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Domnanich KA, Satija S, Bodnar VS, Bollen G, Kleinfeldt CR, Liu Y, Rogers S, Schwarz S, Severin GW, Sumithrarachchi C, Villari ACC. Preparation of stable and long-lived source samples for the stand-alone beam program at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 200:110958. [PMID: 37506481 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
At the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB), an oven-ion source combination was used to create rare isotope beams in support of the stand-alone user beam program of the ReAccelerator (ReA) facility. This ion source, called Batch-Mode Ion Source (BMIS), was loaded with enriched stable nuclides (30Si, 50Cr, and 58Fe) and long-lived radionuclides (26Al, 32Si). The introduced samples, herein designated as source samples, were thermally volatilized in the BMIS oven, and then ionization was used to generate the required beams. Owing to the different chemical behavior of the used samples, it was important to tailor the sample loading process for each desired beam species. An important parameter here is the volatility of the introduced species, which influences the adequate release of the isotope of interest. Additionally, any co-present, volatile components will affect the ion yields of the desired isotope, while isobaric contaminants will decrease the beam purity. To manufacture isotope source samples that meet these characteristics, various chemical methodologies were developed. All prepared samples were successfully used in BMIS to deliver beams for various user beam experiments. The here-established sample preparation techniques will greatly aid future efforts in developing offline rare-isotope beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A Domnanich
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, 640 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Samridhi Satija
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, 640 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Vladyslav S Bodnar
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, 640 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Georg Bollen
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, 640 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Chloe R Kleinfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, 640 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Yuan Liu
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, 640 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Sierra Rogers
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, 640 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, 640 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Gregory W Severin
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, 640 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Chandana Sumithrarachchi
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, 640 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Antonio C C Villari
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, 640 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Essenmacher SD, Kleinfeldt CR, Domnanich KA, Bodnar VS, Vyas CK, Severin GW. Proof-of-concept studies of novel protocols for producing highly pure 48V from a 48Cr/ 48V generator. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 199:110855. [PMID: 37302300 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The quest to improve the quality of nuclear data, such as half-lives, transition yields, and reaction cross-sections, is a shared endeavor among various areas of nuclear science. 48V is a vanadium isotope for which experimental data on neutron reaction cross-sections is needed. However, traditional isotope production techniques cannot produce 48V with high enough isotopic purity for some of these measurements. "Isotope harvesting" at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is a new isotope production technique that could potentially yield 48V with the necessary purity for such studies. In this case, 48Cr would be collected and allowed to generate 48V that can be separated from undecayed 48Cr to yield highly pure 48V. Thus, any protocol for producing pure 48V via isotope harvesting would involve utilizing a separation technique that can effectively separate 48Cr and 48V. In this study, the radiotracers 51Cr and 48V were used to develop possible radiochemical separation methodologies, which can be translated to obtain high purity 48V via this novel isotope production method. The developed protocols utilize either ion exchange or extraction chromatographic resins. Separations of 51Cr and 48V with AG 1-X8 anion exchange resin respectively resulted in recoveries of 95.6(26)% and 96.2(12)% with radionuclidic purities of 92(2)% and 99(1)%. An even more effective Cr and V separation was obtained with an extraction chromatographic resin (TRU resin) and 10 M HNO3 loading solution. Here, 51Cr and 48V respectively had recoveries of 94.1(28)% and 96.2(13)% with high radionuclidic purities (100(2)% and 100(1)%) in small volumes (8.81(8) mL and 5.39(16) mL). This study suggests that, to maximize the yield and isotopic purity of 48V, the best production protocol would involve utilizing two separations with TRU resin and 10 M HNO3 to isolate 48Cr and purify the generated 48V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Essenmacher
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Chloe R Kleinfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Katharina A Domnanich
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Vladyslav S Bodnar
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Chirag K Vyas
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Gregory W Severin
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Satija S, Domnanich KA, Bence JA, Vyas CK, Abel EP, Kleinfeldt C, Essenmacher S, Kalman M, Walker W, Despotopulos JD, Scielzo ND, Shusterman JA, Severin GW. Harvesting 88Zr from heavy-ion beam irradiated tungsten at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 197:110831. [PMID: 37130469 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten is a commonly used material at many heavy-ion beam facilities, and it often becomes activated due to interactions with a beam. Many of the activation products are useful in basic and applied sciences if they can be recovered efficiently. In order to develop the radiochemistry for harvesting group (IV) elements from irradiated tungsten, a heavy-ion beam containing 88Zr was embedded into a stack of tungsten foils at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and a separation methodology was devised to recover the 88Zr. The foils were dissolved in 30% hydrogen peroxide, and the 88Zr was chemically purified from the tungsten matrix and from other co-implanted radionuclides (such as 85Sr and 88Y) using strong cation-exchange (AG MP-50) chromatographic resin in sulfuric acid media. The procedure provided 88Zr in approximately 60 mL 0.5 M sulfuric acid with no detectable radio-impurities. The overall recovery yield for 88Zr was (92.3 ± 1.2)%. This proof-of-concept experiment has facilitated the development of methodologies to harvest from tungsten and tungsten-alloy parts that are regularly irradiated at heavy-ion beam facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samridhi Satija
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Katharina A Domnanich
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jake A Bence
- Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Chirag K Vyas
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - E Paige Abel
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Chloe Kleinfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Scott Essenmacher
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Morgan Kalman
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Wesley Walker
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer A Shusterman
- Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Gregory W Severin
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Bence JA, Satija S, Domnanich KA, Despotopulos JD, Abel EP, Clause HK, Essenmacher S, Kalman M, Kleinfeldt C, Kmak KN, Parsons-Davis T, Vyas CK, Walker W, Scielzo ND, Severin GW, Shusterman JA. Solid-phase isotope harvesting of 88Zr from a radioactive ion beam facility. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 189:110414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Domnanich KA, Severin GW. A Model for Radiolysis in a Flowing-Water Target during High-Intensity Proton Irradiation. ACS Omega 2022; 7:25860-25873. [PMID: 35910120 PMCID: PMC9330261 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
At the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB), interactions between heavy-ion beams and beam-dump water will create a wide variety of radionuclides which can be accessed by a technique known as "isotope harvesting". However, irradiation of water is always accompanied by the creation of numerous radical, ionic, and molecular radiolysis products. Some of the radiolysis products have sufficiently long lifetimes to accumulate in the irradiated water and affect the harvesting chemistry. Here we investigate the formation of hydrogen peroxide, molecular hydrogen, and molecular oxygen during a high-intensity proton irradiation of a flowing-water isotope-harvesting target and compare the experimental results to simulations. The simulations kinetically model the chemical reactions occurring in the homogeneous phase of radiolysis in flowing water and establish an "effective yield". In both the experiment and simulations, the bulk quantities of H2, H2O2, and O2 are considerably lower than predicted by primary radiolysis yields (escape yields), meaning that in the high beam intensity regime the homogeneous phase reactions have a considerable impact on the overall chemical composition of the water. Further, it could be shown that for radiation which is characterized by a limited linear energy transfer, such as the here applied protons, the bulk outcome of the microscopic kinetic modeling could be estimated by a simplified steady-state model.
