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Wynberg E, Commons RJ, Humphreys G, Ashurst H, Burrow R, Adjei GO, Adjuik M, Anstey NM, Anvikar A, Baird KJ, Barber BE, Barennes H, Baudin E, Bell DJ, Bethell D, Binh TQ, Borghini-Fuhrer I, Chu CS, Daher A, D’Alessandro U, Das D, Davis TME, de Vries PJ, Djimde AA, Dondorp AM, Dorsey G, Faucher JFF, Fogg C, Gaye O, Grigg M, Hatz C, Kager PA, Lacerda M, Laman M, Mårtensson A, Menan HIE, Monteiro WM, Moore BR, Nosten F, Ogutu B, Osorio L, Penali LK, Pereira DB, Rahim AG, Ramharter M, Sagara I, Schramm B, Seidlein L, Siqueira AM, Sirima SB, Starzengruber P, Sutanto I, Taylor WR, Toure OA, Utzinger J, Valea I, Valentini G, White NJ, William T, Woodrow CJ, Richmond CL, Guerin PJ, Price RN, Stepniewska K. Variability in white blood cell count during uncomplicated malaria and implications for parasite density estimation: a WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network individual patient data meta-analysis. Malar J 2023; 22:174. [PMID: 37280686 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that when peripheral malarial parasitaemia is quantified by thick film microscopy, an actual white blood cell (WBC) count from a concurrently collected blood sample is used in calculations. However, in resource-limited settings an assumed WBC count is often used instead. The aim of this study was to describe the variability in WBC count during acute uncomplicated malaria, and estimate the impact of using an assumed value of WBC on estimates of parasite density and clearance. METHODS Uncomplicated malaria drug efficacy studies that measured WBC count were selected from the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network data repository for an individual patient data meta-analysis of WBC counts. Regression models with random intercepts for study-site were used to assess WBC count variability at presentation and during follow-up. Inflation factors for parasitaemia density, and clearance estimates were calculated for methods using assumed WBC counts (8000 cells/µL and age-stratified values) using estimates derived from the measured WBC value as reference. RESULTS Eighty-four studies enrolling 27,656 patients with clinically uncomplicated malaria were included. Geometric mean WBC counts (× 1000 cells/µL) in age groups < 1, 1-4, 5-14 and ≥ 15 years were 10.5, 8.3, 7.1, 5.7 and 7.5, 7.0, 6.5, 6.0 for individuals with falciparum (n = 24,978) and vivax (n = 2678) malaria, respectively. At presentation, higher WBC counts were seen among patients with higher parasitaemia, severe anaemia and, for individuals with vivax malaria, in regions with shorter regional relapse periodicity. Among falciparum malaria patients, using an assumed WBC count of 8000 cells/µL resulted in parasite density underestimation by a median (IQR) of 26% (4-41%) in infants < 1 year old but an overestimation by 50% (16-91%) in adults aged ≥ 15 years. Use of age-stratified assumed WBC values removed systematic bias but did not improve precision of parasitaemia estimation. Imprecision of parasite clearance estimates was only affected by the within-patient WBC variability over time, and remained < 10% for 79% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Using an assumed WBC value for parasite density estimation from a thick smear may lead to underdiagnosis of hyperparasitaemia and could adversely affect clinical management; but does not result in clinically consequential inaccuracies in the estimation of the prevalence of prolonged parasite clearance and artemisinin resistance.
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Mansoor R, Commons RJ, Douglas NM, Abuaku B, Achan J, Adam I, Adjei GO, Adjuik M, Alemayehu BH, Allan R, Allen EN, Anvikar AR, Arinaitwe E, Ashley EA, Ashurst H, Asih PBS, Bakyaita N, Barennes H, Barnes KI, Basco L, Bassat Q, Baudin E, Bell DJ, Bethell D, Bjorkman A, Boulton C, Bousema T, Brasseur P, Bukirwa H, Burrow R, Carrara VI, Cot M, D’Alessandro U, Das D, Das S, Davis TME, Desai M, Djimde AA, Dondorp AM, Dorsey G, Drakeley CJ, Duparc S, Espié E, Etard JF, Falade C, Faucher JF, Filler S, Fogg C, Fukuda M, Gaye O, Genton B, Ghulam Rahim A, Gilayeneh J, Gonzalez R, Grais RF, Grandesso F, Greenwood B, Grivoyannis A, Hatz C, Hodel EM, Humphreys GS, Hwang J, Ishengoma D, Juma E, Kachur SP, Kager PA, Kamugisha E, Kamya MR, Karema C, Kayentao K, Kazienga A, Kiechel JR, Kofoed PE, Koram K, Kremsner PG, Lalloo DG, Laman M, Lee SJ, Lell B, Maiga AW, Mårtensson A, Mayxay M, Mbacham W, McGready R, Menan H, Ménard D, Mockenhaupt F, Moore BR, Müller O, Nahum A, Ndiaye JL, Newton PN, Ngasala BE, Nikiema F, Nji AM, Noedl H, Nosten F, Ogutu BR, Ojurongbe O, Osorio L, Ouédraogo JB, Owusu-Agyei S, Pareek A, Penali LK, Piola P, Plucinski M, Premji Z, Ramharter M, Richmond CL, Rombo L, Roper C, Rosenthal PJ, Salman S, Same-Ekobo A, Sibley C, Sirima SB, Smithuis FM, Somé FA, Staedke SG, Starzengruber P, Strub-Wourgaft N, Sutanto I, Swarthout TD, Syafruddin D, Talisuna AO, Taylor WR, Temu EA, Thwing JI, Tinto H, Tjitra E, Touré OA, Tran TH, Ursing J, Valea I, Valentini G, van Vugt M, von Seidlein L, Ward SA, Were V, White NJ, Woodrow CJ, Yavo W, Yeka A, Zongo I, Simpson JA, Guerin PJ, Stepniewska K, Price RN. Haematological consequences of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network pooled analysis of individual patient data. BMC Med 2022; 20:85. [PMID: 35249546 PMCID: PMC8900374 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum malaria is associated with anaemia-related morbidity, attributable to host, parasite and drug factors. We quantified the haematological response following treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria to identify the factors associated with malarial anaemia. METHODS Individual patient data from eligible antimalarial efficacy studies of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, available through the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network data repository prior to August 2015, were pooled using standardised methodology. The haematological response over time was quantified using a multivariable linear mixed effects model with nonlinear terms for time, and the model was then used to estimate the mean haemoglobin at day of nadir and day 7. Multivariable logistic regression quantified risk factors for moderately severe anaemia (haemoglobin < 7 g/dL) at day 0, day 3 and day 7 as well as a fractional fall ≥ 25% at day 3 and day 7. RESULTS A total of 70,226 patients, recruited into 200 studies between 1991 and 2013, were included in the analysis: 50,859 (72.4%) enrolled in Africa, 18,451 (26.3%) in Asia and 916 (1.3%) in South America. The median haemoglobin concentration at presentation was 9.9 g/dL (range 5.0-19.7 g/dL) in Africa, 11.6 g/dL (range 5.0-20.0 g/dL) in Asia and 12.3 g/dL (range 6.9-17.9 g/dL) in South America. Moderately severe anaemia (Hb < 7g/dl) was present in 8.4% (4284/50,859) of patients from Africa, 3.3% (606/18,451) from Asia and 0.1% (1/916) from South America. The nadir haemoglobin occurred on day 2 post treatment with a mean fall from baseline of 0.57 g/dL in Africa and 1.13 g/dL in Asia. Independent risk factors for moderately severe anaemia on day 7, in both Africa and Asia, included moderately severe anaemia at baseline (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 16.10 and AOR = 23.00, respectively), young age (age < 1 compared to ≥ 12 years AOR = 12.81 and AOR = 6.79, respectively), high parasitaemia (AOR = 1.78 and AOR = 1.58, respectively) and delayed parasite clearance (AOR = 2.44 and AOR = 2.59, respectively). In Asia, patients treated with an artemisinin-based regimen were at significantly greater risk of moderately severe anaemia on day 7 compared to those treated with a non-artemisinin-based regimen (AOR = 2.06 [95%CI 1.39-3.05], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, the nadir haemoglobin occurs 2 days after starting treatment. Although artemisinin-based treatments increase the rate of parasite clearance, in Asia they are associated with a greater risk of anaemia during recovery.
