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Kamal I, Razak HRA, Abdul Karim MK, Mashohor S, Liew JYC, Low YJ, Zaaba NA, Norkhairunnisa M, Rafi NASM. Mechanical and Imaging Properties of a Clinical-Grade Kidney Phantom Based on Polydimethylsiloxane and Elastomer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030535. [PMID: 35160523 PMCID: PMC8840541 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical imaging phantoms are considered critical in mimicking the properties of human tissue for calibration, training, surgical planning, and simulation purposes. Hence, the stability and accuracy of the imaging phantom play a significant role in diagnostic imaging. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of hydrogen silicone (HS) and water (H2O) on the compression strength, radiation attenuation properties, and computed tomography (CT) number of the blended Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) samples, and to verify the best material to simulate kidney tissue. Four samples with different compositions were studied, including samples S1, S2, S3, and S4, which consisted of PDMS 100%, HS/PDMS 20:80, H2O/PDMS 20:80, and HS/H2O/PDMS 20:40:40, respectively. The stability of the samples was assessed using compression testing, and the attenuation properties of sample S2 were evaluated. The effective atomic number of S2 showed a similar pattern to the human kidney tissue at 1.50 × 10−1 to 1 MeV. With the use of a 120 kVp X-ray beam, the CT number quantified for S2, as well measured 40 HU, and had the highest contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) value. Therefore, the S2 sample formulation exhibited the potential to mimic the human kidney, as it has a similar dynamic and is higher in terms of stability as a medical phantom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izdihar Kamal
- Department of Medical Imaging, School of Health Sciences, KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia; (I.K.); (N.A.Z.); (N.A.S.M.R.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.Y.C.L.); (Y.J.L.)
| | - Hairil Rashmizal Abdul Razak
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Khalis Abdul Karim
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.Y.C.L.); (Y.J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-192140612
| | - Syamsiah Mashohor
- Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Josephine Ying Chyi Liew
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.Y.C.L.); (Y.J.L.)
| | - Yiin Jian Low
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.Y.C.L.); (Y.J.L.)
| | - Nur Atiqah Zaaba
- Department of Medical Imaging, School of Health Sciences, KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia; (I.K.); (N.A.Z.); (N.A.S.M.R.)
- Diagnostic Imaging Services, KPJ Seremban Specialist Hospital, Lot 6219&6220, Jalan Toman 1 Kemayan Square, Seremban 70200, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Mazlan Norkhairunnisa
- Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Athirah Syima Mohd Rafi
- Department of Medical Imaging, School of Health Sciences, KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia; (I.K.); (N.A.Z.); (N.A.S.M.R.)
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Mohamad Salin NS, Md Saad WM, Abdul Razak HR, Salim F. Effect of Storage Temperatures on Physico-Chemicals, Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Watermelon Juice ( Citrullus lanatus). Metabolites 2022; 12:75. [PMID: 35050198 PMCID: PMC8780985 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) consists of high moisture content and is favoured for its juice products. The popular fruit has a tempting taste, sweet aroma and attractive flesh colour. It is enriched with phytochemicals and antioxidant properties that are beneficial to human health. Due to convenience, the majority of individuals are likely to consume watermelon juice. However, little is known about the fruit juice storage and temperatures that may affect its beneficial properties. This study investigated the effect of storage temperature at room temperature, refrigerator cold, refrigerator freeze and freeze-dried, and analyzed the juice physico-chemicals (weight loss, pH, ash, moisture, total soluble solid, browning and turbidity), phytochemicals (total phenolic, total flavonoid, lycopene and β-carotene) and antioxidant scavenging activities during 9 days of storage. The results showed that watermelon juice was affected by storage temperatures and conditions with significant changes in physico-chemical appearance and decrease in total phytochemical content, thus consequently affecting their antioxidant activities during 9 days of storage. Although fresh watermelon juice can be consumed for its high nutritional values, freeze-drying is the preferable technique to retain its benefits and to delay juice degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Shafinaz Mohamad Salin
- Centre of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Puncak Alam Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Wan Mazlina Md Saad
- Centre of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Puncak Alam Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Hairil Rashmizal Abdul Razak