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Clause HK, Domnanich KA, Kleinfeldt C, Kalman M, Walker W, Vyas C, Abel EP, Severin GW. Harvesting krypton isotopes from the off-gas of an irradiated water target to generate 76Br and 77Br. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1433. [PMID: 35082335 PMCID: PMC8792061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA flowing-water target was irradiated with a 150 MeV/nucleon beam of 78Kr at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory to produce 77Kr and 76Kr. Real-time gamma-imaging measurements revealed the mass transport of the krypton radioisotopes through the target-water processing, or “isotope harvesting”, system. The production rates were determined to be 2.7(1) × 10–4 nuclei of 76Kr and 1.18(6) × 10–2 nuclei of 77Kr formed per incident 78Kr ion. Utilizing an off-gas processing line as part of the isotope harvesting system, a total of 7.2(1) MBq of 76Kr and 19.1(6) MBq of 77Kr were collected in cold traps. Through the decay, the daughter radionuclides 76Br and 77Br were generated and removed from the traps with an average efficiency of 77 ± 12%. Due to the differences in half-lives of 76Kr and 77Kr, it was possible to isolate a pure sample of 76Br with 99.9% radionuclidic purity. The successful collection of krypton radioisotopes to generate 76Br and 77Br demonstrates the feasibility of gas-phase isotope harvesting from irradiated accelerator cooling-water. Larger-scale collections are planned for collecting by-product radionuclides from the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams.
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Abel EP, Kleinfeldt C, Kalman M, Severin GW. Branching ratios for the three most intense gamma rays in the decay of 47Ca. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 179:109994. [PMID: 34775271 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A sample of 47Ca produced through isotope harvesting at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory was used to measure branching ratios of 7.17(5)%, 7.11(5)%, and 75.0(5)% for the 489.2, 807.9, and 1297.1 keV characteristic gamma rays, respectively. Based on these updated branching ratios, the ground state to ground state 47Ca to 47Sc beta decay branching ratio has been indirectly measured as 17.7(5)% and the ground state to 1297.1 keV excited state as 82.2(5)%. These values represent a greatly increased precision for all five branching ratios compared to the currently accepted values (Burrows, 2007). The measurements presented here were made relative to the ingrown 47Sc daughter in a47Ca sample and the well-established 159.4 keV gamma-ray branching ratio and the half-life for the decay of 47Sc (Reher et al., 1986; Meadows and Mode, 1968; Mommsen et al., 1980). These measurements were supported by verifying that the half-lives measured from characteristic gamma-ray peaks over multiple spectra for both 47Ca and 47Sc were consistent with previously reported values. Additionally, the half-lives of both 47Ca and 47Sc were independently measured with Liquid Scintillation Counting to reverify the previously reported values used in this study to find updated gamma-ray branching ratio values.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Paige Abel
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Chloe Kleinfeldt
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Morgan Kalman
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Gregory W Severin
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Abel EP, Domnanich K, Clause HK, Kalman C, Walker W, Shusterman JA, Greene J, Gott M, Severin GW. Production, Collection, and Purification of 47Ca for the Generation of 47Sc through Isotope Harvesting at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. ACS Omega 2020; 5:27864-27872. [PMID: 33163769 PMCID: PMC7643120 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was performed at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory using a 140 MeV/nucleon 48Ca beam and a flowing-water target to produce 47Ca for the first time with this production route. A production rate of 0.020 ± 0.004 47Ca nuclei per incoming beam particle was measured. An isotope harvesting system attached to the target was used to collect radioactive cationic products, including 47Ca, from the water on a cation-exchange resin. The 47Ca collected was purified using three separation methods optimized for this work: (1) DGA extraction chromatography resin with HNO3 and HCl, (2) AG MP-50 cation-exchange resin with an increasing concentration gradient of HCl, and (3) AG MP-50 cation-exchange resin with a methanolic HCl gradient. These methods resulted in ≥99 ± 2% separation yield of 47Ca with 100% radionuclidic purity within the limits of detection for HPGe measurements. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to identify low levels of stable ions in the water of the isotope harvesting system during the irradiation and in the final purified solution of 47Ca. For the first time, this experiment demonstrated the feasibility of the production, collection, and purification of 47Ca through isotope harvesting for the generation of 47Sc for nuclear medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Paige Abel
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- National
Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Katharina Domnanich
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- National
Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Hannah K. Clause
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- National
Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Colton Kalman
- National
Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Wes Walker
- National
Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Shusterman
- Department
of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City
University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Ph.
