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Ditsch N, Pochert N, Schneider M, Köpke M, Mattmer A, Hunstiger S, Sagasser J, Kahl H, Metz A, Reiger M, Neumann A, Banys-Paluchowski M, Untch M, Dannecker C, Jeschke U, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Kühn T. Cytokine identification in seroma fluid after mastectomy in breast cancer patients – first results of SerMa pilot study subgroup. Eur J Cancer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(22)01583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kahl H, Kirmse K, Quitzsch K. Grenzflächenspannungen in mehrphasigen Mischsystemen mit Alkylpolyglucosiden / Interface tensions in multiphase mixed systems with alkyl polyglucosides. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/tsd-1996-330109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kahl H, Müller H, Heidecke V, Stüben G. EP-1228 Omission of WBI does not impair cerebral control in solitary brain mets treated with focal RT. Radiother Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(19)31648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kahl H, Sabine S, Heiko M, Ute G, Ina K, Volkmar H, Christoph M, Ansgar B, Jürgen K, Georg S. EP-1210 Local control and toxicity of IORT with low energy X-rays after resection of brain metastasis. Radiother Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(19)31630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Klement RJ, Abbasi-Senger N, Adebahr S, Alheid H, Allgaeuer M, Becker G, Blanck O, Boda-Heggemann J, Brunner T, Duma M, Eble MJ, Ernst I, Gerum S, Habermehl D, Hass P, Henkenberens C, Hildebrandt G, Imhoff D, Kahl H, Klass ND, Krempien R, Lewitzki V, Lohaus F, Ostheimer C, Papachristofilou A, Petersen C, Rieber J, Schneider T, Schrade E, Semrau R, Wachter S, Wittig A, Guckenberger M, Andratschke N. The impact of local control on overall survival after stereotactic body radiotherapy for liver and lung metastases from colorectal cancer: a combined analysis of 388 patients with 500 metastases. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:173. [PMID: 30808323 PMCID: PMC6390357 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this analysis was to model the effect of local control (LC) on overall survival (OS) in patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for liver or lung metastases from colorectal cancer. METHODS The analysis is based on pooled data from two retrospective SBRT databases for pulmonary and hepatic metastases from 27 centers from Germany and Switzerland. Only patients with metastases from colorectal cancer were considered to avoid histology as a confounding factor. An illness-death model was employed to model the relationship between LC and OS. RESULTS Three hundred eighty-eight patients with 500 metastatic lesions (lung n = 209, liver n = 291) were included and analyzed. Median follow-up time for local recurrence assessment was 12.1 months. Ninety-nine patients with 112 lesions experienced local failure. Seventy-one of these patients died after local failure. Median survival time was 27.9 months in all patients and 25.4 months versus 30.6 months in patients with and without local failure after SBRT. The baseline risk of death after local failure exceeds the baseline risk of death without local failure at 10 months indicating better survival with LC. CONCLUSION In CRC patients with lung or liver metastases, our findings suggest improved long-term OS by achieving metastatic disease control using SBRT in patients with a projected OS estimate of > 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer J Klement
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, Germany
| | - N Abbasi-Senger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - S Adebahr
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Alheid
- Strahlentherapie Bautzen, Bautzen, Germany
| | - M Allgaeuer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Barmherzige Brueder, Regensburg, Germany
| | - G Becker
- RadioChirurgicum CyberKnife Suedwest, Goeppingen, Germany
| | - O Blanck
- Department of Radiation Oncology Universitaetsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
| | - J Boda-Heggemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - T Brunner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Duma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar- Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - M J Eble
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - I Ernst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - S Gerum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - D Habermehl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar- Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Hass
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - C Henkenberens
- Department of Radiotherapy and Special Oncology, Medical School Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - G Hildebrandt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - D Imhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - H Kahl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - N D Klass
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R Krempien
