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Hajiesmaeil M, Ravasini F, Risi F, Magnarini G, Olivieri A, D'Atanasio E, Galehdari H, Trombetta B, Cruciani F. High incidence of AZF duplications in clan-structured Iranian populations detected through Y chromosome sequencing read depth analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11857. [PMID: 37481605 PMCID: PMC10363161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ampliconic region of the human Y chromosome consists of large duplicated sequences that can undergo non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR), resulting in structural rearrangements that may cause infertility, especially when they occur in the azoospermia factor b/c (AZFb/c) region. Although AZF duplications have long been neglected due to the technical limitations of STS-based studies that focused mainly on deletions, recent next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies provided evidence for their importance in fertility. In this study, a NGS read depth approach was used to detect AZFb/c rearrangements in 87 Iranians from different ethnic groups. The duplication frequency in Iran proved to be twice as high as in the "1000 Genomes" dataset. Interestingly, most duplications were found in patrilineal ethnic groups, possibly as a consequence of their lower male effective population size which can counteract negative selection. Moreover, we found a large 8.0 Mb duplication, resulting in a fourfold increase in the copy number of AZFc genes, which to our knowledge is the largest duplication ever reported in this region. Overall, our results suggest that it is important to consider not only AZF deletions but also duplications to investigate the causes of male infertility, especially in patrilineal clan-based populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mogge Hajiesmaeil
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Ravasini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Risi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Magnarini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Olivieri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', Pavia University, Pavia, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Eugenia D'Atanasio
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), CNR, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Hamid Galehdari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Beniamino Trombetta
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvio Cruciani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), CNR, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Gomila R, Fondriest M, Jensen E, Spagnuolo E, Masoch S, Mitchell TM, Magnarini G, Bistacchi A, Mittempergher S, Faulkner D, Cembrano J, Di Toro G. Frictional Melting in Hydrothermal Fluid-Rich Faults: Field and Experimental Evidence From the Bolfín Fault Zone (Chile). Geochem Geophys Geosyst 2021; 22:e2021GC009743. [PMID: 34434077 PMCID: PMC8365670 DOI: 10.1029/2021gc009743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tectonic pseudotachylytes are thought to be unique to certain water-deficient seismogenic environments and their presence is considered to be rare in the geological record. Here, we present field and experimental evidence that frictional melting can occur in hydrothermal fluid-rich faults hosted in the continental crust. Pseudotachylytes were found in the >40 km-long Bolfín Fault Zone of the Atacama Fault System, within two ca. 1 m-thick (ultra)cataclastic strands hosted in a damage-zone made of chlorite-epidote-rich hydrothermally altered tonalite. This alteration state indicates that hydrothermal fluids were active during the fault development. Pseudotachylytes, characterized by presenting amygdales, cut and are cut by chlorite-, epidote- and calcite-bearing veins. In turn, crosscutting relationship with the hydrothermal veins indicates pseudotachylytes were formed during this period of fluid activity. Rotary shear experiments conducted on bare surfaces of hydrothermally altered rocks at seismic slip velocities (3 m s-1) resulted in the production of vesiculated pseudotachylytes both at dry and water-pressurized conditions, with melt lubrication as the primary mechanism for fault dynamic weakening. The presented evidence challenges the common hypothesis that pseudotachylytes are limited to fluid-deficient environments, and gives insights into the ancient seismic activity of the system. Both field observations and experimental evidence, indicate that pseudotachylytes may easily be produced in hydrothermal environments, and could be a common co-seismic fault product. Consequently, melt lubrication could be considered one of the most efficient seismic dynamic weakening mechanisms in crystalline basement rocks of the continental crust.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Gomila
- Dipartimento di GeoscienzeUniversità degli Studi di PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - M. Fondriest
- Dipartimento di GeoscienzeUniversità degli Studi di PadovaPadovaItaly
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre)Université Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | - E. Jensen
- Departamento Ingeniería y Ciencias GeológicasUniversidad Católica del NorteAntofagastaChile
| | - E. Spagnuolo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRomeItaly
| | - S. Masoch
- Dipartimento di GeoscienzeUniversità degli Studi di PadovaPadovaItaly
| | | | - G. Magnarini
- UCL Earth SciencesUniversity College of LondonLondonUK
| | - A. Bistacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della TerraUniversità di Milano‐BicoccaMilanoItaly
| | - S. Mittempergher
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e GeologicheUniversità di Modena e Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - D. Faulkner
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - J. Cembrano
- Escuela de IngenieríaPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago de ChileChile
| | - G. Di Toro
- Dipartimento di GeoscienzeUniversità degli Studi di PadovaPadovaItaly
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRomeItaly
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