polysulfone resulted in an increase, particularly for acid counterion form TRP-BP materials, in water/salt permeability selectivity, which is favorable for desalination membrane applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxi Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia , 102 Engineers' Way, Post Office Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Joseph Aboki
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , 205 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia , 102 Engineers' Way, Post Office Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Ruilan Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , 205 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Geoffrey M Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia , 102 Engineers' Way, Post Office Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way, P.O.
Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Geoffrey M. Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way, P.O.
Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Hickner MA, Geise GM, Roy A. Using the tools of polymer science to impact water treatment membranes. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nam C, Zimudzi TJ, Geise GM, Hickner MA. Increased Hydrogel Swelling Induced by Absorption of Small Molecules. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:14263-14270. [PMID: 27159118 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The water and small molecule uptake behavior of amphiphilic diacrylate terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMSDA)/poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) (PEGDA) cross-linked hydrogels were studied using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. These hydrogel networks absorbed more water as the PEGDA content of the network increased. In contrast to typical osmotic deswelling behavior that occurs when liquid water equilibrated hydrogels are immersed in small molecule solutions with water activities less than unity, water-swollen gels immersed in 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS-H) solutions rapidly regained their water content within 4 min following an initial deswelling response. In situ ATR-FTIR analysis of the hydrogel film during the dynamic swelling experiment indicated that small molecule absorption into the gel played an important role in inducing gel reswelling in low water activity solutions. This aspect of polymer gel water uptake and interaction with small molecules is important for optimizing hydrogel coatings and hydrophilic polymer applications where there is an interaction between the internal chemical structure of the gel and electrolytes or other molecules in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwoo Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tawanda J Zimudzi
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Geoffrey M Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Michael A Hickner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Vargas-Barbosa NM, Geise GM, Hickner MA, Mallouk TE. Assessing the utility of bipolar membranes for use in photoelectrochemical water-splitting cells. ChemSusChem 2014; 7:3017-20. [PMID: 25256955 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Membranes are important in water-splitting solar cells because they prevent crossover of hydrogen and oxygen. Here, bipolar membranes (BPMs) were tested as separators in water electrolysis cells. Steady-state membrane and solution resistances, electrode overpotentials, and pH gradients were measured at current densities relevant to solar photoelectrolysis. Under forward bias conditions, electrodialysis of phosphate buffer ions creates a pH gradient across a BPM. Under reverse bias, the BPM can maintain a constant buffer pH on both sides of the cell, but a large membrane potential develops. Thus, the BPM does not present a viable solution for electrolysis in buffered electrolytes. However, the membrane potential is minimized when the anode and cathode compartments of the cell contain strongly basic and acidic electrolytes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nella M Vargas-Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, PA, 16802 (USA)
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Geise GM, Cassady HJ, Paul DR, Logan BE, Hickner MA. Specific ion effects on membrane potential and the permselectivity of ion exchange membranes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:21673-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Geise GM, Hickner MA, Logan BE. Ionic resistance and permselectivity tradeoffs in anion exchange membranes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2013; 5:10294-10301. [PMID: 24040962 DOI: 10.1021/am403207w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Salinity gradient energy technologies, such as reverse electrodialysis (RED) and capacitive mixing based on Donnan potential (Capmix CDP), could help address the global need for noncarbon-based energy. Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are a key component in these systems, and improved AEMs are needed in order to optimize and extend salinity gradient energy technologies. We measured ionic resistance and permselectivity properties of quaternary ammonium-functionalized AEMs based on poly(sulfone) and poly(phenylene oxide) polymer backbones and developed structure-property relationships between the transport properties and the water content and fixed charge concentration of the membranes. Ion transport and ion exclusion properties depend on the volume fraction of water in the polymer membrane, and the chemical nature of the polymer itself can influence fine-tuning of the transport properties to obtain membranes with other useful properties, such as chemical and dimensional stability. The ionic resistance of the AEMs considered in this study decreased by more than 3 orders of magnitude (i.e., from 3900 to 1.6 Ω m) and the permselectivity decreased by 6% (i.e., from 0.91 to 0.85) as the volume fraction of water in the polymer was varied by a factor of 3.8 (i.e., from 0.1 to 0.38). Water content was used to rationalize a tradeoff relationship between the permselectivity and ionic resistance of these AEMs whereby polymers with higher water content tend to have lower ionic resistance and lower permselectivity. The correlation of ion transport properties with water volume fraction and fixed charge concentration is discussed with emphasis on the importance of considering water volume fraction when interpreting ion transport data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Geise
