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Sanger D, Blair A, DiDonato G, Washburn T, Jones S, Riekerk G, Wirth E, Stewart J, White D, Vandiver L, Holland A. Impacts of Coastal Development on the Ecology of Tidal Creek Ecosystems of the US Southeast including Consequences to Humans. Estuaries Coast 2015; 38:49-66. [PMID: 31354396 PMCID: PMC6660006 DOI: 10.1007/s12237-013-9635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Upland areas of southeastern U.S. tidal creek watersheds are popular locations for development, and they form part of the estuarine ecosystem characterized by high economic and ecological value. The primary objective of this work was to define the relationships between coastal development, with its concomitant land use changes and associated increases in nonpoint source pollution loading, and the ecological condition of tidal creek ecosystems including related consequences to human populations and coastal communities. Nineteen tidal creek systems, located along the southeastern United States coast from southern North Carolina to southern Georgia, were sampled during summer, 2005 and 2006. Within each system, creeks were divided into two primary segments based upon tidal zoning: intertidal (i.e., shallow, narrow headwater sections) and subtidal (i.e., deeper and wider sections) and then watersheds were delineated for each segment. Relationships between coastal development, concomitant land use changes, nonpoint source pollution loading, the ecological condition of tidal creek ecosystems, and the potential impacts to human populations and coastal communities were evaluated. In particular, relationships were identified between the amount of impervious cover (indicator of coastal development) and a range of exposure and response measures including increased chemical contamination of the sediments, increased pathogens in the water, increased nitrate/nitrite levels, increased salinity range, decreased biological productivity of the macrobenthos, alterations to the food web, increased flooding potential, and increased human risk of exposure to pathogens and harmful chemicals. The integrity of tidal creeks, particularly the headwaters or intertidally-dominated sections, were impaired by increases in nonpoint source pollution associated with sprawling urbanization (i.e., increases in impervious cover). This finding suggests these habitats are valuable early warning sentinels of ensuing ecological impacts and potential public health and flooding risk from sprawling coastal development. Results also validate the use of a conceptual model with impervious cover thresholds for tidal creek systems in the southeast region.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Sanger
- South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium, 287 Meeting Street, Charleston, SC 29401, U.S
- NOAA, Center of Excellence in Oceans and Human Health, Center for Human Health Risk, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, U.S
- Marine Resources Research Institute, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, 217 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston SC, 29412, U.S
| | - A. Blair
- NOAA, Center of Excellence in Oceans and Human Health, Center for Human Health Risk, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, U.S
| | - G. DiDonato
- NOAA, Center of Excellence in Oceans and Human Health, Center for Human Health Risk, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, U.S
| | - T. Washburn
- College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, U.S
| | - S. Jones
- College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, U.S
| | - G. Riekerk
- Marine Resources Research Institute, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, 217 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston SC, 29412, U.S
| | - E. Wirth
- NOAA, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, U.S
| | - J. Stewart
- NOAA, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, U.S
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Dr., Chapel Hill, NC 27599, U.S
| | - D. White
- NOAA, Center of Excellence in Oceans and Human Health, Center for Human Health Risk, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, U.S
| | - L. Vandiver
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 800 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, U.S
| | - A.F. Holland
- NOAA, Center of Excellence in Oceans and Human Health, Center for Human Health Risk, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, U.S
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Van Buskirk GA, Asotra S, Balducci C, Basu P, DiDonato G, Dorantes A, Eickhoff WM, Ghosh T, González MA, Henry T, Howard M, Kamm J, Laurenz S, MacKenzie R, Mannion R, Noonan PK, Ocheltree T, Pai U, Poska RP, Putnam ML, Raghavan RR, Ruegger C, Sánchez E, Shah VP, Shao ZJ, Somma R, Tammara V, Thombre AG, Thompson B, Timko RJ, Upadrashta S, Vaithiyalingam S. Best practices for the development, scale-up, and post-approval change control of IR and MR dosage forms in the current quality-by-design paradigm. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:665-93. [PMID: 24578237 PMCID: PMC4037495 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this whitepaper, the Manufacturing Technical Committee of the Product Quality Research Institute provides information on the common, best practices in use today in the development of high-quality chemistry, manufacturing and controls documentation. Important topics reviewed include International Conference on Harmonization, in vitro-in vivo correlation considerations, quality-by-design approaches, process analytical technologies and current scale-up, and process control and validation practices. It is the hope and intent that this whitepaper will engender expanded dialog on this important subject by the pharmaceutical industry and its regulatory bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A Van Buskirk
- Nonclinical Drug Development Consulting Services, LLC, Basking Ridge, New Jersey, 07920, USA,
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Bird JE, Waldron TL, Little DK, Asaad MM, Dorso CR, DiDonato G, Norman JA. The effects of novel cathepsin E inhibitors on the big endothelin pressor response in conscious rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 182:224-31. [PMID: 1731782 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)80134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aspartic protease, cathepsin E, has been shown to specifically cleave big endothelin (big ET-1) at the Trp21-Val22 bond to produce endothelin (ET-1) and the corresponding C-terminal fragment. To determine whether cathepsin E is a physiologically relevant endothelin converting enzyme (ECE), three novel and potent inhibitors of cathepsin E were administered to conscious rats prior to a pressor challenge with big ET-1. One of the inhibitors of cathepsin E, SQ 32,056 (3 mg/kg i.v.), blocked the big ET-1 response. However, this dose of SQ 32,056 also blocked the pressor response to ET-1. Phosphoramidon specifically inhibited the Big ET-1 pressor response. These results suggest that ECE is not cathepsin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Bird
- Department of Pharmacology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ
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Brooks MA, DiDonato G, Blumenthal HP. Determination of chlorprothixene and its sulfoxide metabolite in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and amperometric detection. J Chromatogr 1985; 337:351-62. [PMID: 3988865 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(85)80048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This communication describes a rapid, sensitive and selective method for the assay of chlorprothixene and its sulfoxide metabolite in human plasma, using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Alkalinized plasma was extracted with heptane--isoamyl alcohol (99:1), after addition of thioridazine as the internal standard. The residue obtained after evaporation of this extract was chromatographed on a cyano column, using acetonitrile--0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate pH 4.5 (60:40) as the mobile phase with ultraviolet (229 nm) detection. Quantitation was based on peak height ratios over the concentration range of 5.0-50.0 ng/ml for both compounds with 85% and 90% recovery for chlorprothixene and its sulfoxide metabolite, respectively, using a 1.0-ml plasma sample. The assay chromatographically resolves chlorprothixene and the sulfoxide metabolite from the N-desmethyl metabolite, which can only be semi-quantitated owing to low and variable recoveries. The method was used to obtain plasma concentration versus time profiles in two subjects after oral administration of 100 mg of chlorprothixene suspension and in two additional subjects following overdosages of chlorprothixene estimated to exceed several hundred milligrams. These analyses demonstrated that the sulfoxide metabolite is the predominant plasma component following therapeutic administration and overdosages. High-performance liquid chromatography with oxidative amperometric detection with the glassy carbon electrode was also evaluated. Although this procedure demonstrated comparable sensitivity and precision to ultraviolet detection for the analysis of chlorprothixene and N-desmethyl chlorprothixene, the sulfoxide metabolite could not be measured with high sensitivity (less than 100 ng/ml) owing to endogenous interferences. Hence the utility of this alternative assay technique is limited.
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