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - V Lewitzki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - F Lohaus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - C Ostheimer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - A Papachristofilou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Petersen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Rieber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - E Schrade
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Heidenheim, Heidenheim, Germany
| | - R Semrau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - S Wachter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Passau, Passau, Germany
| | - A Wittig
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M Guckenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - N Andratschke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hörner-Rieber J, Abbasi-Senger N, Blanck O, Boda-Heggemann J, Duma M, Eble M, Eich H, Flentje M, Gerum S, Haas P, Henkenberens C, Imhoff D, Kahl H, Klass N, Krempien R, Lohaus F, Petersen C, Sackerer I, Schrade E, Uhlmann L, Wittig A, Guckenberger M. PV-0043: Histology as predictor for outcome following SBRT in NSCLC patients with lung oligo-metastases. Radiother Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(18)30353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Guckenberger M, Klement R, Rieber J, Adebahr S, Andratschke N, Blanck O, Boda-Heggemann J, Duma M, Eble M, Eich H, Flentje M, Gerum S, Haas P, Henkenberens C, Hildebrandt G, Imhoff D, Kahl H, Klass N, Krempien R, Lohaus F, Petersen C, Schrade E, Wendt T, Wittig A. PV-0044: Repeat sbrt for pulmonary oligo-metastases. Radiother Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(18)30354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Tanadini-Lang S, Rieber J, Filippi AR, Fode MM, Streblow J, Adebahr S, Andratschke N, Blanck O, Boda-Heggemann J, Duma M, Eble MJ, Ernst I, Flentje M, Gerum S, Hass P, Henkenberens C, Hildebrandt G, Imhoff D, Kahl H, Klass ND, Krempien R, Lohaus F, Petersen C, Schrade E, Wendt TG, Wittig A, Høyer M, Ricardi U, Sterzing F, Guckenberger M. Nomogram based overall survival prediction in stereotactic body radiotherapy for oligo-metastatic lung disease. Radiother Oncol 2017; 123:182-188. [PMID: 28169042 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radical local treatment of pulmonary metastases is practiced with increasing frequency due to acknowledgment and better understanding of oligo-metastatic disease. This study aimed to develop a nomogram predicting overall survival (OS) after stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for pulmonary metastases. PATIENTS AND METHODS A multi-institutional database of 670 patients treated with SBRT for pulmonary metastases was used as training cohort. Cox regression analysis with bidirectional variable elimination was performed to identify factors to be included into the nomogram model to predict 2-year OS. The calibration rate of the nomogram was assessed by plotting the actual Kaplan-Meier 2-year OS against the nomogram predicted survival. The nomogram was externally validated using two separate monocentric databases of 145 and 92 patients treated with SBRT for pulmonary metastases. RESULTS The median follow up of the trainings cohort was 14.3months, the 2-year and 5-year OS was 52.6% and 23.7%, respectively. Karnofsky performance index, type of the primary tumor, control of the primary tumor, maximum diameter of the largest treated metastasis and number of metastases (1 versus >1) were significant prognostic factors in the Cox model (all p<0.05). The calculated concordance-index for the nomogram was 0.73 (concordance indexes of all prognostic factors between 0.54 and 0.6). Based on the nomogram the training cohort was divided into 4 groups and 2-year OS ranged between 24.2% and 76.1% (predicted OS between 30.2% and 78.4%). The nomogram discriminated between risk groups in the two validation cohorts (concordance index 0.68 and 0.67). CONCLUSIONS A nomogram for prediction of OS after SBRT for pulmonary metastases was generated and externally validated. This tool might be helpful for interdisciplinary discussion and evaluation of local and systemic treatment options in the oligo-metastatic setting. KEY MESSAGE A nomogram for prediction of overall survival after stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for pulmonary metastases was developed and externally validated. This tool might be helpful for interdisciplinary discussion and evaluation of local and systemic treatment options in the oligo-metastatic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tanadini-Lang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Rieber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology, Germany
| | - A R Filippi
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M M Fode
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J Streblow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology, Germany
| | - S Adebahr
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
| | - N Andratschke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - O Blanck