D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center
of the City of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - John Greene
- Physics
Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Matthew Gott
- Physics
Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Gregory W. Severin
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- National
Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Abel EP, Clause HK, Severin GW. Radiolysis and radionuclide production in a flowing-water target during fast 40Ca 20+ irradiation. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 158:109049. [PMID: 32174374 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A flowing-water target was irradiated with a 140 MeV/u, 8 nA 40Ca20+ beam to test the feasibility of isotope harvesting at the upcoming Facility for Rare Isotope Beams. Among other radionuclides, 2.6(2)E-6 48Cr and 5.6(5)E-6 28 Mg nuclei were formed for every impingent 40Ca and were collected through ion exchange. Radiolysis-induced molecular hydrogen evolved from the target at an initial rate of 0.91(9) H2 molecules per 100 eV of beam energy deposited. No radiation-accelerated corrosion of the target material was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Paige Abel
- Department of Chemistry, Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hannah K Clause
- Department of Chemistry, Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gregory W Severin
- Department of Chemistry, Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Abstract
The radionuclide 62Zn was obtained by “isotope harvesting” and separated from other co-produced species. The principle of a medical radionuclide generator was demonstrated by isolating pure 62Cu, which is generated by the decay of its parent 62Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A. Domnanich
- Department of Chemistry
- Michigan State University
- East Lansing
- USA
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory
| | - Chirag K. Vyas
- Department of Chemistry
- Michigan State University
- East Lansing
- USA
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory
| | - E. Paige Abel
- Department of Chemistry
- Michigan State University
- East Lansing
- USA
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory
| | - Colton Kalman
- Department of Chemistry
- Michigan State University
- East Lansing
- USA
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory
| | - Wesley Walker
- Department of Chemistry
- Michigan State University
- East Lansing
- USA
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory
| | - Gregory W. Severin
- Department of Chemistry
- Michigan State University
- East Lansing
- USA
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory
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Jensen AI, Severin GW, Hansen AE, Fliedner FP, Eliasen R, Parhamifar L, Kjær A, Andresen TL, Henriksen JR. Remote-loading of liposomes with manganese-52 and in vivo evaluation of the stabilities of 52Mn-DOTA and 64Cu-DOTA using radiolabelled liposomes and PET imaging. J Control Release 2018; 269:100-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fonslet J, Lee BQ, Tran TA, Siragusa M, Jensen M, Kibédi T, Stuchbery AE, Severin GW. 135La as an Auger-electron emitter for targeted internal radiotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 63:015026. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa9b44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hernandez R, Graves SA, Gregg T, VanDeusen HR, Fenske RJ, Wienkes HN, England CG, Valdovinos HF, Jeffery JJ, Barnhart TE, Severin GW, Nickles RJ, Kimple ME, Merrins MJ, Cai W. Radiomanganese PET Detects Changes in Functional β-Cell Mass in Mouse Models of Diabetes. Diabetes 2017; 66:2163-2174. [PMID: 28515126 PMCID: PMC5521871 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The noninvasive measurement of functional β-cell mass would be clinically valuable for monitoring the progression of type 1 and type 2 diabetes as well as the viability of transplanted insulin-producing cells. Although previous work using MRI has shown promise for functional β-cell mass determination through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel (VDCC)-mediated internalization of Mn2+, the clinical utility of this technique is limited by the cytotoxic levels of the Mn2+ contrast agent. Here, we show that positron emission tomography (PET) is advantageous for determining functional β-cell mass using 52Mn2+ (t1/2: 5.6 days). We investigated the whole-body distribution of 52Mn2+ in healthy adult mice by dynamic and static PET imaging. Pancreatic VDCC uptake of 52Mn2+ was successfully manipulated pharmacologically in vitro and in vivo using glucose, nifedipine (VDCC blocker), the sulfonylureas tolbutamide and glibenclamide (KATP channel blockers), and diazoxide (KATP channel opener). In a mouse model of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes, 52Mn2+ uptake in the pancreas was distinguished from healthy controls in parallel with classic histological quantification of β-cell mass from pancreatic sections. 52Mn2+-PET also reported the expected increase in functional β-cell mass in the ob/ob model of pretype 2 diabetes, a result corroborated by histological β-cell mass measurements and live-cell imaging of β-cell Ca2+ oscillations. These results indicate that 52Mn2+-PET is a sensitive new tool for the noninvasive assessment of functional β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinier Hernandez
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Stephen A Graves
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Trillian Gregg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Program in Biophysics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Halena R VanDeusen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Rachel J Fenske
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Haley N Wienkes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | | | - Justin J Jeffery
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Gregory W Severin
- Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Robert J Nickles
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Michelle E Kimple
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Matthew J Merrins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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14
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Severin GW, Kristensen LK, Nielsen CH, Fonslet J, Jensen AI, Frellsen AF, Jensen KM, Elema DR, Maecke H, Kjær A, Johnston K, Köster U. Neodymium-140 DOTA-LM3: Evaluation of an In Vivo Generator for PET with a Non-Internalizing Vector. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:98. [PMID: 28748183 PMCID: PMC5506079 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