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Adjei GO, Sulley AM, Goka BQ, Enweronu-Laryea C, Renner L, Alifrangis M, Kurtzhals JAL. Performance of an HRP-2 based (First Response®) and p-LDH-based (Optimal®) rapid diagnostic tests for diagnosis of malaria in paediatric sickle cell disease patients. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 75:435-441. [PMID: 34849647 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been extensively evaluated and play an important role in malaria diagnosis. However, the accuracy of RDT for malaria diagnosis in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) is unknown. METHODS We compared the performance of a histidine rich protein 2 (HRP-2) - based RDT (First Response®), and a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) - based RDT (Optimal®) with routine microscopy as reference standard in 445 SCD children with an acute febrile illness in Accra, Ghana. RESULTS The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the HRP-2 based RDT were, 100%, 95.7%, 73.8% and 100%, respectively. Comparable values for the LDH based RDT were, 91.7%, 99.5%, 95.7% and 99.0% respectively. A total of 423 results were true in both tests, one result was false in both tests, 16 results were false in the HRP-2 test only and 5 were false in the LDH test only (McNemar's test, p=0.03). At follow up, 73.7 % (28/38), 52.6 % (20/38), 48.6 % (17/35), and 13.2 % (5/38) of study participants were HRP-2 positive on days 14, 28, 35 and 42, respectively, compared to 0, 2.6 % (1/38), 2.9 % (1/35), and 2.6 % (1/38) for LDH. CONCLUSION The HRP2 based RDT fulfilled WHO criteria for malaria diagnosis in SCD patients and may provide diagnostic evidence for treatment to begin in cases where treatment would otherwise have begun presumptively based on symptoms, while LDH based RDT may be more suitable as a confirmatory test in low-parasitaemic sub-groups, such as SCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- George O Adjei
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana
| | - A M Sulley
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana
| | - B Q Goka
- Department of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana
| | - C Enweronu-Laryea
- Department of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana
| | - L Renner
- Department of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana
| | - M Alifrangis
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Clinical Microbiology and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J A L Kurtzhals
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Clinical Microbiology and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
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Adjei GO, Sulley AM, Goka BQ, Enweronu-Laryea C, Amponsah SK, Alifrangis M, Kurtzhals JAL. Plasma Folate Levels in Acutely Ill and Steady State Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease Patients in Ghana. J Blood Med 2020; 11:421-427. [PMID: 33177908 PMCID: PMC7650031 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s275150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) are susceptible to infective conditions that predispose them to hemolysis and anemia. Folic acid is recommended as a preventative measure against anemia in SCD patients; however, there is scarce literature on the implications of this practice. Patients and Methods Plasma concentrations of folate were measured in acutely ill pediatric SCD patients presenting with malaria or bacteremia and compared with those of SCD patients in steady state, or acutely ill non-SCD patients with confirmed malaria. Results The proportion of individuals with high (>45.3 nmol/L) folate concentrations was 29.5% (13/44), 18.2% (8/44), 33.3% (6/18), and 0% in the SCD-malaria, SCD steady state, SCD bacteremia, and the non-SCD malaria groups, respectively. The proportion of SCD patients with high folate levels did not vary significantly at steady state and during confirmed malaria (p = 0.216), and during acute bacteremia (p = 0.20). The median (interquartile range) plasma folate levels were 34.50 (24.40–52.00 nmol/L), 33.40 (15.83–60.85 nmol/L), 30.85 (24.68–39.65 nmol/L), and 13.30 (10.03–17.18 nmol/L), respectively, in the SCD malaria, SCD bacteremia, SCD steady state, and the non-SCD malaria sub-groups. The median folate levels of SCD steady state, SCD malaria, and SCD bacteremia sub-groups differed significantly (p < 0.0001) when compared with non-SCD patients, but the levels in the SCD bacteremia and malaria groups were not significantly different from the SCD steady state group. Conclusion Elevated levels of plasma folate were found in a high proportion of pediatric SCD patients. The implications of such elevated folate levels in pediatric SCD patients are unknown but may suggest a need for review of current recommendations for prophylactic doses of folic acid in SCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- George O Adjei
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abdul M Sulley
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bamenla Q Goka
- Department of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Seth K Amponsah
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael Alifrangis
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorgen A L Kurtzhals
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
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Adjei GO, Amponsah SK, Goka BQ, Enweronu-Laryea C, Renner L, Sulley AM, Alifrangis M, Kurtzhals JAL. Population Pharmacokinetic Estimates Suggest Elevated Clearance and Distribution Volume of Desethylamodiaquine in Pediatric Patients with Sickle Cell Disease Treated with Artesunate-Amodiaquine. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2019; 90:9-15. [PMID: 30766619 PMCID: PMC6360331 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is limited information on the safety or efficacy of currently recommended antimalarial drugs in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), a population predisposed to worse outcomes if affected by acute malaria. Artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria (UM) in many malaria-endemic countries and is also used for treatment of UM in SCD patients. There is, however, no information to date, on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of amodiaquine or artesunate or the metabolites of these drugs in SCD patients. Objectives This study sought to determine the PK of desethylamodiaquine (DEAQ), the main active metabolite of amodiaquine, among paediatric SCD patients with UM treated with artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ). Methods Plasma concentration-time data (median DEAQ levels) of SCD children (n = 16) was initially compared with those of concurrently recruited non-SCD paediatric patients with acute UM (n = 13). A population PK modelling approach was then used to analyze plasma DEAQ concentrations obtained between 64 and 169 hours after oral administration of ASAQ in paediatric SCD patients with acute UM (n = 16). To improve PK modeling, DEAQ concentration-time data (n = 21) from SCD was merged with DEAQ concentration-time data (n = 169) of a historical paediatric population treated with ASAQ (n = 103) from the same study setting. Results The median DEAQ concentrations on days 3 and 7 were comparatively lower in the SCD patients compared to the non-SCD patients. A two-compartment model best described the plasma DEAQ concentration-time data of the merged data (current SCD data and historical data). The estimated population clearance of DEAQ was higher in the SCD patients (67 L/h, 21% relative standard error (RSE) compared with the non-SCD population (15.5 L/h, 32% RSE). The central volume of distribution was larger in the SCD patients compared with the non-SCD patients (4400 L, 43% RSE vs. 368 L, 34% RSE). Conclusions The data shows a tendency towards lower DEAQ concentration in SCD patients and the exploratory population PK estimates suggest altered DEAQ disposition in SCD patients with acute UM. These findings, which if confirmed, may reflect pathophysiological changes associated with SCD on DEAQ disposition, have implications for therapeutic response to amodiaquine in SCD patients. The limited number of recruited SCD patients and sparse sampling approach however, limits extrapolation of the data, and calls for further studies in a larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- George O Adjei