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Fatimah Salim
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRIns), Puncak Alam Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Centre of Foundation Studies, Dengkil Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Dengkil 43800, Selangor, Malaysia
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Hassan H, Othman MF, Abdul Razak HR. Optimal 18F-fluorination conditions for the high radiochemical yield of [ 18F]AlF-NOTA-NHS complexes. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2021-1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
18F-fluorination using aluminum-fluoride ([18F]AlF) chelate technique has been reported to give a low-to-moderate radiochemical yield, between 5 and 20%. Therefore, the work described here outlines the optimum 18F-fluorination condition for the formation of [18F]AlF2+ and [18F]AlF-NOTA-NHS complex with the radiochemical yield (RCY) and purity (RCP) of more than 90% as a prerequisite step before proceeding with the radiopharmaceutical preparation using the [18F]AlF-bifunctional chelator technique. As well as being simple, the suggested method is practical and relevant for beginners interested in 18F-fluorination with [18F]AlF-chelate complex technique or also for a researcher who aims to proceed on an extensive scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hishar Hassan
- Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Faiz Othman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universiti Teknologi MARA , 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Hairil Rashmizal Abdul Razak
- Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
- Department of Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
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Hassan H, Othman MF, Razak HRA. 18F-labeled bisphosphonate as an alternative candidate to the gold standard [18F]sodium fluoride ([18F]NaF) for PET bone imaging. Curr Med Imaging 2021; 17:1271-1275. [PMID: 33593263 DOI: 10.2174/1573405617666210216091202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastases are a common source of malignancy in the skeleton and occur much more often than primary bone cancer. Several works were ongoing to identify early markers for bone metastasis and novel drug targets to improve patients' quality of life. As some concerns exist with the [18F]sodium fluoride in positron emission tomography (PET) bone imaging, there has been an increase in the number of targeted radiopharmaceutical markers for bone metastases imaging in its competitor, 68Ga. Since 18F properties are superior to those of 68Ga, there is a distinct motivation for developing 18F radiopharmaceuticals for bone metastases imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hishar Hassan
- Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor. Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Faiz Othman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor. Malaysia
| | - Hairil Rashmizal Abdul Razak
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor. Malaysia
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Hassan H, Othman MF, Zakaria ZA, Ahmad Saad FF, Abdul Razak HR. Assessing the influence of neglected GC-FID variables on the multiple responses using multivariate optimization for the determination of ethanol and acetonitrile in radiopharmaceuticals. SN Appl Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAnalytical gas chromatography in line with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) method was developed and validated for direct determination of organic solvents in [18F]fluoro-ethyl-tyrosine ([18F]FET), [18F]fluoromisonidazole ([18F]FMISO) and [18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT). Variables of the splitless time (min) and injection temperature (°C) on the response of analysis time and resolution were optimized with the assistance of a two-level full factorial design and desirability function of Derringer. The proposed procedure was validated following the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Q2 (R1) guideline. Excellent linearity, R2 > 0.990, indicated that approximately 99% of the response variance could be predicted from ethanol and acetonitrile concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 6.0 mg mL−1 and 0.1 to 0.8 mg mL−1, respectively. The proposed procedure has proved to be selective, sensitive, and accurate (90–110%), with excellent repeatability and precision (RSD < 2%). In the robustness analysis, the findings from the calculated Standardized Effects Values (SE) were insignificant (p > 0.05) and demonstrated that the proposed method was robust for a splitless time of 1.0 ± 0.5 min and an injection temperature of 210 ± 10 °C. The proposed method was also successfully used for the quantitative determination of ethanol and acetonitrile in [18F]FET, [18F]FMISO, and [18F]FLT. Both solvents were well separated (R, 4.1–4.3) within 4.5 min. Therefore, the proposed method is relevant for routine quality control analysis of all 18F-radiopharmaceutical derivatives for the direct determination of ethanol and acetonitrile.