140Nd (t1/2 = 3.4 days), owing to its short-lived positron emitting daughter 140Pr (t1/2 = 3.4 min), has promise as an in vivo generator for positron emission tomography (PET). However, the electron capture decay of 140Nd is chemically disruptive to macrocycle-based radiolabeling, meaning that an in vivo redistribution of the daughter 140Pr is expected before positron emission. The purpose of this study was to determine how the delayed positron from the de-labeled 140Pr affects preclinical imaging with 140Nd. To explore the effect, 140Nd was produced at CERN-ISOLDE, reacted with the somatostatin analogue, DOTA-LM3 (1,4,7,10- tetraazacyclododecane, 1,4,7- tri acetic acid, 10- acetamide N - p-Cl-Phecyclo(d-Cys-Tyr-d-4-amino-Phe(carbamoyl)-Lys-Thr-Cys)d-Tyr-NH2) and injected into H727 xenograft bearing mice. Comparative pre- and post-mortem PET imaging at 16 h postinjection was used to quantify the in vivo redistribution of 140Pr following 140Nd decay. The somatostatin receptor-positive pancreas exhibited the highest tissue accumulation of 140Nd-DOTA-LM3 (13% ID/g at 16 h) coupled with the largest observed redistribution rate, where 56 ± 7% (n = 4, mean ± SD) of the in situ produced 140Pr washed out of the pancreas before decay. Contrastingly, the liver, spleen, and lungs acted as strong sink organs for free 140Pr3+. Based upon these results, we conclude that 140Nd imaging with a non-internalizing vector convolutes the biodistribution of the tracer with the accumulation pattern of free 140Pr. This redistribution phenomenon may show promise as a probe of the cellular interaction with the vector, such as in determining tissue dependent internalization behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Severin
- Hevesy Laboratory, DTU Nutech, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Lotte K Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten H Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Fonslet
- Hevesy Laboratory, DTU Nutech, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Andreas I Jensen
- Hevesy Laboratory, DTU Nutech, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anders F Frellsen
- Hevesy Laboratory, DTU Nutech, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - K M Jensen
- Hevesy Laboratory, DTU Nutech, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Dennis R Elema
- Hevesy Laboratory, DTU Nutech, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Helmut Maecke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kjær
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ulli Köster
- ISOLDE, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France
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15
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Fonslet J, Tietze S, Jensen AI, Graves SA, Severin GW. Optimized procedures for manganese-52: Production, separation and radiolabeling. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 121:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Edmonds S, Volpe A, Shmeeda H, Parente-Pereira AC, Radia R, Baguña-Torres J, Szanda I, Severin GW, Livieratos L, Blower PJ, Maher J, Fruhwirth GO, Gabizon A, T. M. de Rosales R. Exploiting the Metal-Chelating Properties of the Drug Cargo for In Vivo Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Liposomal Nanomedicines. ACS Nano 2016; 10:10294-10307. [PMID: 27781436 PMCID: PMC5121927 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The clinical value of current and future nanomedicines can be improved by introducing patient selection strategies based on noninvasive sensitive whole-body imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET). Thus, a broad method to radiolabel and track preformed nanomedicines such as liposomal drugs with PET radionuclides will have a wide impact in nanomedicine. Here, we introduce a simple and efficient PET radiolabeling method that exploits the metal-chelating properties of certain drugs (e.g., bisphosphonates such as alendronate and anthracyclines such as doxorubicin) and widely used ionophores to achieve excellent radiolabeling yields, purities, and stabilities with 89Zr, 52Mn, and 64Cu, and without the requirement of modification of the nanomedicine components. In a model of metastatic breast cancer, we demonstrate that this technique allows quantification of the biodistribution of a radiolabeled stealth liposomal nanomedicine containing alendronate that shows high uptake in primary tumors and metastatic organs. The versatility, efficiency, simplicity, and GMP compatibility of this method may enable submicrodosing imaging studies of liposomal nanomedicines containing chelating drugs in humans and may have clinical impact by facilitating the introduction of image-guided therapeutic strategies in current and future nanomedicine clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Edmonds
- Division
of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, United
Kingdom
| | - Alessia Volpe
- Division
of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, United
Kingdom
| | - Hilary Shmeeda
- Oncology
Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center and
Hebrew University−School of Medicine, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | | | - Riya Radia
- Division
of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, United
Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, King’s College London, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Baguña-Torres
- Division
of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, United
Kingdom
| | - Istvan Szanda
- Division
of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, United
Kingdom
| | | | - Lefteris Livieratos
- Division
of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, United
Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Blower
- Division
of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, United
Kingdom
| | - John Maher
- Division
of Cancer Studies, King’s College
London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Gilbert O. Fruhwirth
- Division
of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, United
Kingdom
| | - Alberto Gabizon
- Oncology
Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center and
Hebrew University−School of Medicine, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | - Rafael T. M. de Rosales
- Division
of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, United
Kingdom
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17
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Frellsen AF, Hansen AE, Jølck RI, Kempen PJ, Severin GW, Rasmussen PH, Kjær A, Jensen ATI, Andresen TL. Mouse Positron Emission Tomography Study of the Biodistribution of Gold Nanoparticles with Different Surface Coatings Using Embedded Copper-64. ACS Nano 2016; 10:9887-9898. [PMID: 27754658 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