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Seth K Amponsah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bamenla Q Goka
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christabel Enweronu-Laryea
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lorna Renner
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abdul Malik Sulley
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael Alifrangis
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology University of Copenhagen and Department of Clinical Microbiology and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorgen A L Kurtzhals
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology University of Copenhagen and Department of Clinical Microbiology and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
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Quakyi IA, Adjei GO, Sullivan DJ, Laar A, Stephens JK, Owusu R, Winch P, Sakyi KS, Coleman N, Krampa FD, Essuman E, Aubyn VNA, Boateng IA, Borteih BB, Vanotoo L, Tuakli J, Addison E, Bart-Plange C, Sorvor F, Adjei AA. Diagnostic capacity, and predictive values of rapid diagnostic tests for accurate diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum in febrile children in Asante-Akim, Ghana. Malar J 2018; 17:468. [PMID: 30547795 PMCID: PMC6295071 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study seeks to compare the performance of HRP2 (First Response) and pLDH/HRP2 (Combo) RDTs for falciparum malaria against microscopy and PCR in acutely ill febrile children at presentation and follow-up. Methods This is an interventional study that recruited children < 5 years who reported to health facilities with a history of fever within the past 72 h or a documented axillary temperature of 37.5 °C. Using a longitudinal approach, recruitment and follow-up of participants was done between January and May 2012. Based on results of HRP2-RDT screening, the children were grouped into one of the following three categories: (1) tested positive for malaria using RDT and received anti-malarial treatment (group 1, n = 85); (2) tested negative for malaria using RDT and were given anti-malarial treatment by the admitting physician (group 2, n = 74); or, (3) tested negative for malaria using RDT and did not receive any anti-malarial treatment (group 3, n = 101). Independent microscopy, PCR and Combo-RDT tests were done for each sample on day 0 and all follow-up days. Results Mean age of the study participants was 22 months and females accounted for nearly 50%. At the time of diagnosis, the mean body temperature was 37.9 °C (range 35–40.1 °C). Microscopic parasite density ranged between 300 and 99,500 parasites/µL. With microscopy as gold standard, the sensitivity of HRP2 and Combo-RDTs were 95.1 and 96.3%, respectively. The sensitivities, specificities and predictive values for RDTs were relatively higher in microscopy-defined malaria cases than in PCR positive-defined cases. On day 0, participants who initially tested negative for HRP2 were positive by microscopy (n = 2), Combo (n = 1) and PCR (n = 17). On days 1 and 2, five of the children in this group (initially HRP2-negative) tested positive by PCR alone. On day 28, four patients who were originally HRP2-negative tested positive for microscopy (n = 2), Combo (n = 2) and PCR (n = 4). Conclusion The HRP2/pLDH RDTs showed comparable diagnostic accuracy in children presenting with an acute febrile illness to health facilities in a hard-to-reach rural area in Ghana. Nevertheless, discordant results recorded on day 0 and follow-up visits using the recommended RDTs means improved malaria diagnostic capability in malaria-endemic regions is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella A Quakyi
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - George O Adjei
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - David J Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Amos Laar
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Judith K Stephens
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richmond Owusu
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Peter Winch
- Department of International Health, Social and Behavioural Interventions Program, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kwame S Sakyi
- Department of Public and Environmental Wellness, Oakland University, 3101 Human Health Building, 433 Meadow Brook Rd, Rochester, MI, 48309-4452, USA
| | - Nathaniel Coleman
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Francis D Krampa
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Edward Essuman
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Vivian N A Aubyn
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac A Boateng
- Asante-Akim Central Municipal Health Directorate, Ghana Health Services, Konongo, Ghana
| | - Bernard B Borteih
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Linda Vanotoo
- Regional Health Directorate, Ghana Health Services, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Felix Sorvor
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew A Adjei
- Worldwide Universities Network, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
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Frimpong A, Thiam LG, Arko-Boham B, Owusu EDA, Adjei GO. Safety and effectiveness of antimalarial therapy in sickle cell disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:650. [PMID: 30541465 PMCID: PMC6292161 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 80% of all reported sickle cell disease (SCD) cases in children anually are recorded in Africa. Although malaria is considered a major cause of death in SCD children, there is limited data on the safety and effectiveness of the available antimalarial drugs used for prophylaxis. Also, previous systematic reviews have not provided quantitative measures of preventive effectiveness. The purpose of this research was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available literature to determine the safety and effectiveness of antimalarial chemoprophylaxis used in SCD patients. METHODS We searched in PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, POPLine and Cochrane library, for the period spanning January 1990 to April 2018. We considered randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing any antimalarial chemoprophylaxis to, 1) other antimalarial chemoprophylaxis, 2) placebo or 3) no intervention, in SCD patients. Studies comparing at least two treatment arms, for a minimum duration of three months, with no restriction on the number of patients per arm were reviewed. The data were extracted and expressed as odds ratios. Direct pairwise comparisons were performed using fixed effect models and the heterogeneity assessed using the I-square. RESULTS Six qualified studies that highlighted the importance of antimalarial chemoprophylaxis in SCD children were identified. In total, seven different interventions (Chloroquine, Mefloquine, Mefloquine artesunate, Proguanil, Pyrimethamine, Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine amodiaquine) were evaluated in 912 children with SCD. Overall, the meta-analysis showed that antimalarial chemoprophylaxis provided protection against parasitemia and clinical malaria episodes in children with SCD. Nevertheless, the risk of hospitalization (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.267-1.959; I2 = 0.0%), blood transfusion (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.542-1.280; I2 = 29.733%), vaso-occlusive crisis (OR = 19, 95% CI = 1.713-2.792; I2 = 93.637%), and mortality (OR = 0.511, 95% CI = 0.189-1.384; I2 = 0.0%) did not differ between the intervention and placebo groups. CONCLUSION The data shows that antimalarial prophylaxis reduces the incidence of clinical malaria in children with SCD. However, there was no difference between the occurrence of adverse events in children who received placebo and those who received prophylaxis. This creates an urgent need to assess the efficacy of new antimalarial drug regimens as potential prophylactic agents in SCD patients. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO (CRD42016052514).
