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Vuong HE, Pronovost GN, Williams DW, Coley EJL, Siegler EL, Qiu A, Kazantsev M, Wilson CJ, Rendon T, Hsiao EY. The maternal microbiome modulates fetal neurodevelopment in mice. Nature 2020; 586:281-286. [PMID: 32968276 PMCID: PMC7554197 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
'Dysbiosis' of the maternal gut microbiome, in response to challenges such as infection1, altered diet2 and stress3 during pregnancy, has been increasingly associated with abnormalities in brain function and behaviour of the offspring4. However, it is unclear whether the maternal gut microbiome influences neurodevelopment during critical prenatal periods and in the absence of environmental challenges. Here we investigate how depletion and selective reconstitution of the maternal gut microbiome influences fetal neurodevelopment in mice. Embryos from antibiotic-treated and germ-free dams exhibited reduced brain expression of genes related to axonogenesis, deficient thalamocortical axons and impaired outgrowth of thalamic axons in response to cell-extrinsic factors. Gnotobiotic colonization of microbiome-depleted dams with a limited consortium of bacteria prevented abnormalities in fetal brain gene expression and thalamocortical axonogenesis. Metabolomic profiling revealed that the maternal microbiome regulates numerous small molecules in the maternal serum and the brains of fetal offspring. Select microbiota-dependent metabolites promoted axon outgrowth from fetal thalamic explants. Moreover, maternal supplementation with these metabolites abrogated deficiencies in fetal thalamocortical axons. Manipulation of the maternal microbiome and microbial metabolites during pregnancy yielded adult offspring with altered tactile sensitivity in two aversive somatosensory behavioural tasks, but no overt differences in many other sensorimotor behaviours. Together, our findings show that the maternal gut microbiome promotes fetal thalamocortical axonogenesis, probably through signalling by microbially modulated metabolites to neurons in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. E. Vuong
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Correspondence to:
| | - G. N. Pronovost
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - D. W. Williams
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - E. J. L. Coley
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - E. L. Siegler
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - A. Qiu
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - M. Kazantsev
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - C. J. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - T. Rendon
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - E. Y. Hsiao
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Williams DW, Vuong HE, Kim S, Lenon A, Ho K, Hsiao EY, Sung EC, Kim RH. Indigenous Microbiota Protects against Inflammation-Induced Osteonecrosis. J Dent Res 2020; 99:676-684. [PMID: 32109361 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520908594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare intraoral lesion that occurs in patients undergoing long-term and/or high-dose therapy with nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, a RANKL inhibitor, antiangiogenic agents, or mTOR inhibitors. The presence of pathogenic bacteria is highly associated with advanced stages of MRONJ lesions; however, the exact role of indigenous microbes in MRONJ development is unknown. Here, we report that the normal oral flora in mice protects against inflammation-induced osteonecrosis. In mice that developed osteonecrosis following tooth extraction, there was increased bacterial infiltration when compared with healed controls. Antibiotic-mediated oral dysbiosis led to a local inhibition of bone resorption in the presence of ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP). There was no significant difference in empty lacunae, necrotic bone formation, osteoclast number, and surface area in antibiotic-treated as compared with conventionally colonized mice following extraction of healthy teeth after zoledronic acid infusions. However, extraction of LIP teeth led to increased empty lacunae, necrotic bone, and osteoclast surface area in antibiotic- and zoledronic acid-treated mice as compared with conventionally colonized mice. Our findings suggest that the presence of the indigenous microbiota protects against LIP-induced osteonecrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Williams
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H E Vuong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA Division of Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Lenon
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K Ho
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - E Y Hsiao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA Division of Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - E C Sung
- Section of Special Patient Care, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R H Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Vuong HE, Pérez de Sevilla Müller L, Hardi CN, McMahon DG, Brecha NC. Heterogeneous transgene expression in the retinas of the TH-RFP, TH-Cre, TH-BAC-Cre and DAT-Cre mouse lines. Neuroscience 2015; 307:319-37. [PMID: 26335381 PMCID: PMC4603663 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mouse lines are essential tools for understanding the connectivity, physiology and function of neuronal circuits, including those in the retina. This report compares transgene expression in the retina of a tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-red fluorescent protein (RFP) mouse line with three catecholamine-related Cre recombinase mouse lines [TH-bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-, TH-, and dopamine transporter (DAT)-Cre] that were crossed with a ROSA26-tdTomato reporter line. Retinas were evaluated and immunostained with commonly used antibodies including those directed to TH, GABA and glycine to characterize the RFP or tdTomato fluorescent-labeled amacrine cells, and an antibody directed to RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing to identify ganglion cells. In TH-RFP retinas, types 1 and 2 dopamine (DA) amacrine cells were identified by their characteristic cellular morphology and type 1 DA cells by their expression of TH immunoreactivity. In the TH-BAC-, TH-, and DAT-tdTomato retinas, less than 1%, ∼ 6%, and 0%, respectively, of the fluorescent cells were the expected type 1 DA amacrine cells. Instead, in the TH-BAC-tdTomato retinas, fluorescently labeled AII amacrine cells were predominant, with some medium diameter ganglion cells. In TH-tdTomato retinas, fluorescence was in multiple neurochemical amacrine cell types, including four types of polyaxonal amacrine cells. In DAT-tdTomato retinas, fluorescence was in GABA immunoreactive amacrine cells, including two types of bistratified and two types of monostratified amacrine cells. Although each of the Cre lines was generated with the intent to specifically label DA cells, our findings show a cellular diversity in Cre expression in the adult retina and indicate the importance of careful characterization of transgene labeling patterns. These mouse lines with their distinctive cellular labeling patterns will be useful tools for future studies of retinal function and visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Vuong
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - L Pérez de Sevilla Müller
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - C N Hardi
- Department of Psychology, College of Letters and Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - D G McMahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - N C Brecha
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; CURE-Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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