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UKSH Universitätsklinikum Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - J Boda-Heggemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Duma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - M J Eble
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - I Ernst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - M Flentje
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - S Gerum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 11 Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Germany
| | - P Hass
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Germany
| | - C Henkenberens
- Department of Radiotherapy and Special Oncology, Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - G Hildebrandt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - D Imhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - H Kahl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Augsburg, Germany
| | - N D Klass
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R Krempien
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Germany
| | - F Lohaus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg Germany and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany; OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - C Petersen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Hamburg, Germany
| | - E Schrade
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Heidenheim, Germany
| | - T G Wendt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - A Wittig
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Germany
| | - M Høyer
- Danish Center for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - U Ricardi
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - F Sterzing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology, Germany; German Cancer Research Center, Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Guckenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Rieber J, Andratschke N, Blanck O, Duma M, Ganswindt U, Imhoff D, Kahl H, Klaas D, Petersen C, Wittig A, Guckenberger M, Sterzing F. OC-0056: SBRT for lung metastases: detailed subgroup analysis of 700 patients diagnosed with 963 lung metastases. Radiother Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(15)40056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sterzing F, Streblow J, Scherer K, Adebahr S, Adratschke N, Boda-Heggemann J, Blanck O, Duma M, Ernst I, Gademann G, Ganswindt U, Henkenberens C, Imhoff D, Kahl H, Lohaus F, Lubinski-de Lange G, Maertin A, Petersen C, Wittig A, Guckenberger M. SBRT for Lung Metastases: A Pooled Analysis of 651 Patients and 868 Lesions of the German Working Group Stereotactic Radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.05.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dufaux B, Kahl H, Agius R, Nadulski T. Bekannte und neuartige Drogen, Herausforderung für die Drogenanalytik und die Befundinterpretation. Gesundheitswesen 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1371555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Saß AC, Kahl H. Was Sie schon immer über Unfälle wissen wollten... Die Surveys des Robert Koch-Instituts als Beitrag zum Unfallmonitoring in Deutschland – ein Überblick über Instrumente und Methoden. Gesundheitswesen 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1086251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Thierfelder W, Dortschy R, Hintzpeter B, Kahl H, Scheidt-Nave C. [Biochemical measures in the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS)]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2007; 50:757-70. [PMID: 17514461 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-007-0238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the framework of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) a variety of biochemical parameters was determined in order to provide objective information on health status and particular health risks, in addition to parent interview data and anthropometric measurements. Overall 43 parameters covered three areas of particular public health interest: micronutrient deficiency, seroepidemiology of infectious diseases and immunization status, and risk indicators or risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases. A review of available evidence regarding valid reference or cutoff values as well as the standardization of laboratory methods led to the categorization of these parameters into five classification categories. Here, we discuss the present first descriptive results on selected parameters representing the various categories. In order to determine the public health impact of measurement results, and perhaps even derive normative reference data relevant to health care, more detailed analyses will be required. In the first step, these will focus on cross-sectional analyses of the association between biochemical parameters and other health-related anthropometric and sociodemographic variables. Intermediate and long-term objectives will include the construction of multidimensional reference values taking into account several laborato ry data and other clinical information at the same time, and the prognostic validation of reference or cut-off values based on a follow- up of the study participants for clinical outcomes.
