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Ali MIM, Kalkman GA, Wijers CHW, Fleuren HWHA, Kramers C, de Wit HAJM. External validity of an automated delirium prediction model (DEMO) and comparison to the manual VMS-questions: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:1128-1135. [PMID: 37713029 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is estimated that one-third of delirium cases in hospitals could be prevented with appropriate interventions. In Dutch hospitals a manual instrument (VMS-questions) is used to identify patients at-risk for delirium. Delirium Model (DEMO) is an automated model which could support delirium prevention more efficiently. However, it has not been validated beyond the hospital it was developed in. AIM To externally validate the DEMO and compare its performance to the VMS-questions. METHOD A retrospective cohort study between July and December 2018 was conducted. Delirium cases were identified through a chart review, and the VMS-questions were extracted from the electronic health records. The DEMO was validated in patients ≥ 60 years, and a comparison with the VMS-questions was made in patients ≥ 70 years. RESULTS In total 1,345 admissions were included. The DEMO predicted 59 out of 75 delirium cases (sensitivity 0.79, 95% CI = 0.68-0.87; specificity 0.75, 95% CI = 0.72-0.77). Compared to the VMS-questions, the DEMO showed a lower specificity (0.64 vs. 0.72; p < 0.001) and a comparable sensitivity (0.83 vs. 0.80; p = 0.56). The VMS-questions were missing in 20% of admissions, in which the DEMO correctly predicted 10 of 12 delirium cases. CONCLUSION The DEMO showed acceptable performance for delirium prediction. Overall the DEMO predicted more delirium cases because the VMS-questions were missing in 20% of admissions. This study shows that automated instruments such as DEMO could play a key role in the efficient and timely deployment of measures to prevent delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Ida Mohmaed Ali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard A Kalkman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Hanneke W H A Fleuren
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Kramers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo A J M de Wit
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kalkman GA, Kramers C, van den Brink W, Schellekens AFA. Europe has much to do to improve the quality of and access to safe pain management - Authors' reply. Lancet 2023; 401:1651-1652. [PMID: 37210112 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A Kalkman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis Kramers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Arnt F A Schellekens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Donders Institute for Clinical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Science Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Nijmegen, Netherlands
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van der Hoorn MMC, Kalkman GA, Weesie YM, Atsma F, Schellekens A. Psychiatric risk factors for chronic high-dose opioid prescribing: register-based cohort study. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e74. [PMID: 37078115 PMCID: PMC10134259 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic high-dose (CHD) prescription opioid use is a major public health concern. Although CHD opioid use has been associated with psychiatric disorders, the causality could go both ways. Some studies have already linked psychiatric disorders to an increased risk of transitioning to chronic opioid use, and longitudinal data identifying psychiatric disorders as predictors of CHD opioid use could shed further light on this issue. AIMS To prospectively examine the relationship between the presence of a psychiatric disorder and subsequent development of CHD opioid use in primary care patients newly receiving opioids. METHOD Data were included from 137 778 primary care patients in The Netherlands. Cox regression modelling was used to examine the association between psychiatric disorders prior to a new opioid prescription and subsequent CHD opioid use (≥90 days; ≥50 mg/day oral morphine equivalents) in the subsequent 2 years. RESULTS Of all patients receiving a new opioid prescription, 2.0% developed CHD opioid use. A psychiatric disorder before the start of an opioid prescription increased the risk of CHD opioid use (adjusted hazard ratio HR = 1.74; 95% CI 1.62-1.88), specifically psychotic disorders, substance use disorders, neurocognitive disorders and multiple co-occurring psychiatric episodes. Similarly, pharmacotherapy for psychosis, substance use disorders and mood and/or anxiety disorders increased the risk of CHD opioid use. Psychiatric polypharmacy conferred the greatest risk of developing CHD opioid use. CONCLUSIONS Psychiatric disorders increase the risk of developing CHD opioid use in patients newly receiving prescription opioids. To reduce the public health burden of CHD opioid use, careful monitoring and optimal treatment of psychiatric conditions are advised when opioid therapy is initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle M C van der Hoorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; and Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard A Kalkman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette M Weesie
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Nivel, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Atsma
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare (IQ Healthcare), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnt Schellekens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kalkman GA, Kramers C, van den Brink W, Schellekens AFA. The North American opioid crisis: a European perspective. Lancet 2022; 400:1404. [PMID: 36273479 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A Kalkman
- Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nijmegen 6532 SZ, Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis Kramers
- Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nijmegen 6532 SZ, Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arnt F A Schellekens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Clinical Neuroscience, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Science Practitioners in Addiction, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Kalkman GA, van den Brink W, Pierce M, Atsma F, Vissers KCP, Schers HJ, van Dongen RTM, Kramers C, Schellekens AFA. Monitoring Opioids in Europe: The Need for Shared Definitions and Measuring Drivers of Opioid Use and Related Harms. Eur Addict Res 2022; 28:231-240. [PMID: 35196659 DOI: 10.1159/000521996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The past 20 years, the USA is facing a serious opioid crisis initiated by an increase in prescription opioid use. Europe has also seen an increase in prescription opioid use, but the extent of related harm is still largely unknown. Given the impact of the US opioid epidemic, it is important to closely monitor signs of emerging opioid-related problems to guarantee early warnings and timely actions. Shared and meaningful definitions for opioid use and related harms, and relevant information about specific drivers for opioid use and related problems are needed for an adequate policy response. In this commentary, we discuss these definitions, the need to know more about the specific drivers for increased opioid use, its related harm, and proposals for strategies to move forward. Policy recommendations include making a distinction between licit and illicit opioids when monitoring and reporting on opioid-related harm, and using oral morphine equivalents to quantify prescription opioid use in a clinically relevant and comparable manner. A major topic of further research is exploring unique and universal drivers of prescription opioid (mis)use across Europe, in particular the role of opioid diversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A Kalkman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mimi Pierce
- Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Atsma
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kris C P Vissers
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Schers
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert T M van Dongen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pain Management and Palliative Care, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Kramers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnt F A Schellekens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Clinical Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Nijmegen Institute for Science Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Pierce M, van Amsterdam J, Kalkman GA, Schellekens A, van den Brink W. Is Europe facing an opioid crisis like the United States? An analysis of opioid use and related adverse effects in 19 European countries between 2010 and 2018. Eur Psychiatry 2021; 64:e47. [PMID: 34165059 PMCID: PMC8316471 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Given the ongoing opioid crisis in the United States (US), we investigated the opioid situation in Europe. The aims of the study are to provide an overview of trends in prescription opioid (PO) use and opioid-related adversities between 2010 and 2018 for different opioids in 19 European countries and to present a comparison with similar data from the US. Methods A multisource database study with national data from 19 European countries evaluating trends between 2010 and 2018 in (a) PO consumption, (b) high-risk (HR) opioid users, (c) opioid-related hospital admissions, (d) opioid-related overdose deaths, (e) opioid use disorder treatment entries, and (f) patients in opioid substitution therapy (OST). Within and between-country comparisons and comparisons with data from the US were made. Results There was considerable variation between European countries. Most countries showed increased PO consumption with the largest increase and the highest consumption in the United Kingdom (UK) compared to the rest of Europe and the US in 2018 (UK: 58,088 defined daily doses for statistical purposes/1000 population/day). In 2018, Scotland had the highest rates (per 100,000 population) of HR opioid users (16·2), opioid-related hospital admissions (118), opioid-related deaths (22·7), opioid use disorder treatment admissions (190), and OST patients (555) of all included European countries. These rates were similar or even higher than those in the US in 2018. Other countries with high rates of opioid-related adversities were Northern Ireland (synthetic and “other” opioids), Ireland (heroin and methadone), and England (all opioids). All other countries had no or little increase in opioid-related adversities. Conclusions Apart from the British Isles and especially Scotland, there is no indication of an opioid crisis comparable to that in the US in the 19 European countries that were part of this study. More research is needed to identify drivers and develop interventions to stop the emerging opioid crisis in the UK and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Pierce
- Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Amsterdam
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard A Kalkman