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustina Frimpong
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Laty Gaye Thiam
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Benjamin Arko-Boham
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ewurama Dedea Ampadu Owusu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - George O Adjei
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
- Office of Research Innovation and Development, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
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Bediako-Bowan AA, Adjei GO, Clegg-Lamptey JN, Naaeder SB. The burden and characteristics of peripheral arterial disease in patients undergoing amputation in Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana. Ghana Med J 2018; 51:108-114. [PMID: 29622821 DOI: 10.4314/gmj.v51i3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To determine the prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) and associated risk factors in patients undergoing amputation at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH), Accra, Ghana. Objectives A cross- sectional study of all patients undergoing lower extremity amputation at the Department of Surgery, KBTH. Materials A coded questionnaire was used to ascertain risk factors for PAD. The Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire was used to determine symptomatic PAD and a 5 mmHz hand held Summit® Doppler together with an Accoson ® sphygmomanometer was used to determine PAD and its severity. Method Clinical diagnosis of symptomatic PAD was made using a symptom-based questionnaire and signs of PAD determined by measuring the ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) by means of a handheld Doppler and sphygmomanometer. Risk factors were determined using the coded questionnaire and related to the occurrence and severity of PAD. Results The prevalence of PAD among recruited participants was 71%. Twenty-eight per cent of participants with PAD in the index limb also showed signs of PAD in the other limb. The diagnosis of PAD was made in 71%, using ABPI, and 13%, using ECQ. Twenty-seven per cent of patient with hypertension, seventeen per cent with diabetes and all patients with hypercholesterolemia were not on any form of medication. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of PAD among patients undergoing lower extremity amputation at the KBTH. The majority of PAD patients presented with moderate to severe PAD. Instituting measures to identify and control risk factors of PAD may reduce this high burden. Funding Not declared. Funding source Authors funded the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Aa Bediako-Bowan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Accra
| | - George O Adjei
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joe N Clegg-Lamptey
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Accra
| | - Simon B Naaeder
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Accra
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Quakyi IA, Adjei GO, Sullivan DJ, Stephens JK, Laar A, Ama Aubyn VN, Owusu R, Sakyi KS, Coleman N, Krampa FD, Vanotoo L, Tuakli J, Bortei BB, Essuman E, Sorvor F, Boateng IA, Bart-Plange C, Addison EA, Winch P, Adjei AA. Targeted community based interventions improved malaria management competencies in rural Ghana. Glob Health Res Policy 2017; 2:29. [PMID: 29202097 PMCID: PMC5683319 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-017-0048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is one of the most challenging public health concerns in the developing world. To address its impact in endemic regions, several interventions are implemented by stakeholders. The Affordable Medicine Facility-malaria (AMFm) is an example of such interventions. Its activities include communication interventions to enhance the knowledge of caregivers of children under five years, licensed chemical sellers (LCS) and prescribers on malaria management with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the AMFm activities on malaria among targeted groups in two rural communities in Ghana. Methods A communication intervention study was conducted in the Asante-Akim North and South Districts of Ghana. Repeated cross-sectional pre and post surveys were deployed. Relevant malaria messages were designed and used to develop the information, education and communication (IEC) tools for the intervention. With the aid of posters and flipcharts developed by our study, community health workers (CHWs), prescribers, and licenced chemical sellers provided proper counselling to clients on malaria management. Trained CHWs and community based volunteers educated caregivers of children under five years on malaria management at their homes and at public gatherings such as churches, mosques, schools. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were run to determine associations and control for demographic differences respectively. Results There was significantly high exposure to malaria/ACT interventions in the intervention district than in the comparison district (OR = 16.02; 95% CI = 7.88–32.55) and same for malaria/ACT-related knowledge (OR = 3.63; 95% CI = 2.52–5.23). The participants in the intervention district were also more knowledgeable about correct administration of dispersible drug for children <5 years than their counterparts in the unexposed district. Conclusion Our data show that targeted interventions improve malaria based competences in rural community settings. The availability of subsidized ACTs and the intensity of the communication campaigns contributed to the AMFm-related awareness, improved knowledge on malaria/ACTs and management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella A Quakyi
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - George O Adjei
- Office of Research, Innovation and Development, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - David J Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Judith K Stephens
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Amos Laar
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Richmond Owusu
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwame S Sakyi
- Department of International Health, Social and Behavioural Interventions Program, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Nathaniel Coleman
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Francis D Krampa
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Linda Vanotoo
- Regional Health Directorate, Ghana Health Services, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Bernard B Bortei
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Edward Essuman
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Felix Sorvor
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac A Boateng
- Asante-Akim Central Municipal Health Directorate, Ghana Health Services, Konongo, Ghana
| | - Constance Bart-Plange
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer A Addison
- Kpone Katamanso District Health Directorate, Ghana Health Services, Kpone, Tema, Ghana
| | - Peter Winch
- Department of International Health, Social and Behavioural Interventions Program, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Andrew A Adjei
- Worldwide Universities Network, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Amoako-Sakyi D, Adukpo S, Kusi KA, Dodoo D, Ofori MF, Adjei GO, Edoh DE, Asmah RH, Brown C, Adu B, Obiri-Yeboah D, Futagbi G, Abubakari SB, Troye-Blomberg M, Akanmori BD, Goka BQ, Arko-Mensah J, Gyan BA. A STAT6 Intronic Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism is Associated with Clinical Malaria in Ghanaian Children. Genet Epigenet 2016; 8:7-14. [PMID: 27279750 PMCID: PMC4887113 DOI: 10.4137/geg.s38307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Malaria pathogenesis may be influenced by IgE responses and cytokine cross-regulation. Several mutations in the IL-4/STAT6 signaling pathway can alter cytokine cross-regulation and IgE responses during a Plasmodium falciparum malarial infection. This study investigated the relationship between a STAT6 intronic single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs3024974), total IgE, cytokines, and malaria severity in 238 Ghanaian children aged between 0.5 and 13 years. Total IgE and cytokine levels were measured by ELISA, while genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Compared with healthy controls, heterozygosity protected against clinical malaria: uncomplicated malaria (odds ratios [OR] = 0.13, P < 0.001), severe malarial anemia (OR = 0.18, P < 0.001), and cerebral malaria (OR = 0.39, P = 0.022). Levels of total IgE significantly differed among malaria phenotypes (P = 0.044) and rs3024974 genotypes (P = 0.037). Neither cytokine levels nor IL-6/IL-10 ratios were associated with malaria phenotypes or rs3024974 genotypes. This study suggests a role for rs3024974 in malaria pathogenesis and offers further insights into an IL-4/STAT6 pathway mutation in malaria pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Amoako-Sakyi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.; Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Selorme Adukpo
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kwadwo A Kusi
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel Dodoo
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael F Ofori
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George O Adjei
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.; Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dominic E Edoh
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richard H Asmah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Charles Brown
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bright Adu
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Godfred Futagbi