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Kahl H, Dortschy R, Ellsässer G. Verletzungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (1–17 Jahre) und Umsetzung von persönlichen Schutzmaßnahmen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2007; 50:718-27. [PMID: 17514456 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-007-0233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parent interviews with regard to their children's accidents and to accident protective measures in the Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) aimed at extending our knowledge of age- and gender-specific injuries and to identify risk groups and risk factors for injury prevention. The parents of 16,706 children (aged 1-17 years) were asked about their children's injuries within the last 12 months which were medically treated, and about accident mechanisms, consequences of injuries, and ambulatory and hospital treatment. In addition, parents and children aged 11 to 17 years (n = 6813) were asked to give information on protective measures. According to the parents 15.9 % of the children had at least one injury within the last 12 months, 15.2 % because of an accident and 0.8 % because of assault. In the age group 1-17 boys have been injured significantly more often than girls (17.9 % vs. 14,0 %). Overall, 13.3 % of 2,410 injured children and adolescents were hospitalized. Two thirds of the accidents among toddlers were domestic accidents (60 %) whereas leisure and sport accidents were most prevalent in children and adolescents aged 5-14 years and 15-17 years (32.1 % and 38.9 %). The proportion of accidents in child care facilities and educational institutions tripled from infancy to school age (age 5-14 years) (10.9-28.7 %), as did traffic accidents (5.6-16.7 %). The three most frequent injury mechanisms in the age range 1-17 years were falls on level ground (35.2 %), falls from heights (25.2 %) and collisions with objects or persons (20.6 %). Falls from heights showed the highest risk in toddlers (35.8 %). Contusions, sprains and strains increased to a highest level of 50.9 % in adolescents; likewise, bone fractures increased from 10.7 % in toddlers to 21.8 % in adolescents aged 15-17 years. An influence of socioeconomic status on injuries overall and on consequences of injuries was not seen. For traffic accidents in children aged 1-17 years boys (p = 0.019) and girls (p = 0.047) from families with lower socioeconomic status showed higher rates of accidents than children from families with higher socioeconomic status. The application of protective measures was lowest in the age group 14-17 years. While according to the parents about 90 % of children aged 3-4 years wear a helmet when riding a bicycle or when skating, this quote was lower in the age group 5-14 (60 %) and dropped to about 15 % in the age group 14-17 (about 15 %). Also the rate for using protective clothes was lowest in age group 14-17 (boys 41.8 %; girls 52.2 %). In children and adolescents the rate of self-reported helmet use is lower than estimated by their parents. In all age groups migration background and low socioeconomic status were associated with lower use of protective measures (helmets and protective clothes). The age related data analysis should be the starting point in prevention measures for specific risk groups considering migration and socioeconomic status. Prevention activities in traffic should focus on families with low social status. Adolescents should be specifically and adequately addressed regarding the benefits of certain safety measures when riding a bicycle and when skating.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kahl
- Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, BRD
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Abstract
In the nationwide German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS), a number of anthropometric parameters were assessed in a standardised way in 17,641 boys and girls. To this end, body weight and height, head circumference and upper arm length, as well as two skinfold thicknesses (triceps, subscapular) were measured for the entire age range (0-12 years); starting from 6 years of age, elbow breadth and from 11 years of age waist and hip circumference were measured in addition. For all parameters, means with confidence intervals are reported per age (in years) and gender. Median graphs depict the changes with increasing age according to gender for each body measurement. The complex age-related anthropometric developments along with significant gender specificity show the full range of the dynamic physical development in boys and girls. Based on skinfold measurement data, the body fat percentage was estimated. Thickness and location of the skinfolds, as well as the calculated waist-to-hip ratio is used as an indicator for gender-specific fat distribution. Using the frame index, it is attempted to estimate skeletal robustness. For the anthropometric parameters studied, hardly any regional differences were found. However, head circumference, frame index and all parameters strongly associated with body fat show a significant social status gradient. Children and adolescents with migration background have on average a lower height, larger waist circumference and higher percentage of body fat.