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Abstract
Many salinity gradient energy technologies such as reverse electrodialysis (RED) rely on highly selective anion transport through polymeric anion exchange membranes. While there is considerable interest in using thermolytic solutions such as ammonium bicarbonate (AmB) in RED processes for closed-loop conversion of heat energy to electricity, little is known about membrane performance in this electrolyte. The resistances of two commercially available cation exchange membranes in AmB were lower than their resistances in NaCl. However, the resistances of commercially available anion exchange membranes (AEMs) were much larger in AmB than in NaCl, which would adversely affect energy recovery. The properties of a series of quaternary ammonium-functionalized poly(phenylene oxide) and Radel-based AEMs were therefore examined to understand the reasons for increased resistance in AmB to overcome this performance penalty due to the lower mobility of bicarbonate, 4.59 × 10-4 cm2/(V s), compared to chloride, 7.90 × 10-4 cm2/(V s) (the dilute aqueous solution mobility ratio of HCO3- to Cl- is 0.58). Most membrane resistances were generally consistent with the dilute solution mobilities of the anions. For a few key samples, however, increased water uptake in AmB solution reduced the ionic resistance of the polymer compared to its resistance in NaCl solution. This increased water uptake was attributed to the greater hydration of the bicarbonate ion compared to the chloride ion. The increased resistance due to the use of bicarbonate as opposed to chloride ions in AEMs can therefore be mitigated by designing polymers that swell more in AmB compared to NaCl solutions, enabling more efficient energy recovery using AmB thermolytic solutions in RED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M. Geise
- Materials
Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Michael A. Hickner
- Materials
Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bruce E. Logan
- Materials
Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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La YH, Diep J, Al-Rasheed R, Miller D, Krupp L, Geise GM, Vora A, Davis B, Nassar M, Freeman BD, McNeil M, Dubois G. Enhanced desalination performance of polyamide bi-layer membranes prepared by sequential interfacial polymerization. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Xie W, Geise GM, Freeman BD, Lee HS, Byun G, McGrath JE. Polyamide interfacial composite membranes prepared from m-phenylene diamine, trimesoyl chloride and a new disulfonated diamine. J Memb Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Geise GM, Willis CL, Doherty CM, Hill AJ, Bastow TJ, Ford J, Winey KI, Freeman BD, Paul DR. Characterization of Aluminum-Neutralized Sulfonated Styrenic Pentablock Copolymer Films. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie202546z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M. Geise
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0400, Austin,
Texas 78712, United States
| | - Carl L. Willis
- Kraton Performance Polymers, Inc., 16400 Park Row, Houston, Texas 77084,
United States
| | - Cara M. Doherty
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering & CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Private Bag 33, South Clayton MDC, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Anita J. Hill
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering & CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Private Bag 33, South Clayton MDC, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Bastow
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering & CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Private Bag 33, South Clayton MDC, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Jamie Ford
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104, United States
| | - Benny D. Freeman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0400, Austin,
Texas 78712, United States
| | - Donald R. Paul
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0400, Austin,
Texas 78712, United States
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Xie W, Geise GM, Freeman BD, Lee CH, McGrath JE. Influence of processing history on water and salt transport properties of disulfonated polysulfone random copolymers. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Xie W, Ju H, Geise GM, Freeman BD, Mardel JI, Hill AJ, McGrath JE. Effect of Free Volume on Water and Salt Transport Properties in Directly Copolymerized Disulfonated Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Random Copolymers. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102745s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Center for Energy and Environmental Resources, University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, Building 133, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Hao Ju
- Center for Energy and Environmental Resources, University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, Building 133, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Geoffrey M. Geise
- Center for Energy and Environmental Resources, University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, Building 133, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Benny D. Freeman
- Center for Energy and Environmental Resources, University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, Building 133, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - James I. Mardel
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Private Bag 33, South Clayton MDC, Clayton, Vic. 3169, Australia
| | - Anita J. Hill
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Private Bag 33, South Clayton MDC, Clayton, Vic. 3169, Australia
| | - James E. McGrath
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Geise GM, Lee HS, Miller DJ, Freeman BD, McGrath JE, Paul DR. Water purification by membranes: The role of polymer science. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 707] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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