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Hassan H, Othman MF, Zakaria ZA, Saad FFA, Abdul Razak HR. Analytical GC-FID Method for the Determination of Organic Solvents in Radiopharmaceuticals. Curr Radiopharm 2020; 14:131-144. [PMID: 33115398 DOI: 10.2174/1874471013999201027215704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic solvents play an indispensable role in most of the radiopharmaceutical production stages. It is almost impossible to remove them entirely in the final formulation of the product. OBJECTIVE In this presented work, an analytical method by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) has been developed to determine organic solvents in radiopharmaceutical samples. The effect of injection holding time, temperature variation in the injection port, and the column temperature on the analysis time and resolution (R ≥ 1.5) of ethanol and acetonitrile was studied extensively. METHODS The experimental conditions were optimized with the aid of further statistical analysis; thence, the proposed method was validated following the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Q2 (R1) guideline. RESULTS The proposed analytical method surpassed the acceptance criteria including the linearity > 0.990 (correlation coefficient of R2), precision < 2%, LOD, and LOQ, accuracy > 90% for all solvents. The separation between ethanol and acetonitrile was acceptable with a resolution R > 1.5. Further statistical analysis of Oneway ANOVA revealed that the increment in injection holding time and variation of temperature at the injection port did not significantly affect the analysis time. Nevertheless, the variation in injection port temperature substantially influenced the resolution of ethanol and acetonitrile peaks (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The proposed analytical method has been successfully implemented to determine the organic solvent in the [18F]fluoro-ethyl-tyrosine ([18F]FET), [18F]fluoromisonidazole ([18F]FMISO), and [18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hishar Hassan
- Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Faiz Othman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fathinul Fikri Ahmad Saad
- Department of Imaging, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Muhammad AMA, Ibrahim N, Ahmad R, Asif MK, Radzi Z, Zaini ZM, Razak HRA. Effect of reconstruction parameters on cone beam CT trabecular bone microstructure quantification in sheep. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:48. [PMID: 32041589 PMCID: PMC7011540 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-1035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is a reliable radiographic modality to assess trabecular bone microarchitecture. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of CBCT image reconstruction parameters, namely, the threshold value and reconstruction voxel size, on trabecular bone microstructure assessment. Methods Five sectioned maxilla of adult Dorper male sheep were scanned using a CBCT system with a resolution of 76 μm3 (Kodak 9000). The CBCT images were reconstructed using different reconstruction parameters and analysed. The effect of reconstruction voxel size (76, 100 and 200 μm3) and threshold values (±15% from the global threshold value) on trabecular bone microstructure measurement was assessed using image analysis software (CT analyser version 1.15). Results There was no significant difference in trabecular bone microstructure measurement between the reconstruction voxel sizes, but a significant difference (Tb.N = 0.03, Tb.Sp = 0.04, Tb.Th = 0.01, BV/TV = 0.00) was apparent when the global threshold value was decreased by 15%. Conclusions Trabecular bone microstructure measurements are not compromised by changing the CBCT reconstruction voxel size. However, measurements can be affected when applying a threshold value of less than 15% of the recommended global value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aso Muhammad Ali Muhammad
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norliza Ibrahim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rohana Ahmad
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital 47000 Sungai Buloh, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Khan Asif
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zamri Radzi
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zuraiza Mohamad Zaini