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Clinical Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Nijmegen Institute for Scientist Practitioners in Addiction, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnt Schellekens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Clinical Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Nijmegen Institute for Scientist Practitioners in Addiction, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bos JM, Timmermans MJC, Kalkman GA, van den Bemt PMLA, De Smet PAGM, Wensing M, Kramers C, Laurant MGH. The effects of substitution of hospital ward care from medical doctors to physician assistants on non-adherence to guidelines on medication prescribing. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202626. [PMID: 30138432 PMCID: PMC6107206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study determined the effect of substitution of inpatient care from medical doctors (MDs) to physician assistants (PAs) on non-adherence to guidelines on medication prescribing. METHODS A multicenter matched-controlled study was performed comparing wards on which PAs provide medical care in collaboration with MDs (PA/MD model), with wards on which only MDs provide medical care (MD model). A set of 17 quality indicators to measure non-adherence to guidelines on medication prescribing by PAs and MDs was composed by 14 experts in a modified Delphi procedure. The indicators covered different pharmacotherapeutic subjects, such as gastric protection in case of use of NSAID or prevention of obstipation in case of use of opioids. These indicators were expressed in proportions by dividing the number of patients in which the prescriber did not adhere to a guideline, by all patients that were applicable. Multivariable regression analysis was performed in order to adjust for potential confounders. RESULTS 1021 patients from 17 hospital wards in the 'PA/MD model' group and 1286 patients from 17 hospital wards in the 'MD model' group were included. Two of the 17 quality indicators showed significantly less non-adherence to guidelines for the PA/MD model; the indicators concerning prescribing gastric protection in case of use of NSAID in combination with corticosteroids (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.19-0.90) and in case of use of NSAID in patients older than 70 years (OR 0.47, 95% 0.23-0.95). For none of the other quality indicators for prescribing of medication a difference between the MD model and the PA/MD model was found. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the non-adherence to guidelines on medication prescribing on wards with the PA/MD model does not differ from wards with traditional house staffing by MDs only. Further research is needed to determine quality, efficiency and safety of prescribing behavior of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Bos
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Marijke J. C. Timmermans
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare (IQ healthcare), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Health and Social Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard A. Kalkman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Peter A. G. M. De Smet
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare (IQ healthcare), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Wensing
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare (IQ healthcare), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelis Kramers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda G. H. Laurant
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare (IQ healthcare), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Health and Social Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Kalkman GA, Zhang Y, Monachino E, Mathwig K, Kamminga ME, Pourhossein P, Oomen PE, Stratmann SA, Zhao Z, van Oijen AM, Verpoorte E, Chiechi RC. Bisecting Microfluidic Channels with Metallic Nanowires Fabricated by Nanoskiving. ACS Nano 2016; 10:2852-2859. [PMID: 26836373 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the fabrication of millimeter-long gold nanowires that bisect the center of microfluidic channels. We fabricated the nanowires by nanoskiving and then suspended them over a trench in a glass structure. The channel was sealed by bonding it to a complementary poly(dimethylsiloxane) structure. The resulting structures place the nanowires in the region of highest flow, as opposed to the walls, where it approaches zero, and expose their entire surface area to fluid. We demonstrate active functionality, by constructing a hot-wire anemometer to measure flow through determining the change in resistance of the nanowire as a function of heat dissipation at low voltage (<5 V). Further, passive functionality is demonstrated by visualizing individual, fluorescently labeled DNA molecules attached to the wires. We measure rates of flow and show that, compared to surface-bound DNA strands, elongation saturates at lower rates of flow and background fluorescence from nonspecific binding is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A Kalkman
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmancy , Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yanxi Zhang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Monachino
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Mathwig
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmancy , Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Machteld E Kamminga
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Parisa Pourhossein
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter E Oomen
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmancy , Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah A Stratmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine M van Oijen
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Verpoorte
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmancy , Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Pouwels KB, Kalkman GA, Schagen D, Visser ST, Hak E. Is combined use of SSRIs and NSAIDs associated with an increased risk of starting peptic ulcer treatment? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 78:192-3. [PMID: 24289261 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koen B Pouwels
- Unit of PharmacoEpidemiology and PharmacoEconomics (PE), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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