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Kahl H, Schaffrath Rosario A, Schlaud M. [Sexual maturation of children and adolescents in Germany. Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS)]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2007; 50:677-85. [PMID: 17514452 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-007-0229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Following the standstill in maturity acceleration in the eighties of the twentieth century, now a further shift in maturity development towards younger ages is the issue of an international and also German discussion. The collection of sexual maturity data in boys and girls as part of the nationwide German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) is intended to pro vide population-representative information on sexual maturation and to evaluate associations between maturity status and selected health and social data. Girls were interviewed regarding their first menstrual period (menarche) and boys regarding voice change (status-quo method). Pubic hair was self-assessed by children and adolescents from 10 to 17 years of age, based on drawings of Tanner's defined developmental stages. The median age for menarche, for voice change and pubic hair stages were calculated using a logit model. At an age of 10 years, 42.4 % of girls and 35.7 % of boys report the development of pubic hair. At 17 years of age, the majority of girls and boys have reached the stages PH5 (girls 57.5 %, boys 47.8 %) and PH6 (girls 23.6 %, boys 46.5 %) according to Tanner. The average age for each pubic hair stage is lower in girls (PH2 10.8; PH3 11.7; PH4 12.3; PH5 13.4 years) than in boys (PH2 10.9; PH3 12.6; PH4 13.4; PH5 14.1). The median age at menarche is 12.8 years, the median for voice change (voice low) 15.1 years. Significant differences in age at menarche are found in girls depending on socioeconomic status (12.7/12.9/13.0 years for low/middle/high status) and between girls with and without migration background (12.5/12.9 years). No differences in age at menarche can be seen between East and West Germany or cities and rural areas. The association between maturity status and BMI is more pronounced in girls than in boys. Overall, the onset of maturity development in German children and adolescents is not significantly earlier than in other European studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kahl
- Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, BRD.
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Abstract
Motor fitness was investigated in children and adolescents aged 4-17 using specific short tests. These tested the motor abilities: co-ordination, strength, cardiorespiratory fitness and flexibility. Among the 4-10 year olds, the focus of the investigation was on recording coordination, strength and flexibility; in the age group of the 11-17 year olds it was on recording cardiorespiratory fitness. The current investigation describes motor fitness based on the tested abilities according to age, sex and sociodemographic aspects. In all the test tasks, as expected, there are better results from older children and adolescents than from younger ones. Among the 4-10 year olds, girls display a slightly higher motor fitness in five out of the six tasks. In cardiorespiratory fitness, the cycle ergometer test for the 11-17 year olds shows better results for boys. The results indicate that there is a correlation between migrant status, social status and motor fitness. The shown differences point out that possible intervention programmes should be specifically attuned to age and sex as well as to the concerns of children and families with a migrant background and those of low social status. These collected data on motor fitness produced a database, representative of Germany. This will enable statements on state and development of motor fitness in children and adolescents in the future.
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Abstract
In the Health Survey for Children and Adolescents the examination of motor activity is one aspect of physical health covered by the study. This underlines the importance of physical activity for physical development in early years. This first representative child and adolescent study for Germany intends to obtain data on motor activity and to allow for the implementation of specific intervention programmes encouraging physical activity. The specific general conditions under which the survey is conducted restrict the selection and scope of possible instruments to a minimal programme, including fitness tests, strength in combination with endurance and coordinative skills as well as flexibility. In a pilot study the suitability, feasibility and the obtained evidence of selected single motor tests were tested. This article explains the choice of instruments and methods used in the examination of physical fitness. It also discusses methodological difficulties which affect the standardisation of tests and the requirements regarding personnel. A major concern of the pilot study was the evaluation of tested instruments with regard to gender and age differences. For the main survey the following tests are recommended: coordination (balancing backwards, one-leg-footing, sideway jumping), perseverance (sit-ups, push-ups), and flexibility (trunk bending).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kahl
