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Giewekemeyer K, Aquila A, Loh NTD, Chushkin Y, Shanks KS, Weiss J, Tate MW, Philipp HT, Stern S, Vagovic P, Mehrjoo M, Teo C, Barthelmess M, Zontone F, Chang C, Tiberio RC, Sakdinawat A, Williams GJ, Gruner SM, Mancuso AP. Experimental 3D coherent diffractive imaging from photon-sparse random projections. IUCrJ 2019; 6:357-365. [PMID: 31098017 PMCID: PMC6503918 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519002781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The routine atomic resolution structure determination of single particles is expected to have profound implications for probing structure-function relationships in systems ranging from energy-storage materials to biological molecules. Extremely bright ultrashort-pulse X-ray sources - X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) - provide X-rays that can be used to probe ensembles of nearly identical nanoscale particles. When combined with coherent diffractive imaging, these objects can be imaged; however, as the resolution of the images approaches the atomic scale, the measured data are increasingly difficult to obtain and, during an X-ray pulse, the number of photons incident on the 2D detector is much smaller than the number of pixels. This latter concern, the signal 'sparsity', materially impedes the application of the method. An experimental analog using a conventional X-ray source is demonstrated and yields signal levels comparable with those expected from single biomolecules illuminated by focused XFEL pulses. The analog experiment provides an invaluable cross check on the fidelity of the reconstructed data that is not available during XFEL experiments. Using these experimental data, it is established that a sparsity of order 1.3 × 10-3 photons per pixel per frame can be overcome, lending vital insight to the solution of the atomic resolution XFEL single-particle imaging problem by experimentally demonstrating 3D coherent diffractive imaging from photon-sparse random projections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Aquila
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - N.-T. D. Loh
- Centre for Bio-imaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117557 Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117551 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117557 Singapore
| | - Y. Chushkin
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - K. S. Shanks
- Laboratory for Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - J.T. Weiss
- Laboratory for Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - M. W. Tate
- Laboratory for Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - H. T. Philipp
- Laboratory for Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - S. Stern
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P. Vagovic
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Mehrjoo
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - C. Teo
- Centre for Bio-imaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117557 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117557 Singapore
| | - M. Barthelmess
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - F. Zontone
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - C. Chang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - R. C. Tiberio
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Sakdinawat
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - G. J. Williams
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - S. M. Gruner
- Laboratory for Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - A. P. Mancuso
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Chatterjee K, Beaudoin AJ, Pagan DC, Shade PA, Philipp HT, Tate MW, Gruner SM, Kenesei P, Park JS. Intermittent plasticity in individual grains: A study using high energy x-ray diffraction. Struct Dyn 2019; 6:014501. [PMID: 30868086 PMCID: PMC6404918 DOI: 10.1063/1.5068756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Long-standing evidence suggests that plasticity in metals may proceed in an intermittent fashion. While the documentation of intermittency in plastically deforming materials has been achieved in several experimental settings, efforts to draw connections from dislocation motion and structure development to stress relaxation have been limited, especially in the bulk of deforming polycrystals. This work uses high energy x-ray diffraction measurements to build these links by characterizing plastic deformation events inside individual deforming grains in both the titanium alloy, Ti-7Al, and the magnesium alloy, AZ31. This analysis is performed by combining macroscopic stress relaxation data, complete grain stress states found using far-field high energy diffraction microscopy, and rapid x-ray diffraction spot measurements made using a Mixed-Mode Pixel Array Detector. Changes in the dislocation content within the deforming grains are monitored using the evolution of the full 3-D shapes of the diffraction spot intensity distributions in reciprocal space. The results for the Ti-7Al alloy show the presence of large stress fluctuations in contrast to AZ31, which shows a lesser degree of intermittent plastic flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chatterjee
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | - D C Pagan
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - P A Shade
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - H T Philipp
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - M W Tate
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - P Kenesei
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J-S Park
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
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Liu JP, Kirchhoff J, Zhou L, Zhao M, Grapes MD, Dale DS, Tate MD, Philipp HT, Gruner SM, Weihs TP, Hufnagel TC. X-ray reflectivity measurement of interdiffusion in metallic multilayers during rapid heating. J Synchrotron Radiat 2017; 24:796-801. [PMID: 28664887 PMCID: PMC5493026 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517008013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A technique for measuring interdiffusion in multilayer materials during rapid heating using X-ray reflectivity is described. In this technique the sample is bent to achieve a range of incident angles simultaneously, and the scattered intensity is recorded on a fast high-dynamic-range mixed-mode pixel array detector. Heating of the multilayer is achieved by electrical resistive heating of the silicon substrate, monitored by an infrared pyrometer. As an example, reflectivity data from Al/Ni heated at rates up to 200 K s-1 are presented. At short times the interdiffusion coefficient can be determined from the rate of decay of the reflectivity peaks, and it is shown that the activation energy for interdiffusion is consistent with a grain boundary diffusion mechanism. At longer times the simple analysis no longer applies because the evolution of the reflectivity pattern is complicated by other processes, such as nucleation and growth of intermetallic phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - J. Kirchhoff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - L. Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - M. Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - M. D. Grapes
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - D. S. Dale
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - M. D. Tate
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - H. T. Philipp
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - S. M. Gruner
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - T. P. Weihs
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - T. C. Hufnagel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Lambert PK, Hustedt CJ, Vecchio KS, Huskins EL, Casem DT, Gruner SM, Tate MW, Philipp HT, Woll AR, Purohit P, Weiss JT, Kannan V, Ramesh KT, Kenesei P, Okasinski JS, Almer J, Zhao M, Ananiadis AG, Hufnagel TC. Time-resolved x-ray diffraction techniques for bulk polycrystalline materials under dynamic loading. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:093901. [PMID: 25273733 PMCID: PMC4156581 DOI: 10.1063/1.4893881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have developed two techniques for time-resolved x-ray diffraction from bulk polycrystalline materials during dynamic loading. In the first technique, we synchronize a fast detector with loading of samples at strain rates of ~10(3)-10(4) s(-1) in a compression Kolsky bar (split Hopkinson pressure bar) apparatus to obtain in situ diffraction patterns with exposures as short as 70 ns. This approach employs moderate x-ray energies (10-20 keV) and is well suited to weakly absorbing materials such as magnesium alloys. The second technique is useful for more strongly absorbing materials, and uses high-energy x-rays (86 keV) and a fast shutter synchronized with the Kolsky bar to produce short (~40 μs) pulses timed with the arrival of the strain pulse at the specimen, recording the diffraction pattern on a large-format amorphous silicon detector. For both techniques we present sample data demonstrating the ability of these techniques to characterize elastic strains and polycrystalline texture as a function of time during high-rate deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Lambert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - C J Hustedt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - K S Vecchio
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - E L Huskins
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - D T Casem
- US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland 21005, USA
| | - S M Gruner
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - M W Tate
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - H T Philipp
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - A R Woll
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - P Purohit
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - J T Weiss
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - V Kannan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - K T Ramesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - P Kenesei
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J S Okasinski
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J Almer
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - A G Ananiadis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - T C Hufnagel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Tate MW, Chamberlain D, Green KS, Philipp HT, Purohit P, Strohman C, Gruner SM. A Medium-Format, Mixed-Mode Pixel Array Detector for Kilohertz X-ray Imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/425/6/062004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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