Intravitreal Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Sulphur Hexafluoride Gas for Submacular Haemorrhage Displacement in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Looking behind the Blood

PURPOSE

To evaluate the effectiveness of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) and sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) intravitreal injection for the displacement of large submacular haemorrhages (SMH) secondary to neovascular age-related macular degeneration and for guiding the selection of additional treatments or observations for choroidal neovascularization (CNV).

METHODS

The medical records of consecutive patients with recent-onset, large SMH, treated at Sacro Cuore Hospital from January 2004 to May 2016, were retrospectively analysed. All eyes underwent a 0.05-mL intravitreal injection of 50 μg rtPA, 0.3 mL of 100% SF6, and then face-down positioning. Afterwards, the eyes received additional treatments for CNV or observation, based on the severity and extent of the underlying pathology. The multimodal imaging features revealed after blood displacement were analysed and then correlated to the treatment selected as a second therapeutic option.

RESULTS

A total of 96 eyes met the inclusion criteria and was evaluated in this study. SMH was displaced from the fovea in the majority of the eyes (76%), allowing several diagnostic tools to evaluate the underlying macular features. In 19 cases (19.8%) exhibiting severe macular damage, no additional treatment was applied. In the remaining eyes, subsequent treatments included anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections (44.8%), photodynamic therapy (n = 2), and submacular surgery (35.4%). Statistically significant correlations were found between the macular findings revealed after blood displacement and the additional treatments or observations selected for the underlying disease. The mean follow-up was 35 months. Improvements in visual acuity were statistically significant up to 3 years.

CONCLUSION

Intravitreal rtPA and gas injection was found to be effective for the displacement of large SMH, allowing postoperative diagnostic testing, and thus guiding the opportunity to apply further treatments. The addition of subsequent individualized treatments may allow long-term visual gain in selected cases.

Vitreomacular Adhesion and the Risk of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

PURPOSE

To assess the prevalence of vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) in consecutive naïve eyes diagnosed with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in comparison with eyes with nonexudative AMD and age-matched controls, and to evaluate prospectively the incidence of vitreomacular interface changes over time and their influence on choroidal neovascularization (CNV) development.

DESIGN

Retrospective cross-sectional analysis and longitudinal cohort study conducted at Sacrocuore Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 1067 eyes examined at Sacrocuore Hospital between August 2008 and June 2015 met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated in this study.

METHODS

Eyes were classified into 3 groups: 403 eyes of 364 patients (mean [standard deviation; SD] age 77.8 [8.0] years) affected by exudative AMD; 350 eyes of 298 subjects (mean [SD] age 78.1 [8.2] years) with nonexudative AMD; and 314 eyes of 214 subjects (mean [SD] age 74.2 [8.2] years) with no signs of AMD enrolled as the control group. The vitreomacular interface status was evaluated by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and was graded according to the OCT-based International Classification System developed by the International Vitreomacular Traction Study Group by 2 independent masked observers.

RESULTS

VMA was present in 101 (25.1%) eyes with exudative AMD, 84 (24.0%) eyes with nonexudative AMD, and 84 (26.8%) eyes with no signs of AMD (no statistical difference was found; P = 0.3384). Spontaneous release of VMA (RVMA) was found in 15 (15.3%) eyes with exudative AMD, 21 (28.0%) eyes with nonexudative AMD, and 10 (24.4%) eyes with no signs of AMD over a mean follow-up of 25.5, 25.9, and 24.1 months, respectively. The incidence of RVMA in exudative AMD eyes was significantly lower compared with nonexudative (P = 0.0207) and lower, but not statistically significant, with respect to eyes with no signs of AMD (P = 0.1013). In eyes with nonexudative AMD, de novo development of CNV occurred in 91 eyes (30.6%). There was no significant difference regarding the rate of CNV development in the presence or absence of VMA (P = 0.0966).

CONCLUSIONS

The present study found no significant difference in the prevalence of VMA in eyes affected by AMD compared with age-matched controls and no difference in the rate of de novo CNV development in eyes with or without VMA. Conversely, a lower incidence of RVMA over time was found in eyes affected by exudative AMD. The results of this study suggest that VMA might be a consequence rather than a causative factor in the development of CNV.

Uveal effusion syndrome mimicking severe chronic posterior uveitis: a case series of seven eyes of four patients

PURPOSE

To describe the clinical findings and management of eyes affected by uveal effusion syndrome (UES) presenting with clinical features mimicking inflammatory ocular diseases, treated using individualized surgical approaches.

METHODS

We report a consecutive interventional case series of seven eyes of four patients affected by UES. On presentation in our clinic, all patients showed signs of steroid effects as a consequence of a presumptive diagnosis; one eye had undergone vitrectomy for retinal detachment (RD), without benefit. Diagnosis of UES was based on ophthalmic examination, ultrasonography, fluorescein angiography, biometry and magnetic resonance imaging. Five eyes with active disease were treated using scleral thinning surgical procedures based on the extent and characteristics of the disease: sclerectomy sites were ultrasound-guided to the area of maximal choroidal swelling, associated with evacuative puncture in the case of bilateral funnel-shaped RD.

RESULTS

One patient was diagnosed with type 1 UES, two with type 2, and one with type 3. Mean postoperative follow-up was 26 months. In all eyes, surgery resolved the ciliochoroidal and retinal detachment and improved visual acuity. In two eyes, visual restoration was limited by a prolonged disease course.

CONCLUSION

UES may be mistaken for other sources of ciliochoroidal effusion. Early diagnosis and treatment is critical to avoid unnecessary procedures and to prevent severe visual loss as a result of neuroretinal damage. Surgical treatment based on the extent and characteristics of the disease may be effective for the resolution of ciliochoroidal effusion, even in type 3 UES, where conventional surgery has proved unsuccessful.

Prevalence and treatment of Helicobacter pylori in patients with blepharitis

PURPOSE

Helicobacter pylori is a major pathogen etiologically associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer, and primary gastric lymphoma. This study was conducted to investigate a possible association between Helicobacter pylori infection and blepharitis. Two hundred fifty consecutive patients with symptomatic blepharitis and 250 control subjects without blepharitis symptoms were evaluated. After exclusions, the blepharitis group consisted of 186 patients with blepharitis and a control group of 215 patients.

METHODS

Blepharitis was diagnosed on the basis of findings in ophthalmic and dermatologic examinations. All patients underwent a 13C-urea breath test (UBT) to detect H. pylori infection, and impression cytology was performed before and after eradication therapy. The follow-up period was 4 months +/- 28 days.

RESULTS

The blepharitis group showed an H. pylori infection prevalence of approximately 76.3% (UBT-positive group with blepharitis: n = 142 patients), compared with 42.3% of the control group (UBT-positive group with blepharitis [although asymptomatic]: n = 66 patients; UBT-positive group without blepharitis: n = 25 patients). Furthermore, we observed blepharitis in 30.6% (n = 66 patients) of UBT-positive control subjects and 13.4% (n = 29 patients) of UBT-negative control subjects. Impression cytology revealed that blepharitis was more severe in UBT-positive patients than in negative ones, and a clinical improvement in blepharitis was noted in approximately 50% of patients after H. pylori eradication.

CONCLUSIONS

Even though possible sources of error in defining the association of two highly prevalent conditions must be considered, the data seem to validate an association between H. pylori infection and blepharitis, but may not be indicative of a causal association. Eradication of H. pylori improved ocular cytology results. It is possible that chronic blepharitis is an extradigestive manifestation of H. pylori infection.