By taking advantage of the ability of 64Cu to bind nonspecifically to gold surfaces, we have developed a methodology to embed this radionuclide inside gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). 64Cu enables the in vivo imaging of AuNPs by positron emission tomography (PET). AuNPs have a multitude of uses within health technology and are useful tools for general nanoparticle research. 64Cu-AuNPs were prepared by incubating AuNP seeds with 64Cu2+, followed by the entrapment of the radionuclide by grafting on a second layer of gold. This resulted in radiolabeling efficiencies of 53 ± 6%. The radiolabel showed excellent stability when incubated with EDTA for 2 days (95% radioactivity retention) and showed no loss of 64Cu when incubated with 50% mouse serum for 2 days. The methodology was chelator-free, removing traditional concerns over chelator instability and altered AuNP properties due to surface modification. Radiolabeled 64Cu-AuNP cores were prepared in biomedically relevant sizes of 20-30 nm and used to investigate the in vivo stability of three different AuNP coatings by PET imaging in a murine xenograft tumor model. We found the longest plasma half-life (T1/2 about 9 h) and tumor accumulation (3.9%ID/g) to result from a polyethylene glycol coating, while faster elimination from the bloodstream was observed with both a Tween 20-stabilized coating and a zwitterionic coating based on a mixture of sulfonic acids and quaternary amines. In the in vivo model, the 64Cu was observed to closely follow the AuNPs for each coating, again attributed to the excellent stability of the radiolabel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders F Frellsen
- The Hevesy Laboratory-Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark , 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- DTU Nanotech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders E Hansen
- DTU Nanotech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus I Jølck
- DTU Nanotech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paul J Kempen
- DTU Nanotech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gregory W Severin
- The Hevesy Laboratory-Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark , 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Palle H Rasmussen
- The Hevesy Laboratory-Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark , 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjær
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas T I Jensen
- The Hevesy Laboratory-Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark , 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- DTU Nanotech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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18
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Jensen AI, Severin GW, Andreasen HB, Rasmussen PH. Stable and high-yielding intrinsic (59) Fe-radiolabeling of the intravenous iron preparations Monofer and Cosmofer. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2016; 59:375-82. [PMID: 27311359 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Commercial iron supplements Monofer(®) and Cosmofer(®) were intrinsically radiolabeled with (59) Fe for the purpose of tracing iron absorption in vivo. Optimized procedures aimed at introducing (59) Fe into the macromolecular construct in a form that was as chemically equivalent to the matrix iron as possible. This was determined by challenging the labeled constructs with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) followed by separation by size-exclusion and measurements of radioactivity and iron in the eluted fractions. The final procedures were simple and involved heating aqueous dispersions of the supplements in the presence of [(59) Fe]FeCl3 for 24 h at 95 °C for Monofer, and 85 °C for Cosmofer, resulting in radiochemical yields greater than 94%. High performance size exclusion chromatography, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering were used to show that the supplements remained unchanged after radiolabeling, underscoring the applicability of the methodology for radiolabeling commercial iron preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas I Jensen
- Technical University of Denmark, The Hevesy Laboratory - Center for Nuclear Technologies (DTU Nutech), Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Gregory W Severin
- Technical University of Denmark, The Hevesy Laboratory - Center for Nuclear Technologies (DTU Nutech), Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Palle H Rasmussen
- Technical University of Denmark, The Hevesy Laboratory - Center for Nuclear Technologies (DTU Nutech), Roskilde, Denmark
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19
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Graves SA, Hernandez R, Fonslet J, England CG, Valdovinos HF, Ellison PA, Barnhart TE, Elema DR, Theuer CP, Cai W, Nickles RJ, Severin GW. Novel Preparation Methods of (52)Mn for ImmunoPET Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2118-24. [PMID: 26317429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
(52)Mn (t1/2 = 5.59 d, β(+) = 29.6%, Eβave = 0.24 MeV) shows promise in positron emission tomography (PET) and in dual-modality manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) applications including neural tractography, stem cell tracking, and biological toxicity studies. The extension to bioconjugate application requires high-specific-activity (52)Mn in a state suitable for macromolecule labeling. To that end a (52)Mn production, purification, and labeling system is presented, and its applicability in preclinical, macromolecule PET is shown using the conjugate (52)Mn-DOTA-TRC105. (52)Mn is produced by 60 μA, 16 MeV proton irradiation of natural chromium metal pressed into a silver disc support. Radiochemical separation proceeds by strong anion exchange chromatography of the dissolved Cr target, employing a semiorganic mobile phase, 97:3 (v:v) ethanol:HCl (11 M, aqueous). The method is 62 ± 14% efficient (n = 7) in (52)Mn recovery, leading to a separation factor from Cr of (1.6 ± 1.0) × 10(6) (n = 4), and an average effective specific activity of 0.8 GBq/μmol (n = 4) in titration against DOTA. (52)Mn-DOTA-TRC105 conjugation and labeling demonstrate the potential for chelation applications. In vivo images acquired using PET/CT in mice bearing 4T1 xenograft tumors are presented. Peak tumor uptake is 18.7 ± 2.7%ID/g at 24 h post injection and ex vivo (52)Mn biodistribution validates the in vivo PET data. Free (52)Mn(2+) (as chloride or acetate) is used as a control in additional mice to evaluate the nontargeted biodistribution in the tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesper Fonslet
- Technical University of Denmark , Center for Nuclear Technologies, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Dennis R Elema
- Technical University of Denmark , Center for Nuclear Technologies, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Charles P Theuer
- TRACON Pharmaceuticals , San Diego, California 92122, United States
| | | | | | - Gregory W Severin