- Robert Koch-Institut, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin
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19
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Kurth BM, Bergmann KE, Hölling H, Kahl H, Kamtsiuris P, Thefeld W. [The National Child and Adolescent Health Survey. The complete concept]. Gesundheitswesen 2002; 64 Suppl 1:S3-11. [PMID: 12870209 DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-39003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The German National Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents aims at obtaining generalisable and practically convertible data and knowledge of the health situation of children and adolescents aged between 0 and 18 and living in Germany. After an extensive preparatory period of conceptional work by the Robert Koch Institute the beginning of this study is planned for spring 2003. Over a period of three years a representative sample of 18,000 young people will be medically examined and will be interviewed together with their parents. The investigational programme of the survey consists of a central part encompassing questionnaires and medical analyses of the most important health topics in childhood and adolescence. In addition, complementary modules will analyse subpopulations in-depth and extensively for specific aspects and questions. These modules are usually developed and financed by cooperating partners of the Robert Koch Institute. Soon after completion of the survey data first results will be made freely available to the scientific community in Public Use Files. These Files will become relevant sources for future health reporting addressing children and adolescents. Furthermore, they represent a reliable data base for epidemiological research and prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Kurth
- Robert Koch-Institut, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin
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20
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Abstract
The National Health Survey for Children and Adolescents intends a comprehensive description of the health status of children and adolescents. In this context physical examination of children and adolescents permits collection of objective data concerning physical development, certain body functions and selected performance parameters. Most important are indicators pointing towards increasing developmental and health problems in children and adolescents, which are partly predictive for the health status as an adult. Body measurements including stages of puberty will be taken, the blood pressure measured, vision tests carried out, coordination skills and endurance tested. Besides, if acute symptoms are detected, severity of atopic dermatitis is recorded. The methods and instruments have been tested in a pilot study over a period of one year and were optimised for the main study.
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22
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Dittmar D, Eggers R, Kahl H, Enders S. Measurement and modelling of the interfacial tension of triglyceride mixtures in contact with dense gases. Chem Eng Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2509(01)00388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Kahl H, Enders S, Quitzsch K. Experimental and theoretical studies of the system n-decyl-β-D-maltopyranoside+water. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(01)00492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Kahl H, Wiggers W. Influence of muscarinic ligands on the amplitudes of the evoked surface potential's late components in the optic tectum of the urodele Plethodon jordani. Neurosci Lett 2000; 285:17-20. [PMID: 10788697 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recordings of field potentials from the tectal surface of an urodele amphibian were obtained in an in vitro preparation under influence of various muscarinic drugs. Bath applied acetylcholine (ACh) led to no change in the amplitudes or the shape of the evoked potentials. If the ACh-esterase blocker (-)-physostigmine was applied synchronously, the late components of the surface potential increased in amplitude. The non-selective cholinergic agonist carbachol showed a similar effect which was partially diminished by the nicotinic antagonist d-tubocurarine chloride (d-TC) and the muscarinic antagonist atropine sulfate. The application of the non-selective muscarinic agonist (+)-pilocarpine hydrochloride led to an increase of the late oligo- and polysynaptic events. This effect was reduced by the M(1)-antagonist pirenzepine dihydrochloride. The presented findings suggest that muscarinic receptors play a more important role in tectal processing than assumed in previous studies which emphasized the role of nicotinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kahl
- Brain Research Institute, University of Bremen, Germany.
