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Tzironi G, Zubizarreta-Macho Á, Brunsó-Casellas J, Cabriada-Nuño V, Lobo Galindo AB, Albaladejo Martínez A, De Carlos-Villafranca F. Nasal and maxillary sinus volume change in patients with obstructive sleep apnea after bimaxillary advancement surgery. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:879. [PMID: 37978478 PMCID: PMC10656828 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03657-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway complex is modified by bimaxillary advancement surgery performed in patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The aim of the present study is to analyse the volume of nasal and maxillary sinus after bimaxillary advancement surgery in patients suffering from OSA. The maxillary sinus and nasal complex of eighteen patients with OSA was measured through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) before and after they were treated with bimaxillary advancement surgery. Digital planning software was used to effectively measure the upper volume changes, as well as, statistical analysis of the results was performed.Methods Eighteen patients were diagnosed with OSA the severity of which was measured by the apnea hypopnea index and were selected and submitted to preoperative and postoperative CBCT scans. Afterwards, datasets were uploaded into therapeutic digital planning software (Dolphin Imaging) to measure the volume of the right and left maxillary sinus and nasal and maxillary sinus complex. Statistically analysis between preoperative and postoperative measures was performed by Student t-test statistical analysis.Results The paired t-test showed statistically significant volumetric reductions in the left maxillary sinus (p = 0.0004), right maxillary sinus (p < 0.0001) and nasal and maxillary sinus complex (p = 0.0009) after bimaxillary advancement surgery performed in patients suffering from OSA.Conclusion The results showed that bimaxillary advancement surgery reduces the maxillary sinus volume as well as, the fossa nasal and sinus complex volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Tzironi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Álvaro Zubizarreta-Macho
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda. Universidad, 1. 28691. Villanueva de La Cañada, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Valentín Cabriada-Nuño
- Sleep and Ventilation Unit, Respiratory Division, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Lobo Galindo
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Félix De Carlos-Villafranca
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Area of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Riad Deglow E, Zubizarreta-Macho Á, González Menéndez H, Lorrio Castro J, Galparsoro Catalán A, Tzironi G, Lobo Galindo AB, Alonso Ezpeleta LÓ, Hernández Montero S. Comparative analysis of two navigation techniques based on augmented reality technology for the orthodontic mini-implants placement. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:542. [PMID: 37543581 PMCID: PMC10403882 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To analyze and compare the accuracy and root contact prevalence, comparing a conventional freehand technique and two navigation techniques based on augmented reality technology for the orthodontic self-drilling mini-implants placement. Methods Two hundred and seven orthodontic self-drilling mini-implants were placed using either a conventional freehand technique (FHT) and two navigation techniques based on augmented reality technology (AR TOOTH and AR SCREWS). Accuracy across different dental sectors was also analyzed. CBCT and intraoral scans were taken both prior to and following orthodontic self-drilling mini-implants placement. The deviation angle and horizontal were then analyzed; these measurements were taken at the coronal entry point and apical endpoint between the planned and performed orthodontic self-drilling mini-implants. In addition, any complications resulting from mini-implant placement, such as spot perforations, were also analyzed across all dental sectors.Results The statistical analysis showed significant differences between study groups with regard to the coronal entry-point (p < 0.001), apical end-point(p < 0.001) and angular deviations (p < 0.001). Furthermore, statistically significant differences were shown between the orthodontic self-drilling mini-implants placement site at the coronal entry-point (p < 0.0001) and apical end-point (p < 0.001). Additionally, eight root perforations were observed in the FHT group, while there were no root perforations in the two navigation techniques based on augmented reality technology.Conclusions The navigation techniques based on augmented reality technology has an effect on the accuracy of orthodontic self-drilling mini-implants placement and results in fewer intraoperative complications, comparing to the conventional free-hand technique. The AR TOOTH augmented reality technique showed more accurate results between planned and placed orthodontic self-drilling mini-implants, comparing to the AR SCREWS and conventional free-hand techniques. The navigation techniques based on augmented reality technology showed fewer intraoperative complications, comparing to the conventional free-hand technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Riad Deglow
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda Universidad, 1. 28691, Villanueva de La Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Zubizarreta-Macho
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda Universidad, 1. 28691, Villanueva de La Cañada, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Héctor González Menéndez
