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Gourdin G, Mendez S, Doan-Nguyen V. Improved Performance in Li-S Batteries Due to In Situ CuS Formation from Cu Nanowires. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:55596-55607. [PMID: 37988582 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur batteries offer theoretical capacities of 800-1600 mAh g-1 of active material and are therefore one of the most promising new battery chemistries currently under intensive study. However, the low electronic conductivity of the sulfur and the discharge products imposes energy penalties during the discharge and charge steps. In addition, the reduction of sulfur during discharge forms soluble polysulfides, which will diffuse to, and react with, the lithium metal anode. To address these two challenges, copper nanowires were introduced into the composite cathode to improve the electronic conductivity of the cathode and to provide electrostatic anchoring points for the formed polysulfide anions. The addition of the conductive copper nanowires resulted in the in situ formation of copper sulfide, which was shown to decrease the resistivity of the SEI layer on the anode, as manifested by diminished lithium plating and stripping overpotentials. Higher copper loadings exacerbated the dissolution of the copper sulfide during deep discharge and increased the concentration of displaced capping ligands in the electrolyte. Both phenomena generate species that react at the lithium anode, resulting in a more resistive SEI layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Gourdin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
| | - Samantha Mendez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
| | - Vicky Doan-Nguyen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
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Xiao N, Zheng J, Gourdin G, Schkeryantz L, Wu Y. Anchoring an Artificial Protective Layer To Stabilize Potassium Metal Anode in Rechargeable K-O 2 Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:16571-16577. [PMID: 30990009 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable potassium batteries, including the potassium-oxygen (K-O2) battery, are deemed as promising low-cost energy storage solutions. Nevertheless, the chemical stability of the K metal anode remains problematic and hinders their development. In the K-O2 battery, the electrolyte and dissolved oxygen tend to be reduced on the K metal anode, which consumes the active material continuously. Herein, an artificial protective layer is engineered on the K metal anode via a one-step method to mitigate side reactions induced by the solvent and reactive oxygen species. The chemical reaction between K and SbF3 leads to an inorganic composite layer that consists of KF, Sb, and KSb xF y on the surface. This in situ synthesized layer effectively prevents K anode corrosion while maintaining good K+ ionic conductivity in K-O2 batteries. Protection from O2 and moisture also ensures battery safety. Improved anode life span and cycling performance (>30 days) are further demonstrated. This work introduces a novel strategy to stabilize the K anode for rechargeable potassium metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 West 18th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Jingfeng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 West 18th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Gerald Gourdin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 West 18th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Luke Schkeryantz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 West 18th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Yiying Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 West 18th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
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Gourdin G, Xiao N, McCulloch W, Wu Y. Use of Polarization Curves and Impedance Analyses to Optimize the "Triple-Phase Boundary" in K-O 2 Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:2925-2934. [PMID: 30596423 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
K-O2 superoxide batteries have shown great potential for energy-storage applications due to the unique single-electron redox processes in the oxygen or gas-diffusion electrode. Optimization of the 'triple-phase boundary', the region of the cathode where the O2, electrolyte, and electrode surface are in immediate contact, is crucial for maximizing their power performance, but one that has not been explored. Herein, we demonstrate an efficient method for maximizing the power capabilities of the K-O2 battery system by optimizing the interface using polarization and impedance analyses. At the one extreme, an electrolyte volume-deficient state decreases access to the electrochemically active surface area resulting in a limitation of the maximum power output of the K-O2 battery, whereas an excess electrolyte volume state increases the diffusion path to the active surface area for the dissolved O2 inducing mass-transfer limitations sooner, which results in a decrease in the current and power output. Finally, we show that the optimal electrolyte volume closely matches the void volume of the internal cell materials (separators, cathode) resulting in a maximization of the electrochemically accessible surface area while minimizing the O2 diffusion path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Gourdin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 West 18th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Neng Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 West 18th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - William McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 West 18th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Yiying Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 West 18th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
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McCulloch WD, Xiao N, Gourdin G, Wu Y. Frontispiece: Alkali-Oxygen Batteries Based on Reversible Superoxide Chemistry. Chemistry 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201886762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William David McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; 151 W Woodruff AVE, CBEC 256 Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Neng Xiao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; 151 W Woodruff AVE, CBEC 256 Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Gerald Gourdin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; 151 W Woodruff AVE, CBEC 256 Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Yiying Wu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; 151 W Woodruff AVE, CBEC 256 Columbus OH 43210 USA