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sharif Buari Abubakari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Marita Troye-Blomberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bartholomew D Akanmori
- Immunization and Vaccines Development Programme, Family & Reproductive Health Cluster, WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Bamenla Q Goka
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - John Arko-Mensah
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ben A Gyan
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Adjei AA, Winch P, Laar A, Sullivan DJ, Sakyi KS, Stephens JK, Adjei GO, Boateng IA, Aubyn VNA, Kubio C, Tuakli J, Vanotoo L, Bortei BB, Amo-Addae M, Sorvor F, Coleman N, Dalglish S, Owusu R, Gebreyesus T, Essuman E, Greene R, Ankomah E, Houston K, Bart-Plange C, Salamat S, Addison EA, Quakyi IA. Insights into the Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria in Ghana: the role of caregivers and licensed chemical sellers in four regions. Malar J 2016; 15:263. [PMID: 27160685 PMCID: PMC4862058 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Affordable Medicine Facility-malaria (AMFm) was an innovative global financing mechanism for the provision of quality-assured artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) across both the private and public health sectors in eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa. This study evaluated the effectiveness of AMFm subsidies in increasing access to ACT in Ghana and documented malaria management practices at the household and community levels during the implementation of the AMFm. Methods This study, conducted in four regions in Ghana between January, 2011 to December, 2012, employed cross-sectional mixed-methods design that included qualitative and quantitative elements, specifically household surveys, focus group discussions (FGD) and in-depth interviews. Results The study indicated high ACT availability, adequate provider knowledge and reasonably low quality-assured ACT use in the study areas, all of which are a reflection of a high market share of ACT in these hard-to-reach areas of the country. Adequate recognition of childhood malaria symptoms by licensed chemical seller (LCS) attendants was observed. A preference by caregivers for LCS over health facilities for seeking treatment solutions to childhood malaria was found. Conclusions Artemisinin-based combination therapy with the AMFm logo was accessible and affordable for most people seeking treatment from health facilities and LCS shops in rural areas. Caregivers and LCS were seen to play key roles in the health of the community especially with children under 5 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Adjei
- Office of Research, Innovation and Development, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Peter Winch
- Department of International Health, Social and Behavioural Interventions Program, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Amos Laar
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - David J Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kwame S Sakyi
- Department of International Health, Social and Behavioural Interventions Program, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Judith K Stephens
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - George O Adjei
- Centre for Tropical, Clinical, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac A Boateng
- Ashanti Akim Central Municipal Health Directorate, Ghana Health Services, Konongo, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Linda Vanotoo
- Regional Health Directorate, Ghana Health Services, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bernard B Bortei
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Maame Amo-Addae
- Shama District Health Directorate, Ghana Health Services, Shama, Ghana
| | - Felix Sorvor
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nathaniel Coleman
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sarah Dalglish
- Department of International Health, Social and Behavioural Interventions Program, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Richmond Owusu
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Tsega Gebreyesus
- Department of International Health, Social and Behavioural Interventions Program, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Edward Essuman
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rebecca Greene
- Department of Paediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ezekiel Ankomah
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kiely Houston
- Department of International Health, Social and Behavioural Interventions Program, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Samuel Salamat
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer A Addison
- Kpone Katamanso District Health Directorate, Ghana Health Services, Kpone, Tema, Ghana
| | - Isabella A Quakyi
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
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Tettey R, Ayeh-Kumi P, Tettey P, Adjei GO, Asmah RH, Dodoo D. Severity of malaria in relation to a complement receptor 1 polymorphism: a case-control study. Pathog Glob Health 2015; 109:247-52. [PMID: 25916414 DOI: 10.1179/2047773215y.0000000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the relationship between complement receptor 1 (CR1) polymorphisms in exon 29 encoding the Knops blood group antigens (Swain-Langley (Sl) and McCoy (McC)) and outcome of clinical malaria have produced inconsistent results. METHODS Blood samples from Ghanaian children (n = 150) aged 1-12 years with complicated and uncomplicated malaria were genotyped for the Sl and McC blood group alleles by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Effect of Sl and McC genotypes on the clinical outcome of malaria was evaluated using logistic regression. RESULTS McCa/b genotype was significantly associated with more than two-fold increased susceptibility for severe malaria (OR = 2.31; 95% CI: 1.03-5.20, P = 0.043). However, McCb/b was associated with an 88% reduced risk of severe malaria (OR = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.02-0.64, P = 0.013). In contrast, there was no significant association between severe malaria and Sl1/1, Sl1/2, Sl2/and McCa/a genotypes. There was a trend towards decreased susceptibility to both cerebral malaria (CM) (OR = 0.13; 95% CI: 0.02-1.15, P = 0.07) and severe malarial anaemia (SA) (OR = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.02-1.19, P = 0.07) for McCb/b genotype when compared with the McCa/a genotype. There were no significant associations between Sl1/2 or Sl2/2 genotype and CM or SA when compared with Sl1/1 genotype. CONCLUSIONS McCa/b was associated with increased susceptibility to severe malaria and McCb/b associated with reduced risk of severe malaria. Further studies with large sample size in other malaria endemic regions in Africa are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Adjei GO, Goka BQ, Enweronu-Laryea CC, Rodrigues OP, Renner L, Sulley AM, Alifrangis M, Khalil I, Kurtzhals JA. A randomized trial of artesunate-amodiaquine versus artemether-lumefantrine in Ghanaian paediatric sickle cell and non-sickle cell disease patients with acute uncomplicated malaria. Malar J 2014; 13:369. [PMID: 25236838 PMCID: PMC4176868 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder common in malaria endemic areas. In endemic areas, malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among SCD patients. This suggests the need for prompt initiation of efficacious anti-malarial therapy in SCD patients with acute malaria. However, there is no information to date, on the efficacy or safety of artemisinin combination therapy when used for malaria treatment in SCD patients. Methods Children with SCD and acute uncomplicated malaria (n = 60) were randomized to treatment with artesunate-amodiaquine (AA), or artemether-lumefantrine (AL). A comparison group of non-SCD children (HbAA genotype; n = 59) with uncomplicated malaria were also randomized to treatment with AA or AL. Recruited children were followed up and selected investigations were done on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 28, 35, and 42. Selected clinical and laboratory parameters of the SCD patients were also compared with a group of malaria-negative SCD children (n = 82) in steady state. Results The parasite densities on admission were significantly lower in the SCD group, compared with the non-SCD group (p = 0.0006). The parasite reduction ratio (PRR) was lower, clearance was slower (p < 0.0001), and time for initial parasitaemia to decline by 50 and 90% were longer for the SCD group. Adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) on day 28 was 98.3% (58/59) in the SCD group and 100% (57/57) in the non-SCD group. Corresponding ACPR rates on day 42 were 96.5% (55/57) in the SCD group and 96.4% (53/55) in the non-SCD group. The fractional changes in haemoglobin, platelets and white blood cell counts between baseline (day 0) and endpoint (day 42) were 16.9, 40.6 and 92.3%, respectively, for the SCD group, and, 12.3, 48.8 and 7.5%, respectively, for the non-SCD group. There were no differences in these indices between AA- and AL-treated subjects. Conclusions The parasite clearance of SCD children with uncomplicated malaria was slower compared with non-SCD children. AA and AL showed similar clinical and parasitological effects in the SCD and non-SCD groups. The alterations in WBC and platelet counts may have implications for SCD severity. Trial registration Current controlled trials ISRCTN96891086.
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Affiliation(s)
- George O Adjei
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, Accra, Ghana.