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda Universidad, 1. 28691, Villanueva de La Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Lorrio Castro
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda Universidad, 1. 28691, Villanueva de La Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Galparsoro Catalán
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda Universidad, 1. 28691, Villanueva de La Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgia Tzironi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Lobo Galindo
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Sofía Hernández Montero
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda Universidad, 1. 28691, Villanueva de La Cañada, Madrid, Spain
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Rodríguez Torres P, Riad Deglow E, Zubizarreta-Macho Á, Tzironi G, González Menéndez H, Lorrio Castro J, Lobo Galindo AB, Hernández Montero S. Effect of the computer-aided static navigation technique on the accuracy of bicortical mini-implants placement site for maxillary skeletal expansion appliances: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:86. [PMID: 36774459 PMCID: PMC9921661 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02785-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effect of the computer-aided static navigation technique on the accuracy of the maxillary skeletal expansion (MSE) appliances. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty orthodontic self-drilling mini-implants were placed in ten anatomically based standardized polyurethane models of a completely edentulous upper maxilla, manufactured using a 3D impression procedure. The four orthodontic self-drilling mini-implants for anchoring the MSE appliance were digitally planned on 3D planning software, based on preoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan and a 3D extraoral surface scan. Afterwards, the surgical templates were virtually planned and manufactured using stereolithography. Subsequently, the orthodontic self-drilling mini-implants were placed an postoperative CBCT scans were performed. Finally, coronal entry-point, apical end-point and angular deviations were calculated using a t-test for independent samples or a non-parametric Signed Rank test. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were not shown at coronal entry-point (p = 0.13), apical end-point (p = 0.41) and angular deviations (p = 0.27) between the planned and performed orthodontic self-drilling mini-implants. CONCLUSIONS Computer-aided static navigation technique enables accurate orthodontic mini-implant placement for the MSE appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Rodríguez Torres
- grid.464699.00000 0001 2323 8386Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda. Universidad, 1, Villanueva de La Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Riad Deglow
- grid.464699.00000 0001 2323 8386Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda. Universidad, 1, Villanueva de La Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Zubizarreta-Macho
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda. Universidad, 1, Villanueva de La Cañada, 28691, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Georgia Tzironi
- grid.11762.330000 0001 2180 1817Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Héctor González Menéndez
- grid.464699.00000 0001 2323 8386Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda. Universidad, 1, Villanueva de La Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Lorrio Castro
- grid.464699.00000 0001 2323 8386Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda. Universidad, 1, Villanueva de La Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Lobo Galindo
- grid.464699.00000 0001 2323 8386Department of Dental Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía Hernández Montero
- grid.464699.00000 0001 2323 8386Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avda. Universidad, 1, Villanueva de La Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
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Tzironi G, Zubizarreta-Macho Á, Guinot-Barona C, Pérez-Barquero JA, Arias S, Vicente-Galindo P, Martínez AA. A reproducible and repeatable digital method for quantifying nasal and sinus airway changes following suture palatine expansion. Sleep Breath 2022; 27:1175-1183. [DOI: 10.1007/s11325-022-02691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The airway complex is modified by palatine expansion. Computer tomography has been used in the past to determine the change in volume, but there was a lack of a specific, reproducible method for this purpose. The present study sought to determine the accuracy, reproducibility, and repeatability of an innovative digital measurement technique for analyzing the volume of maxillary and nasal sinus airways following suture palatine expansion performed with the Hyrax disyuntor appliance.
Methods
Patients underwent preoperative and postoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. The datasets were subsequently uploaded into a digital treatment planning software to record the volume of the right and left maxillary sinus, as well as the nasal and maxillary sinus airway complex. The Gage Repeatability & Reproducibility statistical analysis methodology was used to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of this measurement technique when measuring the volume of maxillary and nasal sinus airways following suture palatine expansion with the Hyrax disyuntor appliance. Additionally, comparative analysis between preoperative and postoperative measures was performed using Student’s t-test for statistical analysis.