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Hassan H, Razak HRA, Saad FFA, Kumar V. 18F[AlF]-radiolabelled Peptides on the Automated Synthesis Platform: Translating the Laboratory Bench Work to Bedside. Malays J Med Sci 2019; 26:122-126. [PMID: 31496901 PMCID: PMC6719887 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.4.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Using radiolabelled peptides that bind, with high affinity and specificity, to receptors on tumour cells is one of the most promising fields in modern molecular imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy (1). In the emergence of molecular imaging and nuclear medicine diagnosis and therapy, albeit theranostic, radiolabelled peptides have become vital tools for in vivo visualisation and monitoring physiological and biochemical processes on molecular and cellular levels (2). This approach may benefit patients in the era of personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hishar Hassan
- Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hairil Rashmizal Abdul Razak
- Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fathinul Fikri Ahmad Saad
- Department of Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Azmi NA, Abdul Razak HR, Vinjamuri S. PET-CT in Esophageal Cancer Management: A Cost Effectiveness Analysis Study. Mal J Fund Appl Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v15n1.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation deals with the assessment of clinicians perceived views on the impact of PET-CT in esophageal cancer management from practicality, clinical efficacy and cost –effectiveness point of views. Review of publication and retrospective data to develop and carry out a decision making model-based economic evaluation to investigate the relative cost-effectiveness of PET/CT in esophageal cancer management staging compared with conventional pathway. Clinicians identified from patient medical records included in the survey. Retrospective analysis of patient data from 2001-2008 taken from esophageal cancer patient medical records and North West Cancer Intelligence Services (NWCIS) database. A decision tree was developed using TREEAGE software. The results of the cost-effectiveness analysis are presented in terms of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). PET compared with conventional work-up results for ICER for the strategy estimated at £28,460 per QALY; PET/CT compared with PET for ICER was £ 32,590 per QALY; and the ICER for PET/CT combined with conventional work-up versus PET/CT was £ 44,118. The package become more expensive with each additional diagnostic test added to PET and more effective in terms of QALYs gained. The conventional work-up is the preferred options as probabilistic sensitivity analysis shows at a willingness-to-pay threshold of £ 20,000 per QALY. Result of the current analysis suggests that the use of PET/CT in the diagnosis of esophageal cancer is unlikely to be cost-effective given the current willingness-to-pay thresholds that are accepted in the United Kingdom by decision-making bodies such as the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.
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Ridwan R, Razak HRA, Adenan MI, Saad WMM. Supplementation of 100% Flesh Watermelon [ Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] Juice Improves Swimming Performance in Rats. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2019; 24:41-48. [PMID: 31008095 PMCID: PMC6456243 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2019.24.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional intervention of fruit juice supplementation is able to maximize exercise performance. Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] contains high L-citrulline content and consumption of watermelon juice may promote ergogenic effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of 100% flesh watermelon juice and 100% rind watermelon juice supplementation for 14 days on swimming performance in rats. Twenty four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Cx group of rats supplemented with filtered tap water (negative control), L-cit group of rats supplemented with L-citrulline (positive control), FR group of rats supplemented with 100% flesh watermelon juice, and RR group of rats supplemented with 100% rind watermelon juice. Each group was supplemented for 14 days ad libitum prior to swimming exercise protocol. The rats were performed swimming exercise for 3 days and swimming time until exhaustion was measured. Plasma samples were collected to measure lactate concentration, ammonia concentration, and nitric oxide production. Rats supplemented with 100% flesh watermelon juice demonstrated significantly prolonged of swimming time until exhaustion, reduction of lactate and ammonia concentrations, and increased of nitric oxide production compared to Cx and L-cit groups (P<0.05). These findings postulate that supplementation with 100% flesh watermelon juice improves endurance in swimming performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasdin Ridwan
