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Abstract
The exact factorization (EF) approach to coupled electron-ion dynamics recasts the time-dependent molecular Schrödinger equation as two coupled equations, one for the nuclear wavefunction and one for the conditional electronic wavefunction. The potentials appearing in these equations have provided insight into non-adiabatic processes, and new practical non-adiabatic dynamics methods have been formulated starting from these equations. Here, we provide a first demonstration of a self-consistent solution of the exact equations, with a preliminary analysis of their stability and convergence properties. The equations have an unprecedented mathematical form, involving a Hamiltonian outside the class of Hermitian Hamiltonians usually encountered in time-propagation, and so the usual numerical methods for time-dependent Schrödinger fail when applied in a straightforward way to the EF equations. We find an approach that enables stable propagation long enough to witness non-adiabatic behavior in a model system before non-trivial instabilities take over. Implications for the development and analysis of EF-based methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme H Gossel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College and the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Lionel Lacombe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College and the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Neepa T Maitra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College and the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Johndrow CT, Goldberg MF, Johnson AJ, Ng TW, Kunnath-Velayudhan S, Lauvau G, Kaplan DH, Gossel GH, Kadolsky UD, Yates AJ, Chan J, Jacobs WR, Porcelli SA. Suppression of Th1 Priming by TLR2 Agonists during Cutaneous Immunization Is Mediated by Recruited CCR2 + Monocytes. J Immunol 2018; 201:3604-3616. [PMID: 30455402 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Effective subunit vaccines require the incorporation of adjuvants that stimulate cells of the innate immune system to generate protective adaptive immune responses. Pattern recognition receptor agonists are a growing class of potential adjuvants that can shape the character of the immune response to subunit vaccines by directing the polarization of CD4 T cell differentiation to various functional subsets. In the current study, we applied a high-throughput in vitro screen to assess murine CD4 T cell polarization by a panel of pattern recognition receptor agonists. This identified lipopeptides with TLR2 agonist activity as exceptional Th1-polarizing adjuvants. In vivo, we demonstrated that i.v. administration of TLR2 agonists with Ag in mice replicated the findings from in vitro screening by promoting strong Th1 polarization. In contrast, TLR2 agonists inhibited priming of Th1 responses when administered cutaneously in mice. This route-specific suppression was associated with infiltrating CCR2+ cells in the skin-draining lymph nodes and was not uniquely dependent on any of the well characterized subsets of dendritic cells known to reside in the skin. We further demonstrated that priming of CD4 T cells to generate Th1 effectors following immunization with the Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) strain, a lipoprotein-rich bacterium recognized by TLR2, was dependent on the immunization route, with significantly greater Th1 responses with i.v. compared with intradermal administration of BCG. A more complete understanding of route-dependent TLR2 responses may be critical for informed design of novel subunit vaccines and for improvement of BCG and other vaccines based on live-attenuated organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Johndrow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Michael F Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Alison J Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Tony W Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | | | - Gregoire Lauvau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Graeme H Gossel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College and the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ulrich D Kadolsky
- Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - John Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; .,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme H. Gossel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College and the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Federica Agostini
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000 CNRS/University Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Neepa T. Maitra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College and the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- The Physics Program and the Chemistry Program of the Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, United States
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