Results
In 5 patients, paired t-tests found statistically significant differences before and after treatment in the volumes of the left maxillary sinus (p = 0.002), right maxillary sinus (p = 0.001), and nasal and maxillary sinus airway complex (p = 0.005) after suture palatine expansion with the Hyrax disyuntor appliance.
Conclusion
The proposed digital technique is an accurate, repeatable, and reproducible measurement technique for analyzing the volume of maxillary and nasal sinus airways following suture palatine expansion using the Hyrax disyuntor.
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Deglow ER, O Connor Esteban M, Zubizarreta-Macho Á, Hernández Montero S, Tzironi G, Abella Sans F, Albaladejo Martínez A. Novel digital technique to analyze the accuracy and intraoperative complications of orthodontic self-tapping and self-drilling microscrews placement techniques: An in vitro study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2022; 162:201-207. [PMID: 35337702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objectives of this study were to analyze and compare the accuracy and intraoperative complications of orthodontic self-tapping and orthodontic self-drilling microscrew placement techniques. METHODS A total of 60 orthodontic microscrews were randomly distributed into 2 study groups: (1) group A, orthodontic self-drilling microscrew placement technique (n = 30); and (2) group B, orthodontic self-tapping microscrew placement technique (n = 30). Cone-beam computed tomography and intraoral scans were performed before and after the orthodontic microscrew placement techniques and uploaded in 3-dimensional implant planning software to analyze the deviation angle and the horizontal deviation measured at the coronal entry point and apical endpoint between orthodontic microscrews planned and performed, using the Student t test. In addition, intraoperative complications, such as root perforations after the orthodontic microscrews placement and the fracture of the orthodontic self-tapping microscrews during their placement, were also analyzed. RESULTS The paired t test revealed statistically significant differences at the apical endpoint (P <0.001) between planned and performed orthodontic self-tapping and self-drilling microscrew placement techniques. However, the paired t test revealed no statistically significant differences at the coronal entry point (P = 0.1047) and angular deviations (P = 0.3251) between planned and performed orthodontic self-tapping and self-drilling microscrews placement techniques. Furthermore, 4 root perforations were observed at the orthodontic self-tapping microscrews placement technique, and 1 orthodontic self-tapping microscrew was fractured during the placement procedure. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the orthodontic self-drilling microscrew technique increases the accuracy of orthodontic microscrews placement, resulting in fewer intraoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Riad Deglow
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam O Connor Esteban
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Zubizarreta-Macho
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Sofĺa Hernández Montero
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgia Tzironi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francesc Abella Sans
- Department of Endodontics, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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Riad Deglow E, Toledano Gil S, Zubizarreta-Macho Á, Bufalá Pérez M, Rodríguez Torres P, Tzironi G, Albaladejo Martínez A, López Román A, Hernández Montero S. Influence of the Computer-Aided Static Navigation Technique and Mixed Reality Technology on the Accuracy of the Orthodontic Micro-Screws Placement. An In Vitro Study. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11100964. [PMID: 34683105 PMCID: PMC8539767 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the effect of a computer-aided static navigation technique and mixed reality technology on the accuracy of orthodontic micro-screw placement. Material and methods: Two hundred and seven orthodontic micro-screws were placed using either a computer-aided static navigation technique (NAV), a mixed reality device (MR), or a conventional freehand technique (FHT). Accuracy across different dental sectors was also analyzed. CBCT and intraoral scans were taken both prior to and following orthodontic micro-screw placement. The deviation angle and horizontal deviation were then analyzed; these measurements were taken at the coronal entry point and apical endpoint between the planned and performed orthodontic micro-screws. In addition, any complications resulting from micro-screw placement, such as spot perforations, were also analyzed across all dental sectors. Results: The statistical analysis showed significant differences between study groups with regard to the coronal entry-point (p < 0.001). The NAV study group showed statistically significant differences from the FHT (p < 0.001) and MR study groups (p < 0.001) at the apical end-point (p < 0.001), and the FHT group found significant differences from the angular deviations of the NAV (p < 0.001) and MR study groups deviations (p = 0.0011). Different dental sectors also differed significantly. (p < 0.001) Additionally, twelve root perforations were observed in the FHT group, while there were no root perforations in the NAV group. Conclusions: Computer-aided static navigation technique enable more accurate orthodontic micro-screw placement and fewer intraoperative complications when compared with the mixed reality technology and conventional freehand techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Riad Deglow
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.D.); (S.T.G.); (M.B.P.); (P.R.T.); (A.L.R.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Sergio Toledano Gil
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.D.); (S.T.G.); (M.B.P.); (P.R.T.); (A.L.R.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Álvaro Zubizarreta-Macho
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.D.); (S.T.G.); (M.B.P.); (P.R.T.); (A.L.R.); (S.H.M.)