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Adjei GO, Goka BQ, Binka F, Kurtzhals JAL. Artemether–lumefantrine: an oral antimalarial for uncomplicated malaria in children. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 7:669-81. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Adukpo S, Kusi KA, Ofori MF, Tetteh JKA, Amoako-Sakyi D, Goka BQ, Adjei GO, Edoh DA, Akanmori BD, Gyan BA, Dodoo D. High plasma levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 are associated with cerebral malaria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84181. [PMID: 24386348 PMCID: PMC3873986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral malaria (CM) is responsible for most of the malaria-related deaths in children in sub-Saharan Africa. Although, not well understood, the pathogenesis of CM involves parasite and host factors which contribute to parasite sequestration through cytoadherence to the vascular endothelium. Cytoadherence to brain microvasculature is believed to involve host endothelial receptor, CD54 or intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, while other receptors such as CD36 are generally involved in cytoadherence of parasites in other organs. We therefore investigated the contributions of host ICAM-1 expression and levels of antibodies against ICAM-1 binding variant surface antigen (VSA) on parasites to the development of CM. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Paediatric malaria patients, 0.5 to 13 years were recruited and grouped into CM and uncomplicated malaria (UM) patients, based on well defined criteria. Standardized ELISA protocol was used to measure soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) levels from acute plasma samples. Levels of IgG to CD36- or ICAM-1-binding VSA were measured by flow cytometry during acute and convalescent states. Wilcoxon sign rank-test analysis to compare groups revealed association between sICAM-1 levels and CM (p<0.0037). Median levels of antibodies to CD36-binding VSA were comparable in the two groups at the time of admission and 7 days after treatment was initiated (p>0.05). Median levels of antibodies to CD36-binding VSAs were also comparable between acute and convalescent samples within any patient group. Median levels of antibodies to ICAM-1-binding VSAs were however significantly lower at admission time than during recovery in both groups. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE High levels of sICAM-1 were associated with CM, and the sICAM-1 levels may reflect expression levels of the membrane bound form. Anti-VSA antibody levels to ICAM-binding parasites was more strongly associated with both UM and CM than antibodies to CD36 binding parasites. Thus, increasing host sICAM-1 levels were associated with CM whilst antibodies to parasite expressing non-ICAM-1-binding VSAs were not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selorme Adukpo
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail:
| | - Kwadwo A. Kusi
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael F. Ofori
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - John K. A. Tetteh
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel Amoako-Sakyi
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bamenla Q. Goka
- Department of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - George O. Adjei
- Department of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dominic A. Edoh
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bartholomew D. Akanmori
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ben A. Gyan
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel Dodoo
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Abstract
Different clinical response of different patients to the same medicine has been recognised and documented since the 1950's. Variability in response of individuals to standard doses of drug therapy is important in clinical practice and can lead to therapeutic failures or adverse drug reactions. Pharmacogenetics seeks to identify individual genetic differences (polymorphisms) in drug absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion that can affect the activity of a particular drug with the view of improving efficacy and reducing toxicity. Although knowledge of pharmacogenetics is being translated into clinical practice in the developed world, its applicability in the developing countries is low. Several factors account for this including the fact that there is very little pharmacogenetic information available in many indigenous African populations including Ghanaians. A number of genes including Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, MDR1 and TPMT have been genotyped in the Ghanaian population since the completion of the Human genome project. There is however, an urgent need to increase pharmacogenetic research in Ghana to increase availability of data. Introducing Pharmacogenetics into the curriculum of Medical and Pharmacy training institutions will influence translating knowledge of pharmacogenetics into clinical practice. This will also equip health professionals with the skill to integrate genetic information into public health decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kudzi
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School. P.O. GP 4236, Accra, Ghana.
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Enweronu-Laryea CC, Adjei GO, Mensah B, Duah N, Quashie NB. Prevalence of congenital malaria in high-risk Ghanaian newborns: a cross-sectional study. Malar J 2013; 12:17. [PMID: 23311646 PMCID: PMC3565937 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital malaria is defined as malaria parasitaemia in the first week of life. The reported prevalence of congenital malaria in sub-Saharan Africa is variable (0 - 46%). Even though the clinical significance of congenital malaria parasitaemia is uncertain, anti-malarial drugs are empirically prescribed for sick newborns by frontline health care workers. Data on prevalence of congenital malaria in high-risk newborns will inform appropriate drug use and timely referral of sick newborns. Methods Blood samples of untreated newborns less than 1 week of age at the time of referral to Korle Bu Teaching hospital in Accra, Ghana during the peak malaria seasons (April to July) of 2008 and 2010 were examined for malaria parasites by, i) Giemsa-stained thick and thin blood smears for parasite count and species identification, ii) histidine-rich protein- and lactic dehydrogenase-based rapid diagnosis tests, or iii) polymerase chain reaction amplification of the merozoite surface protein 2 gene, for identification of sub-microscopic parasitaemia. Other investigations were also done as clinically indicated. Results In 2008, nine cases of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia were diagnosed by microscopy in 405 (2.2%) newborns. All the nine newborns had low parasite densities (≤50 per microlitre). In 2010, there was no case of parasitaemia by either microscopy or rapid diagnosis tests in 522 newborns; however, 56/467 (12%) cases of P. falciparum were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Conclusion Congenital malaria is an uncommon cause of clinical illness in high-risk untreated newborns referred to a tertiary hospital in the first week of life. Empirical anti-malarial drug treatment for sick newborns without laboratory confirmation of parasitaemia is imprudent. Early referral of sick newborns to hospitals with resources and skills for appropriate care is recommended.
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Adjei GO, Oduro-Boatey C, Rodrigues OP, Hoegberg LC, Alifrangis M, Kurtzhals JA, Goka BQ. Electrocardiographic study in Ghanaian children with uncomplicated malaria, treated with artesunate-amodiaquine or artemether-lumefantrine. Malar J 2012; 11:420. [PMID: 23244570 PMCID: PMC3536610 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several anti-malarial drugs are associated with adverse cardiovascular effects. These effects may be exacerbated when different anti-malarials are used in combination. There has been no report yet on the potential cardiac effects of the combination artesunate-amodiaquine. Methods Electrocardiographic (ECG) intervals in Ghanaian children with uncomplicated malaria treated with artesunate-amodiaquine (n=47), were compared with that of children treated with artemether-lumefantrine (n=30). The ECG measurements were repeated one, two, three, seven and 28 days after treatment. The ECG intervals of artesunate-amodiaquine treated subjects were correlated with plasma concentrations of desethylamodiaquine (DEAQ), the main metabolite of amodiaquine. Results The mean ECG intervals were similar in both groups before treatment. After treatment (day 3), ECG intervals changed significantly from baseline in all subjects, but there were no differences between the two treatment groups. A significantly higher proportion of children treated with artesunate-amodiaquine developed sinus bradycardia compared with artemether-lumefantrine treated subjects (7/47 vs 0/30; χ2 p=0.03). Subjects who developed bradycardia were significantly older, and had higher DEAQ concentrations than those who did not develop bradycardia. The proportion of subjects with QTc interval prolongations did not differ significantly between the groups, and no relationship between prolonged QTc intervals and DEAQ levels were observed. No clinically significant rhythm disturbances were observed in any of the subjects. Conclusion Artesunate-amodiaquine treatment resulted in a higher incidence of sinus bradycardia than artemether-lumefantrine treatment in children with uncomplicated malaria, but no clinically significant rhythm disturbances were induced by combining artesunate with amodiaquine. These findings, although reassuring, may imply that non-amodiaquine based artemisinin combination therapy may be preferable for malaria treatment in patients who are otherwise at risk of cardiac effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- George O Adjei
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
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Adjei GO, Adabayeri VM, Annobil SH. Reversible binocular visual loss in temporal association with artesunate-amodiaquine treatment in a child on mefloquine chemoprophylaxis. Ghana Med J 2012; 46:171-173. [PMID: 23661833 PMCID: PMC3645166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A case of an acute reversible visual loss in a 10-year-old child who was on mefloquine prophylaxis, and was treated with artesunate-amodiaquine for an acute febrile illness diagnosed clinically as uncomplicated malaria, is reported. On admission the patient could not perceive light and had bilateral papilloedema. She was treated with dexamethasone and recovered her sight gradually over a 21-day period. There has been no previous report to our knowledge, of an association between acute visual loss and mefloquine, amodiaquine, or artesunate in the published literature, even though mefloquine is associated with blurring of vision, and antimalarials of the quinoline class have been associated with retinopathy (during long term use). While causality is difficult to ascribe in this case, it may be prudent to avoid the use of quinoline-based antimalarials for treating acute malaria in travelers taking mefloquine prophylaxis, because information on the safety of concurrent use of artemisinin combination therapies and mefloquine, or other recommended prophylactic regimens, is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- G O Adjei
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, PO Box 4236, Accra, Ghana.