- Technical University of Denmark , Center for Nuclear Technologies, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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20
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Severin GW, Nielsen CH, Jensen AI, Fonslet J, Kjær A, Zhuravlev F. Bringing Radiotracing to Titanium-Based Antineoplastics: Solid Phase Radiosynthesis, PET and ex Vivo Evaluation of Antitumor Agent [45Ti](salan)Ti(dipic). J Med Chem 2015; 58:7591-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. Severin
- Hevesy
Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Technologies at the Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Carsten H. Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Minerva Imaging, Ole Maaløes
Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas I. Jensen
- Hevesy
Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Technologies at the Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jesper Fonslet
- Hevesy
Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Technologies at the Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjær
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fedor Zhuravlev
- Hevesy
Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Technologies at the Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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21
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Revunov E, Jørgensen JT, Jensen AI, Hansen AE, Severin GW, Kjær A, Zhuravlev F. Automated synthesis and PET evaluation of both enantiomers of [18F]FMISO. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:413-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Severin GW, Jørgensen JT, Wiehr S, Rolle AM, Hansen AE, Maurer A, Hasenberg M, Pichler B, Kjær A, Jensen AI. The impact of weakly bound ⁸⁹Zr on preclinical studies: non-specific accumulation in solid tumors and aspergillus infection. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 42:360-8. [PMID: 25583221 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Preclinical studies involving (89)Zr often report significant bone accumulation, which is associated with dissociation of the radiometal from the tracer. However, experiments determining the uptake of unbound (89)Zr in disease models are not performed as routine controls. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of free or weakly bound (89)Zr on PET quantifications in disease models, in order to determine if such control experiments are warranted. METHODS Chemical studies were carried out to find a (89)Zr compound that would solubilize the (89)Zr as a weak chelate, thus mimicking free or weakly bound (89)Zr released in circulation. (89)Zr oxalate had the desired characteristics, and was injected into mice bearing FaDu and HT29 solid tumor xenografts, and mice infected in the lungs with the mold Aspergillus fumigatus, as well as in healthy controls (naïve). PET/CT or PET/MR imaging followed to quantify the distribution of the radionuclide in the disease models. RESULTS (89)Zr oxalate was found to have a plasma half-life of 5.1 ± 2.3 h, accumulating mainly in the bones of all animals. Both tumor types accumulated (89)Zr on the order of 2-4 %ID/cm(3), which is comparable to EPR-mediated accumulation of certain species. In the aspergillosis model, the concentration of (89)Zr in lung tissue of the naïve animals was 6.0 ± 1.1 %ID/g. This was significantly different from that of the animals with advanced disease, showing 11.6 ± 1.8 %ID/g. CONCLUSIONS Given the high levels of (89)Zr accumulation in the disease sites in the present study, we recommend control experiments mapping the biodistribution of free (89)Zr in any preclinical study employing (89)Zr where bone uptake is observed. Aqueous (89)Zr oxalate appears to be a suitable compound for such studies. This is especially relevant in studies where the tracer accumulation is based upon passive targeting, such as EPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Severin
- The Hevesy Laboratory, DTU Nutech, Technical University of Denmark; Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark
| | - Jesper T Jørgensen
- Dept. of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Wiehr
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department for Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Rolle
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department for Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anders E Hansen
- Dept. of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark; Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department for Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mike Hasenberg
- University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department for Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kjær
- Dept. of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas I Jensen
- The Hevesy Laboratory, DTU Nutech, Technical University of Denmark; Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark.
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23
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Severin GW, Engle JW, Valdovinos HF, Barnhart TE, Nickles RJ. Cyclotron produced ⁴⁴gSc from natural calcium. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:1526-30. [PMID: 22728844 PMCID: PMC3393840 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
(44g)Sc was produced by 16MeV proton irradiation of unenriched calcium metal with radionuclidic purity greater than 95%. The thick target yield at saturation for (44g)Sc was 213 MBq/μA, dwarfing the yields of contaminants (43)Sc,(44 m)Sc, (47)Sc and (48)Sc for practical bombardment times of 1-2h. Scandium was isolated from the dissolved calcium target by filtration, and reconstituted in small volumes of dilute HCl. Reactions with the chelate 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) indicated a reactivity of 54 ± 14 Gbq/μmol at end-of-bombardment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Severin
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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24
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Engle JW, Lopez-Rodriguez V, Gaspar-Carcamo RE, Valdovinos HF, Valle-Gonzalez M, Trejo-Ballado F, Severin GW, Barnhart TE, Nickles RJ, Avila-Rodriguez MA. Very high specific activity ⁶⁶/⁶⁸Ga from zinc targets for PET. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:1792-6. [PMID: 22494895 PMCID: PMC3393804 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the production of very high specific activity (66/68)Ga from (nat)Zn(p,n) and (66)Zn(p,n) using proton irradiations between 7 and 16 MeV, with emphasis on (66)Ga for use with common bifunctional chelates. Principal radiometallic impurities are (65)Zn from (p,x) and (67)Ga from (p,n). Separation of radiogallium from target material is accomplished with cation exchange chromatography in hydrochloric acid solution. Efficient recycling of Zn target material is possible using electrodeposition of Zn from its chloride form, but these measures are not necessary to achieve high specific activity or near-quantitative radiolabeling yields from natural targets. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) measures less than 2 ppb non-radioactive gallium in the final product, and the reactivity of (66)Ga with common bifunctional chelates, decay corrected to the end of irradiation, is 740 GBq/μmol (20 Ci/μmol) using natural zinc as a target material. Recycling enriched (66)Zn targets increased the reactivity of (66)Ga with common bifunctional chelates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, B1303 WIMR Cyclotron Labs, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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25