- Centre of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor 42300, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Ilham Adenan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor 42300, Malaysia.,Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor 42300, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mazlina Md Saad
- Centre of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor 42300, Malaysia
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Mustapha FA, Bashah FAA, Yassin IM, Fathinul Fikri AS, Nordin AJ, Abdul Razak HR. Estimation of kidneys and urinary bladder doses based on the region of interest in 18fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography examination: a preliminary study. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2017; 7:310-317. [PMID: 28811997 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2017.05.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidneys and urinary bladder are common physiologic uptake sites of 18fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) causing increased exposure of low energy ionizing radiation to these organs. Accurate measurement of organ dose is vital as 18F-FDG is directly exposed to the organs. Organ dose from 18F-FDG PET is calculated according to the injected 18F-FDG activity with the application of dose coefficients established by International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). But this dose calculation technique is not directly measured from these organs; rather it is calculated based on total injected activity of radiotracer prior to scanning. This study estimated the 18F-FDG dose to the kidneys and urinary bladder in whole body positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) examination by comparing dose from total injected activity of 18F-FDG (calculated dose) and dose from organs activity based on the region of interest (ROI) (measured dose). METHODS Nine subjects were injected intravenously with the mean 18F-FDG dose of 292.42 MBq prior to whole body PET/CT scanning. Kidneys and urinary bladder doses were estimated by using two approaches which are the total injected activity of 18F-FDG and organs activity concentration of 18F-FDG based on drawn ROI with the application of recommended dose coefficients for 18F-FDG described in the ICRP 80 and ICRP 106. RESULTS The mean percentage difference between calculated dose and measured dose ranged from 98.95% to 99.29% for the kidneys based on ICRP 80 and 98.96% to 99.32% based on ICRP 106. Whilst, the mean percentage difference between calculated dose and measured dose was 97.08% and 97.27% for urinary bladder based on ICRP 80 while 96.99% and 97.28% based on ICRP 106. Whereas, the range of mean percentage difference between calculated and measured organ doses derived from ICRP 106 and ICRP 80 for kidney doses were from 17.00% to 40.00% and for urinary bladder dose was 18.46% to 18.75%. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant difference between calculated dose and measured dose. The use of organ activity estimation based on drawn ROI and the latest version of ICRP 106 dose coefficient should be explored deeper to obtain accurate radiation dose to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Aimi Mustapha
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Ihsan M Yassin
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Abdul Jalil Nordin
- Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Ahmad Zaiki FW, Md Dom S, Abdul Razak HR, Hassan HF. Prenatal ultrasound heating impacts on fluctuations in haematological analysis of Oryctolagus cuniculus. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2013; 3:262-8. [PMID: 24273744 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2013.10.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal Ultrasound (US) is commonly used as a routine procedure on pregnant women. It is generally perceived as a safe procedure due to the use of non-ionizing radiation. However, the neurotoxicity of diagnostic prenatal US was detected to have a correlation with high susceptibility to early developing fetus. This research involved in vivo experimental model by using 3(rd) trimester pregnant Oryctolagus cuniculus and exposing them to US exposures for 30, 60, and 90 minutes at their gestational day (GD) 28-29. The output power and intensities, spatial peak temporal average intensity (ISPTA) of US were varied from 0.4 to 0.7 W and 0.13 to 0.19 W/cm(2) respectively were tested initially in free-field, water. Haematological analysis was carried out to detect any changes in blood constituents. Statistically significant differences were detected in red blood cell (RBC) count (P<0.001), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration (P<0.001) and also platelet (PLT) count (P<0.001) in newborn of Oryctolagus cuniculus. These findings indicate the possibility of US heating in causing defects on studied animal.