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Affiliation(s)
- William David McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; 151 W Woodruff AVE, CBEC 256 Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Neng Xiao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; 151 W Woodruff AVE, CBEC 256 Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Gerald Gourdin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; 151 W Woodruff AVE, CBEC 256 Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Yiying Wu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; 151 W Woodruff AVE, CBEC 256 Columbus OH 43210 USA
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Abstract
Lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries have been envisaged and pursued as the long-term successor to Li-ion batteries, due to the highest theoretical energy density among all known battery chemistries. However, their practical application is hindered by low energy efficiency, sluggish kinetics, and a reliance on catalysts for the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR/OER). In a superoxide battery, oxygen is also used as the cathodic active medium but is reduced only to superoxide (O2•-), the anion formed by adding an electron to a diatomic oxygen molecule. Therefore, O2/O2•- is a unique single-electron ORR/OER process. Since the introduction of K-O2 batteries by our group in 2013, superoxide batteries based on potassium superoxide (KO2) have attracted increasing interest as promising energy storage devices due to their significantly lower overpotentials and costs. We have selected potassium for building the superoxide battery because it is the lightest alkali metal cation to form the thermodynamically stable superoxide (KO2) product. This allows the battery to operate through the proposed facile one-electron redox process of O2/KO2. This strategy provides an elegant solution to the long-lasting kinetic challenge of ORR/OER in metal-oxygen batteries without using any electrocatalysts. Over the past five years, we have been focused on understanding the electrolyte chemistry, especially at the electrode/electrolyte interphase, and the electrolyte's stability in the presence of potassium metal and superoxide. In this Account, we examine our advances and understanding of the chemistry in superoxide batteries, with an emphasis on our systematic investigation of K-O2 batteries. We first introduce the K metal anode electrochemistry and its corrosion induced by electrolyte decomposition and oxygen crossover. Tuning the electrolyte composition to form a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is demonstrated to alleviate electrolyte decomposition and O2 cross-talk. We also analyze the nucleation and growth of KO2 in the oxygen electrode, as well its long-term stability. The electrochemical growth of KO2 on the cathode is correlated with the rate performance and capacity. Increasing the surface area and reducing the O2 diffusion pathway are identified as critical strategies to improve the rate performance and capacity. Li-O2 and Na-O2 batteries are further compared with the K-O2 chemistry regarding their pros and cons. Because only KO2 is thermodynamically stable at room temperature, K-O2 batteries offer reversible cathode reactions over the long-term while the counterparts undergo disproportionation. The parasitic reactions due to the reactivity of superoxide are discussed. With the trace side products quantified, the overall superoxide electrochemistry is highly reversible with an extended shelf life. Lastly, potential anode substitutes for K-O2 batteries are reviewed, including the K3Sb alloy and liquid Na-K alloy. We conclude with perspectives on the future development of the K metal anode interface, as well as the electrolyte and cathode materials to enable improved reversibility and maximized power capability. We hope this Account promotes further endeavors into the development of the K-O2 chemistry and related material technologies for superoxide battery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Xiaodi Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - William D. McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Gerald Gourdin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yiying Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Schwartz JM, Gourdin G, Phillips O, Engler A, Lee J, Abdulkadir NR, Miller RC, Sutlief A, Kohl PA. Cationic polymerization of high-molecular-weight phthalaldehyde-butanal copolymer. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jared M. Schwartz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Gerald Gourdin
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Oluwadamilola Phillips
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Anthony Engler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Jihyun Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Niya R. Abdulkadir
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Ryan C. Miller
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Alexandra Sutlief
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Paul A. Kohl
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
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Xiao N, Gourdin G, Wu Y. Simultaneous Stabilization of Potassium Metal and Superoxide in K–O
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Batteries on the Basis of Electrolyte Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neng Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Gerald Gourdin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Yiying Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
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Xiao N, Gourdin G, Wu Y. Simultaneous Stabilization of Potassium Metal and Superoxide in K–O
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Batteries on the Basis of Electrolyte Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10864-10867. [PMID: 29787628 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neng Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Gerald Gourdin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Yiying Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
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Gourdin G, Zheng D, Smith PH, Qu D. In situ electrochemical-mass spectroscopic investigation of solid electrolyte interphase formation on the surface of a carbon electrode. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Qu D, Smith P, Gourdin G, Jiang T, Tran T. A Hydrogen-Insertion Asymmetric Supercapacitor. Chemistry 2012; 18:3141-3. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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