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Boeuf PS, Loizon S, Awandare GA, Tetteh JKA, Addae MM, Adjei GO, Goka B, Kurtzhals JAL, Puijalon O, Hviid L, Akanmori BD, Behr C. Insights into deregulated TNF and IL-10 production in malaria: implications for understanding severe malarial anaemia. Malar J 2012; 11:253. [PMID: 22853732 PMCID: PMC3469355 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe malarial anaemia (SMA) is a major life-threatening complication of paediatric malaria. Protracted production of pro-inflammatory cytokines promoting erythrophagocytosis and depressing erythropoiesis is thought to play an important role in SMA, which is characterized by a high TNF/IL-10 ratio. Whether this TNF/IL-10 imbalance results from an intrinsic incapacity of SMA patients to produce IL-10 or from an IL-10 unresponsiveness to infection is unknown. Monocytes and T cells are recognized as the main sources of TNF and IL-10 in vivo, but little is known about the activation status of those cells in SMA patients. Methods The IL-10 and TNF production capacity and the activation phenotype of monocytes and T cells were compared in samples collected from 332 Ghanaian children with non-overlapping SMA (n = 108), cerebral malaria (CM) (n = 144) or uncomplicated malaria (UM) (n = 80) syndromes. Activation status of monocytes and T cells was ascertained by measuring HLA-DR+ and/or CD69+ surface expression by flow cytometry. The TNF and IL-10 production was assessed in a whole-blood assay after or not stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phytohaemaglutinin (PHA) used as surrogate of unspecific monocyte and T cell stimulant. The number of circulating pigmented monocytes was also determined. Results Monocytes and T cells from SMA and CM patients showed similar activation profiles with a comparable decreased HLA-DR expression on monocytes and increased frequency of CD69+ and HLA-DR+ T cells. In contrast, the acute-phase IL-10 production was markedly decreased in SMA compared to CM (P = .003) and UM (P = .004). Although in SMA the IL-10 response to LPS-stimulation was larger in amplitude than in CM (P = .0082), the absolute levels of IL-10 reached were lower (P = .013). Both the amplitude and levels of TNF produced in response to LPS-stimulation were larger in SMA than CM (P = .019). In response to PHA-stimulation, absolute levels of IL-10 produced in SMA were lower than in CM (P = .005) contrasting with TNF levels, which were higher (P = .001). Conclusions These data reveal that SMA patients have the potential to mount efficient IL-10 responses and that the TNF/IL-10 imbalance may reflect a specific monocyte and T cell programming/polarization pattern in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe S Boeuf
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites URA CNRS 2581, Paris, France
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Adu B, Dodoo D, Adukpo S, Gyan BA, Hedley PL, Goka B, Adjei GO, Larsen SO, Christiansen M, Theisen M. Polymorphisms in the RNASE3 gene are associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria in Ghanaian children. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29465. [PMID: 22216286 PMCID: PMC3246477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral malaria (CM) is the most severe outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection and a major cause of death in children from 2 to 4 years of age. A hospital based study in Ghana showed that P. falciparum induces eosinophilia and found a significantly higher serum level of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in CM patients than in uncomplicated malaria (UM) and severe malaria anemia (SA) patients. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been described in the ECP encoding-gene (RNASE3) of which the c.371G>C polymorphism (rs2073342) results in an arginine to threonine amino acid substitution p.R124T in the polypeptide and abolishes the cytotoxicity of ECP. The present study aimed to investigate the potential association between polymorphisms in RNASE3 and CM. Methodology/Principal Findings The RNASE3 gene and flanking regions were sequenced in 206 Ghanaian children enrolled in a hospital based malaria study. An association study was carried out to assess the significance of five SNPs in CM (n = 45) and SA (n = 56) cases, respectively. The two severe case groups (CM and SA) were compared with the non-severe control group comprising children suffering from UM (n = 105). The 371G allele was significantly associated with CM (p = 0.00945, OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.22–4.32) but not with SA. Linkage disequilibrium analysis demonstrated significant linkage between three SNPs and the haplotype combination 371G/*16G/*94A was strongly associated with susceptibility to CM (p = 0.000913, OR = 4.14, 95% CI = 1.79–9.56), thus, defining a risk haplotype. The RNASE3 371GG genotype was found to be under frequency-dependent selection. Conclusions/Significance The 371G allele of RNASE3 is associated with susceptibility to CM and forms part of a risk associated haplotype GGA defined by the markers: rs2073342 (G-allele), rs2233860 (G-allele) and rs8019343 (A-allele) respectively. Collectively, these results suggest a hitherto unrecognized role for eosinophils in CM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright Adu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Dodoo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Selorme Adukpo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben A. Gyan
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Paula L. Hedley
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bamenla Goka
- Department of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George O. Adjei
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences-University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Severin O. Larsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Theisen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Adjei GO, Goka BQ, Rodrigues OP, Hoegberg LCG, Alifrangis M, Kurtzhals J. Amodiaquine-associated adverse effects after inadvertent overdose and after a standard therapeutic dose. Ghana Med J 2011; 43:135-8. [PMID: 20126327 DOI: 10.4314/gmj.v43i3.55340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A case of an acute dystonic reaction in a child presumptively treated for malaria with amodiaquine, and a case of persistent asymptomatic bradycardia in another child with mild pulmonary stenosis treated with a standard dose of amodiaquine for parasitologically confirmed uncomplicated malaria, is reported. Both subjects were homozygous for the wild type allele of cytochrome P450 2C8, the main enzyme responsible for amodiaquine metabolism. In both subjects, plasma concentrations of N-desethylamodiaquine and N-bis-desethylamodiaquine, the main metabolites of amodiaquine, were normal. No other drugs were detectable in the plasma of these two subjects after further toxicological screening. These observations, which suggest altered metabolism in the subject with an acute dystonic reaction, support the assertion that amodiaquine-associated dystonia is an idiosyncratic reaction. However, the occurrence of bradycardia after a standard dose of amodiaquine, which coincided with the time of expected peak concentrations of the active metabolite of amodiaquine, suggests a direct drug effect. These less reported adverse effects are likely to increase in parallel with the increased use of amodiaquine as a partner drug for combination therapy of malaria in Ghana. Further studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms underlying these effects are, therefore, required.