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25
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Kahl H, Hölling H, Kamtsiuris P. [Utilization of health screening studies and measures for health promotion]. Gesundheitswesen 1999; 61 Spec No:S163-8. [PMID: 10726416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Health-conscious behaviour of a population may be measured by the utilization rate in screening programs and health promotion measures. In the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998, 7124 respondents were asked for their individual participation. The utilization in free health check-ups (1997) was 26.7% for men and 24.5% for women. Health related medical advice was given to 70.9% of men and 67.8% of women in the wake of the check-up. Annual early cancer screening test were taken by 22.6% of men and 36.5% of women. Cancer-related medical advice was reported by 42.4% of men and 43% of women. 10.5% of all respondents participate in health promotion measures, women two times more often than men (13.8% vs. 7%). The ranking according to the type of measures is: 44% for back (muscle) training, followed by nutrition consultation (13%), weight reduction (10%) and anti-smoking, -drinking and -substance use measures (4%). The results show differences in utilization rates for early cancer diagnosis, health checkups and health promotion programmes according to age, region, social status and health insurance type.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kahl
- Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin
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26
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Häntzschel D, Enders S, Kahl H, Quitzsch K. Phase behaviour of quaternary systems containing carbohydrate surfactants–water–oil–cosurfactant. Phys Chem Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1039/a907015j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Abstract
The amphibian optic tectum and pretectum have been analyzed in detail anatomically and physiologically, and a specific model for tecto-pretectal interaction in the context of the visual guidance of behavior has been proposed. However, anatomical evidence for this model, particularly the precise pattern of pretectotectal connectivity, is lacking. Therefore, we stained pretectal neurons intracellularly in an in-vitro preparation of the salamanders Plethodon jordani and Hydromantes genei. Our results demonstrate that the projections of neurons of the nucleus praetectalis profundus are divergent and widespread. Individual neurons may project divergently to telencephalic (ipsilateral amygdala and striatum), diencephalic (ipsi-and contralateral thalamus, contralateral pretectum), and mesencephalic (ipsi- and contralateral tectum and tegmentum) centers, and to the ipsi- and contralateral medulla oblongata and rostral spinal cord. The projection of pretectal cells to the optic tectum is bilateral; axonal structures do not show discernible patterns and are present in all layers of the superficial white matter. A classification of pretectal neurons on the basis of axonal termination pattern or dendritic arborization has not been possible. Our results do not support the hypothesis that a distinct class of pretectal neurons projects to a particular subset of tectal cells. Rather, the pretectum appears to influence the tectum indirectly, acting either on retinal afferents or modulating inhibitory interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Luksch
- University of Bremen, Brain Research Institute and Center for Cognitive Sciences, Bremen, Germany
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between air pollution and mortality in East Berlin was examined for the winters of 1981-1989. METHODS Regression analysis included daily mean levels of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and suspended particulates (SP), and was controlled for temperature, humidity, week-day, month, and year. Moving averages of previous pollution were also used. RESULTS Each pollutant was a significant contributor to excess mortality. The strongest association was found for mortality lagged for 2 days, which depended significantly on the level of SP (beta for in SP = 0.876; P = 0.008) and SO2 (beta for in SO2 = 0.635; P = 0.012), when regressed separately. When omitting days with pollutant concentrations above 150 micrograms m-3, the pollutant-mortality relationship was linear, and a 100 micrograms m-3 increase was associated with a 6.1% (SP) and 4.5% (SO2) mortality increase 2 days later, when pollutants were considered separately; this was reduced to 4.6% (SP) and 2.8% (SO2) increase, when both were considered simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS The results show that short-term associations between air pollutants and mortality in East Berlin did exist during the winters 1981-1989. Since the coefficients for SP and SO2 dropped when controlling for the other pollutant species, a similar strength of association with mortality for both pollutants was found.
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Woltschkow K, Kahl H, Seidel B. [Health-promoting organization of functional conditions in the full-day pedagogic process of the secondary school]. Z Gesamte Hyg 1987; 33:98-101. [PMID: 3604319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Woltschkow K, Kahl H, Seidel B. [Current problems in the preparation of scientifically-based recommendations for the hygienic arrangement of all-day educational processes in the lower grades of the polytechnical college]. Arztl Jugendkd 1986; 77:330-3. [PMID: 3812133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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31
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Kahl H, Ananjeva NA. [Comparison of methods for the detection and evaluation of the health status of 1st-grade school children in the Soviet Union and East Germany]. Arztl Jugendkd 1986; 77:25-30. [PMID: 3706042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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32
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Jessen HJ, Frühholz R, Kahl H. [Chlorine concentration in the swimmer's breathing zone]. Z Gesamte Hyg 1982; 28:82-6. [PMID: 7090452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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33
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Müller D, Dahlke U, Kahl H, Vollmann D, Bossdorf U. [Testing of industrial-medicine fitness criteria in pediatric medical examinations of school graduates]. Z Gesamte Hyg 1979; 25:464-9. [PMID: 483906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Kahl H, Seidel M. [Organization of preventive health care for children and juveniles in the Bulgarian Peoples' Republic]. Z Gesamte Hyg 1979; 25:484-6. [PMID: 483910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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35
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Kahl H, Nickol HJ. Otitis externa maligna. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00458938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Kahl H. [Emergency endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhages]. Z Gesamte Inn Med 1976; 31:878-81. [PMID: 1088019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The urgent endoscopy of the superior gastrointestinal haemorrhage carefully and quickly helps in clarifying the following questions: Is the patient going on bleeding? Is conservative approach allowed? Must be operated? It is without danger in the hand of the experienced. In 95.20% we could get a positive evidence. In this the advantage compared with other methods is shown. The examination should possibly be done only by means of a glass fibre endoscope and may be performed only after combat against shock. It is reported on own results of 125 endoscopies in haemorrhage of the superior gastrointestinal tract.