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; (G.T.); (A.A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - María Bufalá Pérez
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.D.); (S.T.G.); (M.B.P.); (P.R.T.); (A.L.R.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Paulina Rodríguez Torres
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.D.); (S.T.G.); (M.B.P.); (P.R.T.); (A.L.R.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Georgia Tzironi
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; (G.T.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Alberto Albaladejo Martínez
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; (G.T.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Antonio López Román
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.D.); (S.T.G.); (M.B.P.); (P.R.T.); (A.L.R.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Sofía Hernández Montero
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.D.); (S.T.G.); (M.B.P.); (P.R.T.); (A.L.R.); (S.H.M.)
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Torres PR, Gil ST, Zubizarreta-Macho Á, Pérez MB, Deglow ER, Tzironi G, Martínez AA, Montero SH. Influence of the Computer-Aided Static Navigation Technique on the Accuracy of the Orthodontic Micro-Screws Placement: An In Vitro Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10184127. [PMID: 34575238 PMCID: PMC8469331 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the influence of the computer-aided static navigation technique on the accuracy of placement of orthodontic micro-screws. One hundred and thirty-eight orthodontic micro-screws were randomly assigned to the following study groups: Group A. orthodontic micro-screw placement using a computer-aided static navigation technique (n = 69); B. orthodontic micro-screw placement using the conventional freehand technique (n = 69). In addition, the accuracy in the canine–premolar, premolar and molar sectors was analyzed in each study group. Cone-beam computed tomography and intraoral scans were taken both prior and subsequent to orthodontic micro-screw placement. The images were then uploaded using a 3D implant planning software, where the deviation and horizontal angles were analyzed using a multivariate linear model. These measurements were taken at the coronal entry point and apical endpoint between the planned orthodontic micro-screws. In addition, any complications resulting from micro-screw placement, such as spot perforations, were also analyzed in all dental sectors. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between the two study groups with regard to the coronal entry-point, apical end-point (p < 0.001) and angular deviations (p < 0.001) between the computer-aided static navigation technique and freehand technique study groups. Moreover, statistically significant differences were showed between the different dental sectors (p < 0.001). Additionally, twelve root perforations were observed at the conventional free hand technique study group while there were no root perforations in the computer-aided static navigation technique study group. The results showed that the computer-aided static navigation technique enables a more accurate orthodontic micro-screw placement with less intraoperative complications when compared with the conventional freehand technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Rodríguez Torres
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.T.); (S.T.G.); (M.B.P.); (E.R.D.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Sergio Toledano Gil
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.T.); (S.T.G.); (M.B.P.); (E.R.D.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Álvaro Zubizarreta-Macho
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.T.); (S.T.G.); (M.B.P.); (E.R.D.); (S.H.M.)
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; (G.T.); (A.A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - María Bufalá Pérez
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.T.); (S.T.G.); (M.B.P.); (E.R.D.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Elena Riad Deglow
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.T.); (S.T.G.); (M.B.P.); (E.R.D.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Georgia Tzironi
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; (G.T.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Alberto Albaladejo Martínez
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; (G.T.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Sofía Hernández Montero
- Department of Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.T.); (S.T.G.); (M.B.P.); (E.R.D.); (S.H.M.)
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