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Affiliation(s)
- G O Adjei
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Accra, Ghana
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Adjei GO, Darkwah AK, Goka BQ, Bart-Plange C, Alifrangis ML, Kurtzhals JAL, Rodrigues OP. Parents' perceptions, attitudes and acceptability of treatment of childhood malaria with artemisinin combination therapies in ghana. Ghana Med J 2011; 43:99-106. [PMID: 20126321 DOI: 10.4314/gmj.v43i3.55324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little information on sociocultural and contextual factors that may influence attitudes of patients to new treatments, such as artemisinin combination therapies (ACT). METHODS Semi-structured questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to assess views of parents of children with uncomplicated malaria treated with ACT in a low socio-economic area in Accra, Ghana. RESULTS The majority of parents reported a favourable experience, in terms of perceived i) rapidity of symptom resolution, compared to their previous experience of other therapies for childhood malaria, or ii) when their experience was compared that of parents of children treated with monotherapy. The parents of children treated with ACT were more willing to pay for the treatment, or adhere to the full treatment course. The explanations given for adherence were consistent with conventional biomedical explanations. Although care-seeking practices for childhood malaria were considered appropriate, perceived or real barriers to accessible health care were also important factors in the decision to seek treatment. Household dynamics and perceived inequities at the care-provider-patient interface were identified as having potential negative impact on care-seeking practices and adherence. CONCLUSIONS Health education messages aimed at improving the response to childhood febrile illness should include other strategic stakeholders, such as decision-makers at the household level. The effectiveness and implementation success of the ACT policy could be enhanced by highlighting and reinforcing messages intrinsic to these regimens. Integrating the views of caretakers during the clinical encounter was validated as an empowerment tool that could aid in the appropriate responses to childhood illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- G O Adjei
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
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Essuman VA, Ntim-Amponsah CT, Astrup BS, Adjei GO, Kurtzhals JAL, Ndanu TA, Goka B. Retinopathy in severe malaria in Ghanaian children--overlap between fundus changes in cerebral and non-cerebral malaria. Malar J 2010; 9:232. [PMID: 20704742 PMCID: PMC2927612 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In malaria-endemic areas, reliably establishing parasitaemia for diagnosis of malaria can be difficult. A retinopathy with some features unique to severe malaria with a predictive value on prognosis, has been described. Detection of this retinopathy could be a useful diagnostic tool. This study was designed to determine the diagnostic usefulness of retinopathy on ophthalmoscopy in severe malaria syndromes: Cerebral malaria (CM) and non-cerebral severe malaria (non-CM), i.e. malaria with respiratory distress (RD) and malaria with severe anaemia (SA), in Ghanaian children. Secondly, to determine any association between retinopathy and the occurrence of convulsions in patients with CM. METHODS AND SUBJECTS A cross-sectional study of consecutive patients on admission with severe malaria who were assessed for retinal signs, at the Department of Child Health, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, from July to August 2002 was done. All children had dilated-fundus examination by direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy. RESULTS Fifty-eight children aged between six months and nine years were recruited. Twenty six(45%) had CM, 22 with convulsion; 26(45%) had SA and six(10%) had RD.Any retinopathy was seen in: CM 19(73%), SA 14(54%), RD 3(50.0%), CM with convulsion 15(68%) and CM without convulsion 4(100%). Comparison between CM versus non-CM groups showed a significant risk relationship between retinal whitening and CM(OR = 11.0, CI = 2.2- 56.1, p = 0.001). There was no significant association with papilloedema(OR = 0.9, CI = 0.3 - 3.0, p = 0.9), macular whitening(OR = 1.6, CI = 0.5 - 4.8, p = 0.4), macular haemorrhage(OR = 0.28, CI = 0.03 - 2.7 p = 0.2), retinal haemorrhage(OR = 1.9, CI = 0.6 - 5.6, p = 0.3), vessel abnormality(OR = 1.9, CI = 0.6 - 6.1, p = 0.3) and cotton wool spots(OR not calculated, p = 0.08).Tortuous and engorged retinal veins, not previously described as a feature of CM, was the most common vascular abnormality(15/58 = 26%) and was detected even in the absence of papilloedema. CONCLUSION Retinal whitening, a sign suggestive of retinal ischaemia, was significantly more common in CM than in non-CM syndromes. However, the high prevalence of any retinopathy in the latter suggests that the brain and the retina may be suffering from ischaemia in both CM and non-CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera A Essuman
- University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences-University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
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Gyan B, Goka BQ, Adjei GO, Tetteh JKA, Kusi KA, Aikins A, Dodoo D, Lesser ML, Sison CP, Das S, Howard ME, Milbank E, Fischer K, Rafii S, Jin D, Golightly LM. Cerebral malaria is associated with low levels of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in African children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009; 80:541-546. [PMID: 19346372 PMCID: PMC6043679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the cerebral microvasculature is a feature of cerebral malaria. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells are needed for microvascular repair. Based on this knowledge, we hypothesized that the failure to mobilize sufficient circulating endothelial progenitor cells to the cerebral microvasculature is a pathophysiologic feature of cerebral malaria. To test this hypothesis, we compared peripheral blood levels of CD34 (+)/VEGFR2(+) and CD34 (+)/CD133(+) cells and plasma levels of the chemokine stromal cell-derived growth factor 1 (SDF-1) in 214 children in Accra, Ghana. Children with cerebral malaria had lower levels of CD34 (+)/VEGFR2(+) and CD34 (+)/CD133(+) cells compared with those with uncomplicated malaria, asymptomatic parasitemia, or healthy controls. SDF-1 levels were higher in children with acute malaria compared with healthy controls. Together, these results uncover a potentially novel role for endothelial progenitor cell mobilization in the pathophysiology of cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Linnie M. Golightly
- Address correspondence to: Linnie Golightly, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Division of International Medicine and Infectious Diseases, 1300 York Avenue, Room A421, New York, NY 10021.
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Gyan B, Howard ME, Milbank E, Lesser ML, Das S, Sison CP, Aikins A, Dodoo D, Jin D, Tetteh JKA, Golightly LM, Kusi KA, Goka BQ, Fischer K, Rafii S, Adjei GO. Cerebral Malaria Is Associated with Low Levels of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in African Children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009. [DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2009.80.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Adjei GO, Kudzi W, Dodoo A, Kurtzhals JA. Artesunate plus amodiaquine combination therapy: reviewing the evidence. Drug Dev Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Adjei GO, Kurtzhals JAL, Rodrigues OP, Alifrangis M, Hoegberg LCG, Kitcher ED, Badoe EV, Lamptey R, Goka BQ. Amodiaquine-artesunate vs artemether-lumefantrine for uncomplicated malaria in Ghanaian children: a randomized efficacy and safety trial with one year follow-up. Malar J 2008; 7:127. [PMID: 18620577 PMCID: PMC2478668 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-7-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artesunate-amodiaquine (AS+AQ) and artemether-lumefantrine (AM-L) are efficacious artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) regimens that have been widely adopted in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is little information on the efficacy of these regimens on subsequent episodes beyond 28 days, or on the safety of repeated treatments. METHODS Children aged six months to 14 years with uncomplicated malaria were randomly assigned to treatment with AS+AQ (n = 116), or AM-L (n = 111). Recruited subjects were followed-up, initially for 28 days, and then monthly for up to one year. All subsequent attacks of uncomplicated malaria after 28 days were treated with the same regimen as at randomization. Investigations aimed at determining efficacy and side effects were conducted. RESULTS Adequate clinical and parasitological response in subjects with evaluable end-points were, 97.1% (100/103) and 98.2% (107/109) on day 14, and 94.2% (97/103) and 95.3% (102/107) on day 28 in the AM-L and AS+AQ groups, respectively. Similar results were obtained after PCR correction. The incidence of malaria attacks in the year following recruitment was similar between the two treatment groups (p = 0.93). There was a high incidence of potentially AQ-resistant parasites in the study area. The incidence of adverse events, such as pruritus, fatigue and neutropaenia were similar in the two treatment groups. No patient showed signs of hearing impairment, and no abnormal neurological signs were observed during one year of follow-up. Other adverse events were mild in intensity and overlapped with known malaria symptomatology. No adverse event exacerbation was observed in any of the subjects who received multiple treatment courses with these ACT regimens during one year follow-up. CONCLUSION AS+AQ and AM-L were efficacious for treatment of children with uncomplicated malaria in Ghana and drug-related adverse events were rare in treated subjects during one year of follow-up. The high prevalence of potentially AQ resistant parasites raises questions about the utility of AQ as a partner drug for ACT in Ghana. The efficacy of AS+AQ in Ghana requires, therefore, continuous monitoring and evaluation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT 00406146 http://www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- George O Adjei
- Department of Child Health, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box KB 4236, Accra, Ghana.
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Adjei GO, Goka BQ, Kurtzhals JAL, Gordi T. Are currently deployed artemisinins neurotoxic? Toxicol Lett 2006; 167:162-4; author reply 165-6. [PMID: 17049764 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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