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Keller C, Kurita-Oyamada H, Grayson SM, Denslow ND. Physical Evidence of Oil Uptake and Toxicity Assessment of Amphiphilic Grafted Nanoparticles Used as Oil Dispersants. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:7917-7923. [PMID: 35580268 PMCID: PMC9227714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the toxicity evaluation of a new prototype dispersant system, silicon dioxide nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with (3-glycidoxypropyl)triethoxysilane (GPS) and grafted poly(ε-caprolactone)-block-poly[oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl methacrylate mono-methyl ether] (NP-PCL-POEGMA). This serves as a follow up of our previous study where grafted silicon dioxide NPs functionalized with GPS and grafted hyperbranched poly(glycidol) (NP-HPG) were evaluated for reducing the toxicity in embryo, juvenile, and adult fish populations. In this study, the NP-HPG sample is used as a baseline to compare against the new NP-PCL-POEGMA samples. The relative size was established for three NP-PCL-POEGMA samples via cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. A quantitative mortality study determined that these NPs are non-toxic to embryo populations. An ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase assay was performed on these NP-PCL-POEGMA samples to test for reduced cytochrome P450 1A after the embryos were exposed to the water-accommodated fraction of crude oil. Overall, these NP-PCL-POEGMA NPs better protected the embryo populations than the previous NP-HPG sample (using a protein activity end point), showing a trend in the right direction for prototype dispersants to replace the commercially utilized Corexit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
B. Keller
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Hajime Kurita-Oyamada
- Department
of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Scott M. Grayson
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Nancy D. Denslow
- Department
of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Kurita-Oyamada H, Brown CL, Kroll KJ, Walley SE, Keller C, Ejaz M, Kozuch M, Reed W, Grayson S, Savin DA, Denslow ND. Toxicity assessment of a novel oil dispersant based on silica nanoparticles using Fathead minnow. Aquat Toxicol 2020; 229:105653. [PMID: 33080536 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oil spill accidents are a major concern for aquatic organisms. In recent history, the Deepwater Horizon blowout spilled 500 million liters of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. Corexit 9500A was used to disperse the oil since it was the method approved at that time, despite safety concerns about its use. A better solution is necessary for dispersing oil from spills that reduces the toxicity to exposed aquatic organisms. To address this challenge, novel engineered nanoparticles were designed using silica cores grafted with hyperbranched poly(glycidol) branches. Because the silica core and polymers are known to be biocompatible, we hypothesized that these particles are nontoxic to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and would decrease their exposure to oil polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Fathead minnow embryos, juveniles and adult stages were exposed to the particles alone or in combination with a water-accommodated fraction of oil. Acute toxicity of nanoparticles to fish was tested by measuring mortality. Sub-lethal effects were also measured including gene expression of cytochrome P450 1a (cyp1a) mRNA and heart rate in embryos. In addition, a mixture of particles plus the water-accommodated fraction was directly introduced to adult female fathead minnows by gavage. Three different nanoparticle concentrations were used (2, 10, and 50 mg/L) in either artificial fresh water or the water-accommodated fraction of the oil. In addition, nanoparticle-free controls were carried out in the two solutions. No significant mortality was observed for any age group or nanoparticle concentration, suggesting the safety of the nanoparticles. In the presence of the water-accommodated fraction alone, juvenile and adult fathead minnows responded by increasing expression of cyp1a. The addition of nanoparticles to the water-accommodated fraction reduced cyp1a gene expression in treatments. Heart rate was also restored to normal parameters in embryos co-exposed to nanoparticles and to the water-accommodated fraction. Measurement of polyaromatic hydrocarbons confirmed their presence in the tested solutions and the reduction of available PAH in WAF treated with the nanoparticles. Our findings suggest the engineered nanoparticles may be protecting the fish by sequestering polyaromatic hydrocarbons from oil, measured indirectly by the induction of cypa1 mRNAs. Furthermore, chemical analysis showed a reduction in PAH content in the water accommodated fraction with the presence of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kurita-Oyamada
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Caroline L Brown
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Kevin J Kroll
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Susan E Walley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, United States
| | | | - Muhammad Ejaz
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
| | - Marianne Kozuch
- Analytical Toxicology Core Laboratory, University of Florida
| | - Wayne Reed
- Department of Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
| | - Scott Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
| | - Daniel A Savin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, United States
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States.
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