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Delaney A, Volochayev R, Meader B, Lee J, Almpani N, Noukelak G, Brooks B, Henkind J, Chalmers L, Law J, Williamson K, Jacobsen C, Buitrago TP, Silva OP, Chie-Hee C, Kaindl A, Anita R, steindl K, Garcia-Ortiz J, Bart L, Russell B, Prasad R, Mondal U, Reigstad HM, Clements S, Salnikov K, DiOrio N, Balasubramanian R, Dwyer A, Seminara S, Crowley W, Plummer L, Hall J, Graham J, Lin A, Shaw N. SUN-219 Human Congenital Arhinia Is Associated with GnRH Deficiency and Primary Testicular Defects. J Endocr Soc 2019. [PMCID: PMC6552745 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-sun-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital arhinia (absent external nose) is an extremely rare mendelian disorder (<100 case reports in the past century) caused by heterozygous missense mutations in the gene SMCHD1. Arhinia is frequently accompanied by ocular and reproductive defects, a clinical triad which defines the Bosma arhinia microphthalmia syndrome (BAMS). The etiology and spectrum of reproductive defects in BAMS is unknown. We studied eleven subjects with arhinia or nasal hypoplasia (aged 18-53 yrs; 5 males) to assess endogenous luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion (n=11), a validated marker of GnRH, responsiveness to pulsatile GnRH (n=2), and non-reproductive phenotypes (n=11). Clinical data abstracted from questionnaires were analyzed in 33 additional international patients. Nearly every male demonstrated clinical and biochemical signs of severe congenital GnRH deficiency (CGD) including a history of microphallus and/or cryptorchidism, testicular volumes < 3 ml, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), low inhibin B levels, and apulsatile LH profiles; two young boys (studied from afar) had normal genitals but an absent mini-puberty of infancy was confirmed biochemically in one case. Pulsatile GnRH administered to one adult male and hCG to two others also revealed testicular resistance. Several females reported spontaneous breast bud development, but all had primary amenorrhea, small ovaries on pelvic ultrasound, HH, and apulsatile LH profiles. Pulsatile GnRH administered to one female induced ovulation on treatment day 21. Two females (studied from afar) reported normal thelarche and menstrual cycles. The 11 subjects studied in detail were completely anosmic with absent internal olfactory structures on brain MRI but normal hypothalamic-pituitary anatomy. Subjects with arhinia demonstrated some, but not all, non-reproductive phenotypes characteristic of Kallmann syndrome (KS) and/or CHARGE syndrome including dental agenesis (56%) and congenital mirror movements (CMMs; 50%); none had renal agenesis, severe congenital heart defects, or deafness. This study demonstrates for the first time that the hypogonadotropism observed in BAMS is indeed secondary to GnRH deficiency. In contrast to the male predominance (3-5:1) in KS, there is no sex bias in the incidence of BAMS. However, females may demonstrate partial or complete pubertal development whereas males are severely affected with some showing both hypothalamic and testicular defects. The combination of defects in the nasal skeleton, olfactory structures, and GnRH ontogeny point to aberrant development of the nasal placode in BAMS, yet the high prevalence of CMMs, a sign of misrouted commissural axons, suggests insults may occur even earlier in neurogenesis, at the neural plate border.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Delaney
- Dept. of Child Health and Human Dev., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer Law
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | - Christina Jacobsen
- Dept of Endo, Boston Children's Hosp/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Cho Chie-Hee
- Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, , Switzerland
| | - Angela Kaindl
- Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, , Germany
| | - Rauch Anita
- Insitute of Medical Genetics University of Zürich, Zürich, , Switzerland
| | - Katharina steindl
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Zurich, , Switzerland
| | - Jose Garcia-Ortiz
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, , Mexico
| | - Loeys Bart
- Center for Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, , Belgium
| | | | - Rameshwar Prasad
- Department of Neonatology, IPGME&R and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, 700020, Kolkata, , India
| | - Uttam Mondal
- Department of Neonatology, IPGME&R and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, 700020, Kolkata, , India
| | - Hallvard Martin Reigstad
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, , Norway
| | - Scott Clements
- Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Utah; Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | - Nicole DiOrio
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | - William Crowley
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lacey Plummer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Janet Hall
- NIH-NIEHS, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - John Graham
- Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Angela Lin
- MASS GENERAL HOSP, Boston, MA, United States
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