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Kahl H, Taubert HD. A new class of long-acting hormonal steroid preparation: synthesis of dimeric ethynodiol and nortestosterone, of dimeric and trimeric androgens and of some dimeric combinations of steroids. Steroids 1974; 24:613-26. [PMID: 4476935 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(74)90015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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38
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Kraus W, Kahl H, Willgeroth C. [Idiopathic isolated antibody deficiency syndrome in the adult]. Z Gesamte Inn Med 1974; 29:70-6. [PMID: 4820054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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39
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Augustin D, Kahl H. [Purposeful direction of graduates-a social necessity]. Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 1973; 67:794-5. [PMID: 4775289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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40
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Smolinka P, Kahl H. [A method for the determination of lead and its compounds in atmospheric air]. Z Gesamte Hyg 1972; 18:926-8. [PMID: 4663417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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41
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Prietsch W, Chesina AJ, Wettig K, Kahl H, Petrowa T. [Additional studies on the content of cancerogenic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric air in the vicinity of heavy traffic points]. Z Gesamte Hyg 1972; 18:941-3. [PMID: 4123349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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42
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Kahl H, Koelsch KA. [Modern analysis of gastric secretion]. Z Gesamte Inn Med 1972; 27:789-95. [PMID: 4634255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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43
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Schemmel K, Weisbecker L, Kahl H, Uthgenannt H, Kreysing G, Zepf S. [Exophthalmogenic effect produced by endogenous and exogenous thyrotropic hormone in animal experiments. Studies with mercaptoimidazole, perchlorate and sera from hypothyroid patients without exophthalmos]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1972; 102:667-9. [PMID: 5063778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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44
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Kahl H, Smolinka P, Muschter W, Rittner G. [Dust fall immission in the GDR capital. Results of an 8-year-old study]. Z Gesamte Hyg 1972; 18:94-9. [PMID: 5020581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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45
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Kahl H, Smolinka P, Muschter W, Rittner G. [Hygienic significance of dustfall measurements]. Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 1972; 66:113-6. [PMID: 5026644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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46
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Lamm H, Kahl H. [Deafness in pupils from schools for mentally retarded]. Dtsch Gesundheitsw 1972; 27:79-82. [PMID: 5022772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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47
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Eins S, Kahl H. Electron microscopy of mesomorphic structures of aqueous lipid phases. II. Isolated lipids and membrane structure of Polystictus versicolor. Z Allg Mikrobiol 1972; 12:175-90. [PMID: 5072648 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630120302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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48
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Kahl H, Lorenz HJ, Forschner W. [Nomograms for the determination of acid concentration and acid level in gastric juice]. Z Gesamte Inn Med 1971; 26:459-62. [PMID: 5112885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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49
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Kahl H. [Determination of nocturnal basal secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer]. Z Gesamte Inn Med 1971; 26:400-4. [PMID: 5570300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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50
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Kahl H, Muschter W. Monitoring of dust and SO-2 concentration of the atmospheric air in Berlin by means of daily average measurements. Z Gesamte Hyg 1969; 15:817-21. [PMID: 5372553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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