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Peterson MS, Benneke B, Collins K, Piaulet C, Crossfield IJM, Ali-Dib M, Christiansen JL, Gagné J, Faherty J, Kite E, Dressing C, Charbonneau D, Murgas F, Cointepas M, Almenara JM, Bonfils X, Kane S, Werner MW, Gorjian V, Roy PA, Shporer A, Pozuelos FJ, Socia QJ, Cloutier R, Dietrich J, Irwin J, Weiss L, Waalkes W, Berta-Thomson Z, Evans T, Apai D, Parviainen H, Pallé E, Narita N, Howard AW, Dragomir D, Barkaoui K, Gillon M, Jehin E, Ducrot E, Benkhaldoun Z, Fukui A, Mori M, Nishiumi T, Kawauchi K, Ricker G, Latham DW, Winn JN, Seager S, Isaacson H, Bixel A, Gibbs A, Jenkins JM, Smith JC, Chavez JP, Rackham BV, Henning T, Gabor P, Chen WP, Espinoza N, Jensen ELN, Collins KI, Schwarz RP, Conti DM, Wang G, Kielkopf JF, Mao S, Horne K, Sefako R, Quinn SN, Moldovan D, Fausnaugh M, Fűűrész G, Barclay T. A temperate Earth-sized planet with tidal heating transiting an M6 star. Nature 2023; 617:701-705. [PMID: 37198481 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05934-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Temperate Earth-sized exoplanets around late-M dwarfs offer a rare opportunity to explore under which conditions planets can develop hospitable climate conditions. The small stellar radius amplifies the atmospheric transit signature, making even compact secondary atmospheres dominated by N2 or CO2 amenable to characterization with existing instrumentation1. Yet, despite large planet search efforts2, detection of low-temperature Earth-sized planets around late-M dwarfs has remained rare and the TRAPPIST-1 system, a resonance chain of rocky planets with seemingly identical compositions, has not yet shown any evidence of volatiles in the system3. Here we report the discovery of a temperate Earth-sized planet orbiting the cool M6 dwarf LP 791-18. The newly discovered planet, LP 791-18d, has a radius of 1.03 ± 0.04 R⊕ and an equilibrium temperature of 300-400 K, with the permanent night side plausibly allowing for water condensation. LP 791-18d is part of a coplanar system4 and provides a so-far unique opportunity to investigate a temperate exo-Earth in a system with a sub-Neptune that retained its gas or volatile envelope. On the basis of observations of transit timing variations, we find a mass of 7.1 ± 0.7 M⊕ for the sub-Neptune LP 791-18c and a mass of [Formula: see text] for the exo-Earth LP 791-18d. The gravitational interaction with the sub-Neptune prevents the complete circularization of LP 791-18d's orbit, resulting in continued tidal heating of LP 791-18d's interior and probably strong volcanic activity at the surface5,6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrin S Peterson
- Department of Physics and Trottier Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Björn Benneke
- Department of Physics and Trottier Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Karen Collins
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Piaulet
- Department of Physics and Trottier Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ian J M Crossfield
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Mohamad Ali-Dib
- Department of Physics and Trottier Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics (CAP3), New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Jonathan Gagné
- Planetarium of Rio Tinto Alcan and Institute for Research on Exoplanets, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Edwin Kite
- Department of the Geological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Courtney Dressing
- Department of Astronomy, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David Charbonneau
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Felipe Murgas
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Marion Cointepas
- Institute of Planetology and Astrophysics of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Xavier Bonfils
- Institute of Planetology and Astrophysics of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Stephen Kane
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Werner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Varoujan Gorjian
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Pierre-Alexis Roy
- Department of Physics and Trottier Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Avi Shporer
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute of Astronomy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francisco J Pozuelos
- Institute of Astrophysics of Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s, Granada, Spain
- Astrobiology Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Ryan Cloutier
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Ontario, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan Irwin
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - William Waalkes
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Zach Berta-Thomson
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas Evans
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute of Astronomy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Apai
- Steward Observatory, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Enric Pallé
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Norio Narita
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
- Astrobiology Center, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew W Howard
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Diana Dragomir
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Khalid Barkaoui
- Astrobiology Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Oukaimeden Observatory, High Energy Physics and Astrophysics Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Michaël Gillon
- Astrobiology Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Jehin
- Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR), Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Elsa Ducrot
- Astrobiology Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Zouhair Benkhaldoun
- Oukaimeden Observatory, High Energy Physics and Astrophysics Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Akihiko Fukui
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayuko Mori
- Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Nishiumi
- Astrobiology Center, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduated University for Advanced Studies, Sokendai, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoe Kawauchi
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
- Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - George Ricker
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute of Astronomy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David W Latham
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua N Winn
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sara Seager
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute of Astronomy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Howard Isaacson
- Department of Astronomy, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Aidan Gibbs
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin V Rackham
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute of Astronomy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Paul Gabor
- Vatican Observatory Research Group, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wen-Ping Chen
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Eric L N Jensen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | | | - Richard P Schwarz
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dennis M Conti
- American Association of Variable Star Observers, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gavin Wang
- Tsinghua International School, Beijing, China
| | - John F Kielkopf
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shude Mao
- National Astronomical Observatories of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keith Horne