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Zhang Y, Hong H, Severin GW, Engle JW, Yang Y, Goel S, Nathanson AJ, Liu G, Nickles RJ, Leigh BR, Barnhart TE, Cai W. ImmunoPET and near-infrared fluorescence imaging of CD105 expression using a monoclonal antibody dual-labeled with (89)Zr and IRDye 800CW. Am J Transl Res 2012; 4:333-346. [PMID: 22937210 PMCID: PMC3426387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CD105 (endoglin) is an independent marker for poor prognosis in more than 10 solid tumor types. The goal of this study was to develop a CD105-specific agent for both positron emission tomography (PET) and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, which has potential clinical applications in the diagnosis and imaged-guided resection of solid tumors. TRC105, a chimeric anti-CD105 monoclonal antibody, was conjugated to a NIRF dye (800CW) and p-isothiocyanatobenzyl-desferrioxamine (Df-Bz-NCS) before (89)Zr-labeling. Another chimeric antibody, cetuximab, was used as an isotype-matched control. FACS analysis revealed no difference in CD105 binding affinity/specificity between TRC105 and Df-TRC105-800CW. Serial PET imaging revealed that the 4T1 tumor uptake of (89)Zr-Df-TRC105-800CW was 6.3 ± 1.9, 12.3 ± 1.3, and 11.4 ± 1.1 %ID/g at 4, 24, and 48 h post-injection (p.i.) respectively (n = 3), higher than all organs starting from 24 h p.i., which provided excellent tumor contrast. Tumor uptake as measured by both in vivo and ex vivo NIRF imaging had a linear correlation with the %ID/g values obtained from PET, corroborated by biodistribution studies. Blocking experiments, control studies with (89)Zr-Df-cetuximab-800CW, and histology all confirmed the CD105 specificity of (89)Zr-Df-TRC105-800CW. In conclusion, herein we report dual-modality PET and NIRF imaging of CD105 expression in a breast cancer model, where CD105-specific uptake of (89)Zr-Df-TRC105-800CW in the tumor was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Hao Hong
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Gregory W Severin
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Yunan Yang
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Shreya Goel
- Centre of Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of TechnologyRoorkee, India
| | - Alex J Nathanson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Glenn Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadison, WI, USA
| | - Robert J Nickles
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | | | - Todd E Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadison, WI, USA
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26
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Hong H, Zhang Y, Severin GW, Yang Y, Engle JW, Niu G, Nickles RJ, Chen X, Leigh BR, Barnhart TE, Cai W. Multimodality imaging of breast cancer experimental lung metastasis with bioluminescence and a monoclonal antibody dual-labeled with 89Zr and IRDye 800CW. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2339-49. [PMID: 22784250 DOI: 10.1021/mp300277f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is incurable. The goal of this study was to develop a positron emission tomography (PET)/near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) probe for imaging CD105 expression in breast cancer experimental lung metastasis. TRC105, a chimeric anti-CD105 antibody, was dual-labeled with a NIRF dye (IRDye 800CW) and (89)Zr to yield (89)Zr-Df-TRC105-800CW. Luciferase-transfected 4T1 murine breast cancer cells were injected intravenously into female mice to establish the tumor model. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was carried out to noninvasively monitor the lung tumor burden. PET imaging revealed that 4T1 lung tumor uptake of (89)Zr-Df-TRC105-800CW was 8.7 ± 1.4, 10.9 ± 0.5, and 9.7 ± 1.1% ID/g at 4, 24, and 48 h postinjection (n = 4), with excellent tumor contrast. Biodistribution studies, blocking, control studies with (89)Zr-Df-cetuximab-800CW, ex vivo BLI/PET/NIRF imaging, and histology all confirmed CD105 specificity of the tracer. Broad clinical potential of TRC105-based agents was shown in many tumor types, which also enabled early detection of small metastasis and intraoperative guidance for tumor removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hong
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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27
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Engle JW, Barnhart TE, Severin GW, Nickles RJ. The unrealized potential of (34m)Cl for radiopharmaceutical research with PET. Curr Radiopharm 2012; 4:102-8. [PMID: 22191649 DOI: 10.2174/1874471011104020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The unstable isotopes of chlorine have a brief history limited largely to production from sulphur isotopes. Recent improvements in accelerator targetry have made radiochlorine available from small cyclotrons, and concurrent research into labeling chemistry suggests both electrophilic and nucleophilic avenues for the synthesis of novel imaging probes. The prevalence of chlorine compounds from anthropogenic and natural sources offers varied and fertile ground for future scientific explanation with their radiolabeled counterparts.
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28
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Engle JW, Severin GW, Barnhart TE, Knutson LD, Nickles RJ. Cross sections of the 36Ar(d,α)34mCl, 40Ar(d,α)38Cl, and 40Ar(d,p)41Ar nuclear reactions below 8.4 MeV. Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 70:355-9. [PMID: 22041299 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We have measured the cross section for production of the medically interesting isotope (34m)Cl, along with (38)Cl and (41)Ar, using deuteron bombardments of (36)Ar and (40)Ar below 8.4 MeV. ALICE/ASH analytical codes were employed to determine the shape of nuclear excitation functions, and experiments were performed using the University of Wisconsin tandem electrostatic accelerator to irradiate thin targets of argon gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 53711, United States.