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Abdul Razak HR, Shaffiq Said Rahmat SM, Md Saad WM. Effects of different tube potentials and iodine concentrations on image enhancement, contrast-to-noise ratio and noise in micro-CT images: a phantom study. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2013; 3:256-61. [PMID: 24273743 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2013.10.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effects of different tube potentials and concentrations of iodinated contrast media (CM) on the image enhancement, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and noise in micro-computed tomography (µCT) images. A phantom containing of five polyethylene tube was filled with 2 mL of deionized water and iodinated CM (Omnipaque 300 mgI/mL) at four different concentrations: 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol/L, respectively. The phantom was scanned with a µCT machine (SkyScan 1176) using various tube potentials: 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 kVp, a fixed tube current; 100 µA, and filtration of 0.2 mm aluminum (Al). The percentage difference of image enhancement, CNR and noise of all images, acquired at different kVps and concentrations, were calculated. The image enhancement, CNR and noise curves with respect to tube potential and concentration were plotted and analysed. The highest image enhancement was found at the lowest tube potential of 40 kVp. At this kVp setting, the percentage difference of image enhancement [Hounsfield Unit (HU) of 20 mol/L iodine concentration over HU of deionized water] was 43%. By increasing the tube potential, it resulted with the reduction of HU, where only 17.5% different were noticed for 90 kVp. Across all iodine concentrations (5-20 M), CNR peaked at 80 kVp and then these values showed a slight decreasing pattern, which might be due insufficient tube current compensation. The percentage difference of image noise obtained at 40 and 90 kVp was 72.4%. Lower tube potential setting results in higher image enhancement (HU) in conjunction with increasing concentration of iodinated CM. Overall, the tube potential increment will substantially improve CNR and reduce image noise.
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Md. Dom S, Abdul Razak HR, Ahmad Zaiki FW, Saat NH, Abd Manan K, Che Isa IN, Hashim UF. Ultrasound exposure during pregnancy affects rabbit foetal parathyroid hormone (PTH) level. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2013; 3:49-53. [PMID: 23483040 PMCID: PMC3591501 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2013.02.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in parathyroid hormone (PTH) level of rabbit foetal bodies exposed to ultrasound at different gestational stages. A total of 9 pregnant rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were insonated for 60 minutes at the middle of 1(st), 2(nd) and 3(rd) gestational stages for group A (n=14 newborns), group B (n=7 newborns) and group C (n=24 newborns) respectively. Seven pregnant rabbits with 41 newborns severed as negative control group. Blood samples were withdrawn from each newborn rabbits for Parathyroid Hormone-Intact (PTH-I) test. Results of the independent samples t-test implied statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between the control group and the 1(st) stage (P=0.001), the 2(nd) stage (P<0.001) and the 3(rd) stage group (P<0.001). This in-vivo study revealed diagnostic ultrasound heating has the potential of affecting foetal PTH level. This study observed significantly low PTH level for all the treated groups. A further study should be instituted to determine whether this finding in rabbit may also occur in human by means of clinical trials.
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Abdul Razak HR, Geso M, Abdul Rahim N, Nordin AJ. Imaging characteristics of extrapulmonary tuberculosis lesions on dual time point imaging (DTPI) of FDG PET/CT. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2011; 55:556-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1754-9485.2011.02309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abdul Razak HR, Nordin AJ, Ackerly T, Van Every B, Martin R, Geso M. Quantifying the effects of iodine contrast media on standardised uptake values of FDG PET/CT images: an anthropomorphic phantom study. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 2011; 34:367-74. [PMID: 21786083 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-011-0088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the amount of change in Standardised Uptake Values (SUVs) of PET/CT images by simulating the set-up as closely as possible to the actual patient scanning. The experiments were conducted using an anthropomorphic phantom, which contained an amount of radioactivity in the form of Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in a primary plastic test tube and one litre saline bags, including the insertion of bony structures and another two test tubes containing different concentrations of iodine contrast media. Standard scanning protocols were employed for the PET/CT image acquisition. The highest absolute differences in the SUVmax and SUVmean values of the saline bags were found to be about 0.2 and 0.4, respectively. The primary test tube showed the largest change of 1.5 in both SUVs; SUV max and SUVmean. However, none of these changes were found to be statistically significant. The clinical literature also contains no evidence to suggest that the changes of this magnitude would change the final diagnosis. Based on these preliminary data, we propose that iodine contrast media can be used during the CT scan of PET/CT imaging, without significantly affecting the diagnostic quality of this integrated imaging modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairil Rashmizal Abdul Razak
- Discipline of Medical Radiations, School of Medical Sciences, Bundoora West Campus, RMIT University, VIC 3083, Australia
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