- SUPA Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, Fife, UK
| | | | - Samuel N Quinn
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael Fausnaugh
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute of Astronomy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gábor Fűűrész
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute of Astronomy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Barclay
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Plavchan P, Barclay T, Gagné J, Gao P, Cale B, Matzko W, Dragomir D, Quinn S, Feliz D, Stassun K, Crossfield IJM, Berardo DA, Latham DW, Tieu B, Anglada-Escudé G, Ricker G, Vanderspek R, Seager S, Winn JN, Jenkins JM, Rinehart S, Krishnamurthy A, Dynes S, Doty J, Adams F, Afanasev DA, Beichman C, Bottom M, Bowler BP, Brinkworth C, Brown CJ, Cancino A, Ciardi DR, Clampin M, Clark JT, Collins K, Davison C, Foreman-Mackey D, Furlan E, Gaidos EJ, Geneser C, Giddens F, Gilbert E, Hall R, Hellier C, Henry T, Horner J, Howard AW, Huang C, Huber J, Kane SR, Kenworthy M, Kielkopf J, Kipping D, Klenke C, Kruse E, Latouf N, Lowrance P, Mennesson B, Mengel M, Mills SM, Morton T, Narita N, Newton E, Nishimoto A, Okumura J, Palle E, Pepper J, Quintana EV, Roberge A, Roccatagliata V, Schlieder JE, Tanner A, Teske J, Tinney CG, Vanderburg A, von Braun K, Walp B, Wang J, Wang SX, Weigand D, White R, Wittenmyer RA, Wright DJ, Youngblood A, Zhang H, Zilberman P. A planet within the debris disk around the pre-main-sequence star AU Microscopii. Nature 2020; 582:497-500. [PMID: 32581383 PMCID: PMC7323865 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Plavchan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | - Thomas Barclay
- Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA.,Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Gagné
- Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter Gao
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bryson Cale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - William Matzko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Diana Dragomir
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Sam Quinn
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dax Feliz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Keivan Stassun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ian J M Crossfield
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - David W Latham
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ben Tieu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | - George Ricker
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sara Seager
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua N Winn
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Stephen Rinehart
- Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | | | - Scott Dynes
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John Doty
- Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Fred Adams
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dennis A Afanasev
- Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Chas Beichman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mike Bottom
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Brendan P Bowler
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Carolyn J Brown
- University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Astrophysics, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Cancino
- Department of Physics, Astronomy and Materials Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - David R Ciardi
- NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mark Clampin
- Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Jake T Clark
- University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Astrophysics, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karen Collins
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cassy Davison
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Elise Furlan
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Gaidos
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Claire Geneser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Frank Giddens
- Department of Physics, Astronomy and Materials Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Emily Gilbert
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan Hall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan Horner
- University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Astrophysics, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew W Howard
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Chelsea Huang
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Huber
- Department of Physics, Astronomy and Materials Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Stephen R Kane
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - John Kielkopf
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - David Kipping
- Department of Astronomy, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chris Klenke
- Department of Physics, Astronomy and Materials Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Ethan Kruse
- Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Natasha Latouf
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | - Bertrand Mennesson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Mengel
- University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Astrophysics, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sean M Mills
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Tim Morton
- Astronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Norio Narita
- Department of Astronomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, Tokyo, Japan.,Astrobiology Center, NINS, Tokyo, Japan.,National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, NINS, Tokyo, Japan.,Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Newton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - America Nishimoto
- Department of Physics, Astronomy and Materials Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Jack Okumura
- University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Astrophysics, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Enric Palle
- Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Joshua Pepper
- Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Elisa V Quintana
- Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Aki Roberge
- Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Veronica Roccatagliata
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Enrico Fermi", Universita' di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze, Italy.,INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Joshua E Schlieder
- Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Angelle Tanner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Johanna Teske
- Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - C G Tinney
- Exoplanetary Science at UNSW, School of Physics, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Vanderburg
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Bernie Walp
- NASA Infrared Telescope Facility, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Jason Wang
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Denise Weigand
- Department of Physics, Astronomy and Materials Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Russel White
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert A Wittenmyer
- University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Astrophysics, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Duncan J Wright
- University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Astrophysics, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allison Youngblood
- Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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