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29
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Hong H, Severin GW, Yang Y, Engle JW, Zhang Y, Barnhart TE, Liu G, Leigh BR, Nickles RJ, Cai W. Positron emission tomography imaging of CD105 expression with 89Zr-Df-TRC105. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 39:138-48. [PMID: 21909753 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High tumor microvessel density correlates with a poor prognosis in multiple solid tumor types. The clinical gold standard for assessing microvessel density is CD105 immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded tumor specimens. The goal of this study was to develop an (89)Zr-based PET tracer for noninvasive imaging of CD105 expression. METHODS TRC105, a chimeric anti-CD105 monoclonal antibody, was conjugated to p-isothiocyanatobenzyl-desferrioxamine (Df-Bz-NCS) and labeled with (89)Zr. FACS analysis and microscopy studies were performed to compare the CD105 binding affinity of TRC105 and Df-TRC105. PET imaging, biodistribution, blocking, and ex-vivo histology studies were performed on 4T1 murine breast tumor-bearing mice to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and tumor-targeting of (89)Zr-Df-TRC105. Another chimeric antibody, cetuximab, was used as an isotype-matched control. RESULTS FACS analysis of HUVECs revealed no difference in CD105 binding affinity between TRC105 and Df-TRC105, which was further validated by fluorescence microscopy. (89)Zr labeling was achieved with high yield and specific activity. Serial PET imaging revealed that the 4T1 tumor uptake of (89)Zr-Df-TRC105 was 6.1 ± 1.2, 14.3 ± 1.2, 12.4 ± 1.5, 7.1 ± 0.9, and 5.2 ± 0.3 %ID/g at 5, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after injection, respectively (n = 4), higher than all organs starting from 24 h after injection, which provided excellent tumor contrast. Biodistribution data as measured by gamma counting were consistent with the PET findings. Blocking experiments, control studies with (89)Zr-Df-cetuximab, and ex-vivo histology all confirmed the in vivo target specificity of (89)Zr-Df-TRC105. CONCLUSION We report here the first successful PET imaging of CD105 expression with (89)Zr as the radiolabel. Rapid, persistent, CD105-specific uptake of (89)Zr-Df-TRC105 in the 4T1 tumor was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hong
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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30
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Abstract
The positron emitting isotope (89)Zr is an ideal radionuclide for use in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). This article reviews the cyclotron physics of (89)Zr production, and the chemical separation methods for isolating it from yttrium target material. (89)Zr coordination with the bifunctional chelate desferrioxamine B is discussed, along with the common procedures for attaching the chelate to mAbs. The review is intended to detail the procedure for creating (89)Zr labeled mAbs, going from cyclotron to PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Severin
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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31
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Hong H, Benink HA, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Uyeda HT, Engle JW, Severin GW, McDougall MG, Barnhart TE, Klaubert DH, Nickles RJ, Fan F, Cai W. HaloTag: a novel reporter gene for positron emission tomography. Am J Transl Res 2011; 3:392-403. [PMID: 21904659 PMCID: PMC3158741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Among the many molecular imaging techniques, reporter gene imaging has been a dynamic area of research. The HaloTag protein is a modified haloalkane dehalogenase which was designed to covalently bind to synthetic ligands (i.e. the HaloTag ligands [HTL]). Covalent bond formation between the HaloTag protein and the chloroal-kane within the HTL occurs rapidly under physiological conditions, which is highly specific and essentially irreversible. Over the years, HaloTag technology has been investigated for various applications such as in vitro/in vivo imaging, protein purification/trafficking, high-throughput assays, among others. The goal of this study is to explore the use of the HaloTag protein as a novel reporter gene for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. By attaching a HaloTag -reactive chloroalkane to 1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane-N, N', N"-triacetic acid (NOTA) through hydrophilic linkers, the resulting NOTA-conjugated HTLs were labeled with (64)Cu and tested for PET imaging in living mice bearing 4T1-HaloTag-ECS tumors, which stably express the HaloTag protein on the cell surface. Significantly higher uptake of (64)Cu-NOTA-HTL-S (which contains a short hydrophilic linker) in the 4T1-HaloTag-ECS than the non-HaloTag-expressing 4T1 tumors was observed, which demonstrated the HaloTag specificity of (64)Cu-NOTA-HTL-S and warranted future investigation of the HaloTag protein as a PET reporter gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hong
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | | | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Yunan Yang
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | | | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Gregory W Severin
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | | | - Todd E Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | | | - Robert J Nickles
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | | | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadison, WI, USA
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32
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Knutson LD, Severin GW, Cotter SL, Zhan L, Voytas PA, George EA. A superconducting beta spectrometer. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:073302. [PMID: 21806177 DOI: 10.1063/1.3608454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have designed and constructed a superconducting beta spectrometer with a momentum resolution of about 2% and a peak solid angle of 0.5 sr. The performance of the spectrometer is described and the results of calibrations with line sources are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Knutson
- The University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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33
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Montalvetti A, Bailey BN, Martin MB, Severin GW, Oldfield E, Docampo R. Bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:33930-7. [PMID: 11435429 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103950200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the cloning and sequencing of a gene encoding the farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase of Trypanosoma cruzi. The protein (T. cruzi farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, TcFPPS) is an attractive target for drug development, since the growth of T. cruzi is inhibited by carbocation transition state/reactive intermediate analogs of its substrates, the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates currently in use in bone resorption therapy. The protein predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the gene has 362 amino acids and a molecular mass of 41.2 kDa. Several sequence motifs found in other FPPSs are present in TcFPPS. Heterologous expression of TcFPPS in Escherichia coli produced a functional enzyme that was inhibited by the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates alendronate, pamidronate, homorisedronate, and risedronate but was less sensitive to the non-nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate etidronate, which, unlike the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, does not affect parasite growth. The protein contains a unique 11-mer insertion located near the active site, together with other sequence differences that may facilitate the development of novel anti-Chagasic agents.
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MESH Headings
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/chemistry
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/genetics
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acids/chemistry
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Birds
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Cations
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Diphosphonates/chemistry
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Etidronic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- Etidronic Acid/pharmacology
- Geranyltranstransferase
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Models, Chemical
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polyisoprenyl Phosphates/chemistry
- Protein Binding
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Risedronic Acid
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sesquiterpenes
- Trypanosoma cruzi/enzymology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Montalvetti
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
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